基因工程（核）雄性不育小麦研究展望

基因工程是创造核雄性不育基因的一个新途径。通过综述大量资料,探讨了利用基因工程创造雄性不育的机制,并论述了其在小麦上应用的可能性及发展前景。     

植物雄性不育基因工程的研究及应用(综述)

本文基于植物花粉花药的发育分子生物学研究成果,介绍了几种创造基因工程核雄性不育系和胞质雄性不育系的途径,保持与恢复基因工程雄性不育系的途径和雄性不育基因工程应用中亟待解决的问题.     

应用基因工程技术创造植物雄性不育系

基因工程开辟了创造植物雄性不育系的一个新的途径 ,综述了利用基因工程技术创造植物雄性不育的机制及相关启动子和基因 ;创造雄性核不育和质不育的途径 ;探讨了存在的问题和应用前景。     

雄性不育基因工程及其在园艺植物中的应用

利用基因工程创造植物雄性不育是近年研究的活跃领域之一。本文较全面地综述了创造雄性不育的各种基因工程途径,包括通过核酸酶基因的特异空间表达、使胼胝质提前降解、利用反义基因、改变某些激素含量与比例、导入细胞质雄性不育的有关基因、将特异启动子与催化产生某种毒素的酶基因结合转化植物、通过共抑制、通过双重转基因系杂交及一些新的设想如RNAi、凋亡;及上述不育系的保持与恢复的各种基因工程途径,包括利用引起雄性不育基因的抑制基因、利用雄性不育基因的反义基因、通过化学调控、利用定位重组系统。文中还尽可能列出了上述技术在园艺植物中的应用情况,并就该技术存在的问题与发展前景进行了探讨。     

基因工程创造新的植物雄性不育系研究的新进展

报道了利用基因工程方法创造植物雄性不育系,恢复系及不育系的筛选和保留的研究成果。     

基因工程培育可恢复的植物雄性不育系的研究进展

植物雄性不育是植物杂种优势利用的资源, 具有重要的生产利用价值。植物雄性不育可从自然突变、人工诱变和远缘杂交中发现, 现在可通过细胞工程和基因工程等方法来创造。文章综述了利用基因工程方法制备雄性不育品系及其相应的育性恢复策略, 分为“单组分策略”和“双组分策略”。其中利用“单组分策略”制备的不育植株是条件型雄性不育(可逆转的雄性不育), 它能在特定的条件下实现雄性可育与不育的转换, 实践中可直接作为两用系(不育系和保持系)用于两系法杂交制种; “双组分策略”是利用基因互作和亲本杂交直接培育雄性不育系, 或利用基因互作原理分别研制不育系和恢复系, 用于三系法生产杂交种。文章分析了 “单组分策略”和“双组分策略”的基因工程方法培育雄性不育系及其相应育性恢复策略优缺点, 对以上两种技术路线在实际应用中的现状作了分析和展望。     

利用基因工程创造植物雄性不育的策略

本文对利用基因工程创造植物雄性不育系和恢复系的研究进展进行了综述,并对其在杂种优势利用中的应用前景进行了展望。 Abstract：The progress in studies on induction of male sterili ty and restorer line in plant by gene engineering was reviewed.The prospects on application of this method in heteriosis utilization were discussed.     

基因工程产生植物条件型雄性不育的研究进展

条件型雄性不育是指植株在特定的条件下育性相互转换,可以作为两用系,用于两系法杂交制种。文章综述了基因工程产生条件型雄性不育及其相应的恢复策略,并对其存在的问题做了评价,展望了其应用的前景。      

小麦雄性不育遗传及基因定位研究进展

雄性不育的研究对于杂种优势的利用具有重要意义。本文综述了小麦雄性不育遗传及基因定位研究进展,介绍了小麦雄性不育的基因工程,对小麦雄性不育的应用进行了讨论。 Abstract:The study of plant male sterility plays an important role on utilization of heterosis.This paper reviews the current status of the studies of the heredity and mapping of the male sterile genes in wheat and the gene engineering of wheat male sterility.The application of male sterility in wheat breeding is discussed.     

小麦细胞质雄性不育研究的回顾

小麦细胞质雄性不育研究的回顾王建革（农科院玉米所）李集临,薛玺（哈尔滨师大）１９５１年Ｋｉｈａｒａ［２６］通过连续回交的方法把普通小麦的核导人尾状山羊草（Ａｅ．ｃａｕｄａｔａ）的细胞质中得到了雄性不育类型。这样Ｋｉｈａｒａ一方面发现了创造雄性不育的方法,另一方面也开创了小麦雄性不育研究的新领域。继Ｋｉｈａｒａ之后,日本、美国、保加利亚的一些学者陆续开展了小麦雄性不育的研究。     

利用生物技术创建主要作物雄性不育杂交育种和制种的技术体系

雄性不育技术在作物杂种优势利用和杂交种生产中发挥着重要作用。基于核质互作雄性不育的“三系法”与光温敏核不育的“两系法”已经在水稻等主要作物的杂交制种中获得了广泛应用,但是存在着资源利用效率低、育性不稳定、易受外界环境影响等诸多问题。近三十年来,利用生物技术创建不同类型的植物雄性不育系取得了一系列突破性进展。主要针对玉米、水稻、小麦三大作物的基因工程雄性不育技术的最新进展进行总结,特别详细地描述了本实验室最近研究创制的玉米多控不育技术体系,以期为相关研究和产业化应用提供技术参考。     

转基因雄性不育系及其在杂种种子生产上的应用

雄性不育为农作物杂种优势的利用开辟了一条经济有效的途径。本综述了利用生物技术培育转基因雄性不育的多种策略,以及繁育用作大田配制杂交种的母本雄性不育系的新方法;探讨了其应用于商业化杂种生产的重要性及前景。     

Combination of reversible male sterility and doubled haploid production by targeted inactivation of cytoