Responses of Wheat Roots to Exogenous Selenium Supply Under Enhanced Ultraviolet-B

Effects of selenium (Se) on growth and some physiological traits of roots in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Han NO.7086) seedlings exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) stress are reported. Responses of roots were different depending on the Se concentration. Compared with the control, root weight of wheat seedlings treated with 1.0 and 2.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ soil increased by 39.47% and 16.28%, respectively. The lower amount Se (0.5 mg kg⁻¹) and the higher amount Se treatments (3.0 mg kg⁻¹) did not significantly affect on root weight. Se treatments significantly increased root activity, flavonoids and proline content, and activities of peroxidase and superoxide dimutase in wheat roots exposed to enhanced UV-B. In addition, the treatments with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ significantly reduced malondialdehyde content and the rate of superoxide radical (O₂⁻) production of roots, whereas the higher amount Se treatment only induced a decrease in the rate of O₂⁻ production. The results of this study demonstrated that optimal Se supply promoted roots growth of wheat seedlings, and that optimal Se supply could reduce oxidative stress in wheat roots under enhanced UV-B radiation.     

Responses of Wheat Seedlings to Exogenous Selenium Supply Under Cold Stress

Dose-dependent effects of selenium on growth and physiological trait of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. cv Han NO.7086) exposed to cold stress are reported. Responses of seedlings were different depending on the Se concentration. The treatments with 0.5 and 1.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ significantly increased biomass and chlorophyll content of seedlings. However, the treatments at 2.0 and 3.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ only induced an evident increase in chlorophyll content and did not promote biomass accumulation of seedlings. Antioxidant compounds content (anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds) and antioxidant enzymes’ activities (peroxidase and catalase) increased by different Se treatments, while only the treatment with 1.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ induced a significant reduce in malondialdehyde content and the rate of superoxide radical production of wheat seedlings. The results of this study demonstrated that Se supply could increase antioxidant capacity of seedlings, and optimal Se supply reduced production of free radicals, membrane lipid peroxidation, and promoted biomass accumulation.     

He-Ne激光对UV-B辐射小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

分别采用5 mW.mm-2He-Ne激光辐照、10.08 kJ.m-2.d-1的UV-B辐射及二者组合对‘晋麦8号’小麦幼苗进行处理,5 d后测定各处理幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O 2)产生速率,丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、抗坏血酸(AsA)及类胡萝卜素(Car)的变化,分析He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射引起小麦损伤的修复效应。结果显示:He-Ne激光辐照可使UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗超氧阴离子的产生速率和MDA含量均减小,GR和APX活性升高,AsA和Car含量增加。表明超氧阴离子的产生速率、MDA、GR、APX、AsA和Car变化同小麦幼苗损伤修复的能力相关,一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照可部分修复增强UV-B对小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的辐射损伤。     

云杉幼苗对气候变暖和UV-B辐射增强的光合响应

采用开顶式有机玻璃罩(OTCs)及紫外灯分别模拟气候变暖和紫外辐射B(UV-B)增强,对位于气候变暖和UV-B增强突出的青藏高原东缘、高山峡谷地云杉(Picea asperata)幼苗的光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定分析,探讨云杉幼苗对气候变暖和UV-B增强的光合响应特性。结果显示:(1)UV-B辐射增强显著抑制了云杉幼苗茎和根的伸长生长以及生物量的累积,显著降低了云杉幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、最大光合速率(Pmax)和表观量子产量(Φ),但是提高了光补偿点(LCP);UV-B辐射增强导致了云杉幼苗光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的光抑制,使PSⅡ有效量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)显著降低。(2)单纯OTC模拟增温显著提高了云杉幼苗的Pn和Pmax,而对气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和Φ无显著影响。(3)模拟增温缓解了UV-B增强对云杉幼苗光合作用的抑制作用,显著提高了UV-B胁迫下幼苗的Pn、Pmax、PSⅡ的潜在量子效率(Fv/Fm)和有效量子产量(ΦPSⅡ),并且提高了UV-B胁迫下幼苗茎、根的生长以及生物量的累积。研究表明,在未来气候变暖和UV-B辐射增强同时存在时,气候变暖能够在一定程度上缓解UV-B增强对云杉林光合作用的抑制作用。     

Effects of Selenium on Wheat Seedlings Under Drought Stress

The paper reports the effects of selenium (Se) supply on growth and some physiological traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Shijiazhuang NO. 8) seedlings exposed to drought stress. The growth and physiological responses of seedlings were different depending on the Se concentration. The higher (3.0 mg Se kg⁻¹) and lower amount used (0.5 mg Se kg⁻¹) did not significantly affect on biomass accumulation. Treatments with 1.0 and 2.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ promoted biomass accumulation of wheat seedlings. Treatments at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ significantly increased root activity, proline content, peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities, carotenoids (Car) content, chlorophyll content, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content of wheat seedlings. Lower Se treatment did not significantly effect on chlorophyll content and MDA content, although it also increased some antioxidant index (proline and Car content, POD and CAT activities) in wheat seedlings. These results suggest that optimal Se supply is favorable for growth of wheat seedlings during drought condition.     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗蛋白质代谢的影响

采用He-Ne激光(5 mW.mm-2)和增强UV-B(10.08 kJ.m-2.d-1)辐照‘晋麦8号’小麦幼苗,5 d后测定各处理组小麦叶片的蛋白酶、转氨酶活性以及可溶性蛋白质含量与组成的变化。结果显示,增强UV-B辐射使小麦叶片蛋白酶活性极显著升高,转氨酶活性降低,可溶性蛋白质含量极显著下降,蛋白质谱带增加;单独He-Ne激光处理使蛋白酶活性下降,转氨酶活性升高,可溶性蛋白质含量增加,对蛋白质条带影响不明显;与单独UV-B辐射相比,经He-Ne激光辐照和UV-B辐射复合处理后,蛋白酶的活性明显降低,转氨酶的活性增加,可溶性蛋白质含量增加,并且使UV-B辐射诱导出的新带减弱或消失。研究发现,增强UV-B辐射能减弱小麦幼苗蛋白代谢中正常基因的表达,但又激活了一些抗性基因的表达而诱导产生新的胁迫蛋白;一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照可解除UV-B对小麦幼苗正常基因表达的抑制而使其蛋白质代谢加强。     

Silicon Improves the Tolerance of Wheat Seedlings to Ultraviolet-B Stress

Enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation is one of the most important abiotic stresses that could influence the growth and physiological traits of plants. In this work, we reported the effects of silicon on the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. cv Hengmai5229) subject to UV-B stress. Treatments with silicon significantly increased total biomass and chlorophyll (a + b) content, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the rate of superoxide radical (O₂⁻) production in wheat seedlings subjected to UV-B stress. Silicon treatments also induced an increased in soluble sugar, anthocyanins, and flavonoid content. Leaf silicon concentration increased with the increasing of silicon supply to soil. Positive correlations were found in leaf silicon concentration with total biomass, chlorophyll (a + b), proline, and soluble protein content, respectively. MDA content and the rate of O₂⁻ production were negatively correlated with leaf silicon concentration in seedlings. The results demonstrated that silicon alleviated the damage caused by UV-B on wheat seedlings to some extent by the increase in antioxidant compounds content and leaf silicon concentration.     

外源硼对铝胁迫小麦幼苗的缓解效应（简报）

铝胁迫下,１０－２０μmol.L^-1的外源硼能不同程度地提高麦苗的干物质积累,降低麦苗组织中丙二醛含量、多酚氧化酶活性和组织中也解质泄漏率。     

Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots (CdTe-QDs) and Enhanced Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) Radiation Trigger Antioxidant Enzyme Metabolism and Programmed Cell Death in Wheat Seedlings

Nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming increasingly widespread in the environment. Free cadmium ions released from commonly used NPs under ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation are potentially toxic to living organisms. With increasing levels of UV-B radiation at the Earth’s surface due to the depletion of the ozone layer, the potential additive effect of NPs and UV-B radiation on plants is of concern. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of CdTe quantum dots (CdTe-QDs), a common form of NP, and UV-B radiation on wheat seedlings. Graded doses of CdTe-QDs and UV-B radiation were tested, either alone or in combination, based on physical characteristics of 5-day-old seedlings. Treatments of wheat seedlings with either CdTe-QDs (200 mg/L) or UV-B radiation (10 KJ/m²/d) induced the activation of wheat antioxidant enzymes. CdTe-QDs accumulation in plant root cells resulted in programmed cell death as detected by DNA laddering. CdTe-QDs and UV-B radiation inhibited root and shoot growth, respectively. Additive inhibitory effects were observed in the combined treatment group. This research described the effects of UV-B and CdTe-QDs on plant growth. Furthermore, the finding that CdTe-QDs accumulate during the life cycle of plants highlights the need for sustained assessments of these interactions.     

甘蓝型油菜幼苗对NaCl胁迫的抗氧化应答

酶活性相应提高,从而在一定程度上提高了植物对NaCl胁迫的耐受能力.     

NO对He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射小麦幼苗气孔运动的作用机理研究

为探讨NO对He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射小麦（Triticum aestivuml）气孔运动的作用机理,采用低剂量（5 mW.mm-2）He-Ne激光和增强（10.08 kJ.m-2.d-1）UV-B辐射并结合药理学实验和激光共聚焦显微技术,对ML7113小麦的叶片及表皮条进行不同的处理,结果显示：（1）UV-B辐射既可诱导小麦叶片气孔关闭,又能够明显增加气孔保卫细胞和叶片的NO水平,且NO清除剂明显抑制了UV-B辐射诱导的小麦叶片气孔关闭,同时气孔保卫细胞和叶片内的NO含量明显减少。（2）一氧化氮合酶（NOS）抑制剂L-NAME对经UV-B辐射诱导的小麦幼苗气孔开度及保卫细胞和叶片内NO含量的抑制程度明显大于硝酸还原酶（NR）抑制剂NaN3对其的抑制程度,说明一氧化氮合酶（NOS）合成途径是小麦叶片经UV-B辐射后NO的主要产生途径。（3）就气孔开度而言,L〉CK〉BL〉B。就小麦叶片及保卫细胞内NO含量而言,B〉BL〉CK〉L。就硝酸还原酶（NR）和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的活性而言,B组NR活性最低,NOS活性最高,L组NR活性最高,NOS活性最低。表明经He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射诱导的小麦气孔开度的变化确实与保卫细胞及叶片中NO含量的多少有关,气孔开度的减小及增大对应于NO含量的增多或减少,同时进一步证实了小麦叶片经He-Ne激光单独辐照后,NO的主要合成途径也来源于NOS途径。     

The Physiological and Molecular Responses of Exogenous Selenium to Selenium Content and Fruit Quality in Walnut

To study the effect of exogenous selenium on fruit quality in walnut (Juglans regia L.), 8-year-old walnut (Qingxiang) was taken as the research object. In the fruit expansion stage, 300 mg/L of sodium selenate, yeast selenium and sodium selenite solutions were applied on the leaf of walnut, and the selenium levels in leaves, pericarp and kernel were determined at the ripening stage. The fruit quality, mineral nutrient content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and related genes’ expression were analyzed. The results showed that the three exogenous selenium increased the selenium levels in leaves, pericarp and kernel of walnut. They also significantly increased fruit and kernel weights, and kernel linoleic acid, but markedly decreased kernel crude fat and saturated fatty acid. Selenium spraying promoted the absorption of mineral nutrients such as potassium and zinc, but inhibited the absorption of calcium, and had no significant effect on iron and magnesium in the kernel. Three exogenous selenium increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) significantly in the kernel. Except for sodium selenate treatment significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the kernel, the other two selenium sources treatments had no significant effect on MDA and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels. They also increased the expression of JrCu/Zn-SOD, Jr2-Cys POD, JrCyt-APX and JrCAT in kernel, to different extents. These implies that, in the walnut fruit enlargement period, the foliar spraying selenium could increase the selenium content of walnut, affect the mineral nutrient absorption, improve the antioxidant capacity and related genes’ expression, and reduce the degree of peroxide, and then improve the quality of fruit. Furthermore, yeast selenium showed the comprehensive effect of the best.     

Exogenous Selenium Pretreatment Protects Rapeseed Seedlings from Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress by Upregulating Antioxidant Defense and Methylglyoxal Detoxification Systems

The protective effect of selenium (Se) on antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification systems was investigated in leaves of rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. BINA sharisha 3) seedlings under cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress. Two sets of 11-day-old seedlings were pretreated with both 50 and 100???M Se (Na₂SeO₄, sodium selenate) for 24?h. Two concentrations of CdCl₂ (0.5 and 1.0?mM) were imposed separately or on the Se-pretreated seedlings, which were grown for another 48?h. Cadmium stress at any levels resulted in the substantial increase in malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ levels. The ascorbate (AsA) content of the seedlings decreased significantly upon exposure to Cd stress. The amount of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased only at 0.5?mM CdCl₂, while glutathione disulfide (GSSG) increased at any level of Cd, with concomitant decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased significantly with increased concentration of Cd (both at 0.5 and 1.0?mM CdCl₂), while the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased only at moderate stress (0.5?mM CdCl₂) and then decreased at 1.0?mM severe stress (1.0?mM CdCl₂). Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), catalase (CAT), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II) activities decreased upon exposure to any levels of Cd. Selenium pretreatment had little effect on the nonenzymatic and enzymatic components of seedlings grown under normal conditions; i.e., they slightly increased the GSH content and the activities of APX, GR, GST, and GPX. On the other hand, Se pretreatment of seedlings under Cd-induced stress showed a synergistic effect; it increased the AsA and GSH contents, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and the activities of APX, MDHAR, DHAR, GR, GPX, CAT, Gly I, and Gly II which ultimately reduced the MDA and H₂O₂ levels. However, in most cases, pretreatment with 50???M Se showed better results compared to pretreatment with 100???M Se. The results indicate that the exogenous application of Se at low concentrations increases the tolerance of plants to Cd-induced oxidative damage by enhancing their antioxidant defense and MG detoxification systems.     

Selenium Pretreatment Upregulates the Antioxidant Defense and Methylglyoxal Detoxification System and Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Drought Stress in Rapeseed Seedlings

In order to observe the possible regulatory role of selenium (Se) in relation to the changes in ascorbate (AsA) glutathione (GSH) levels and to the activities of antioxidant and glyoxalase pathway enzymes, rapeseed (Brassica napus) seedlings were grown in Petri dishes. A set of 10-day-old seedlings was pretreated with 25 μM Se (Sodium selenate) for 48 h. Two levels of drought stress (10% and 20% PEG) were imposed separately as well as on Se-pretreated seedlings, which were grown for another 48 h. Drought stress, at any level, caused a significant increase in GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content; however, the AsA content increased only under mild stress. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was not affected by drought stress. The monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased only under mild stress (10% PEG). The activity of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glyoxalase I (Gly I) activity significantly increased under any level of drought stress, while catalase (CAT) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) activity decreased. A sharp increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and lipid peroxidation (MDA content) was induced by drought stress. On the other hand, Se-pretreated seedlings exposed to drought stress showed a rise in AsA and GSH content, maintained a high GSH/GSSG ratio, and evidenced increased activities of APX, DHAR, MDHAR, GR, GST, GPX, CAT, Gly I, and Gly II as compared with the drought-stressed plants without Se. These seedlings showed a concomitant decrease in GSSG content, H₂O₂, and the level of lipid peroxidation. The results indicate that the exogenous application of Se increased the tolerance of the plants to drought-induced oxidative damage by enhancing their antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems.     

有机胺(PTMAC)对盐胁迫小麦幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

旨在研究有机胺( PTMAC)对盐胁迫小麦幼苗叶片内源保护酶活性及叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量的影响,采用不同浓度的PTMAC进行种子浸泡和叶面喷施处理,并在幼苗两心一叶时进行100 mmol/ＬNaCl胁迫.结果表明,与未处理的样品相比,不同浓度的PTMAC均能显著提高盐胁迫下幼苗叶片中SOD、POD和CAT的活性,同时降低MAD的含量.PTMAC为10 mg/L时,MDA降低了12.21％;PTMAC为20 mg/L时,SOD、POD、CAT活性分别提高了434.71％、194.49％和227.27％,叶绿素含量提高了24.4％;PTMAC为50 mg/L时可溶性蛋白提高了12.68％.结果显示,在试验浓度范围内(PTMAC为20 mg/L),能大大地提高盐胁迫小麦幼苗叶片中内源保护酶的活性,提高叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的含量,从而提高小麦的抗氧化能力,改善光合性能,促进其生长.     

中国莲（Nelumbo nucifera）幼苗抗氧化系统对砷胁迫的响应

为了研究中国莲（Nelumbo nucifera）抗氧化系统对砷胁迫的响应,研究比较了两种不同价态无机砷As（Ⅲ）和砷As（V）对中国莲幼苗可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,中国莲幼苗中MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量随砷浓度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。中国莲幼苗的MDA和蛋白质含量受As（V）的影响不如As（11]）敏感。抗氧化系统酶中,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）对砷处理最敏感,当As（11I）浓度在2．5pmol／L和As（V）浓度在100μmol／L时,SOD酶活性显著高于对照组。过氧化物酶（POD）在As（Ⅲ）处理浓度为10umol／L时就出现显著上升,相对而言,过氧化氢酶（CAT）对As（V）比较敏感。实验结果表明,随着浓度的增加,砷对幼苗产生的氧化胁迫导致SOD、CAT和POD三种酶活性有所增加,以配合清除细胞内的活性氧自由基（ROS）,维持细胞代谢的稳定。本研究为进一步研究砷胁迫下莲的生理和生长变化、以及莲的培育和移植提供了部分基础数据。     

外源脱落酸对小麦幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试材,采用水培法研究了100mg/L镉(Cd2+)胁迫条件下施用外源脱落酸(ABA)对小麦幼苗生长及某些生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)100mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,小麦叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高,植株生长受到抑制;(2)外源ABA能够明显提高Cd2+胁迫小麦幼苗的根系活力,增加其叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性,促进其脯氨酸积累,降低MDA的含量,并以5.0μmol/L ABA的效果最明显;(3)1.0～5.0μmol/L外源ABA不同程度地缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,且5.0μmol/L时效果最明显,其株高、根长、总干重分别比单一Cd2+胁迫处理显著提高6.73%、149%和10.52%,而10.0μmol/LABA反而加重了Cd2+对小麦幼苗生长的伤害。因此,适宜浓度的外源ABA能够通过增加体内保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强小麦幼苗的抗Cd2+胁迫能力,并以5.0μmol/L ABA处理效果最好。     

Selenium Promotes the Growth and Photosynthesis of Tomato Seedlings Under Salt Stress by Enhancing Chloroplast Antioxidant Defense System

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) cv. Jiahe No. 9 (a salinity-resistant cultivar) and cv. Shuangfeng 87-5 (a salinity-sensitive cultivar) were used as experimental materials to investigate the effects of exogenous selenium (Na₂SeO₃ 0.05 mM) on plant growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidative metabolism of chloroplasts in tomato seedlings under NaCl (100 mM) stress. Salt stress significantly inhibited plant growth, net photosynthetic rate (P _n), maximum quantum yield of PSII (F _v/F _m), actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (Φ _PSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (q _P), and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (q _N) of both cultivars, whereas application of Se reversed the negative effects of salt stress. Furthermore, application of Se significantly decreased the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde. Application of Se increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and thioredoxin reductase, and the contents of ascorbate, glutathione (GSH) and NADPH, and the ratios of GSH/GSSH, AsA/DHA, and NADPH/ NADP⁺ in the salt-stressed chloroplasts of both cultivars. These results suggest that Se alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress through regulating the antioxidant defense systems in the chloroplasts of tomato seedlings, which is associated with the improvement of the photochemical efficiency of PSII, thereby maintaining higher photosynthetic rates. In addition, the salt tolerance of Jiahe No. 9 is closely related with high reactive oxygen species scavenging activity and reducing power levels in the chloroplasts.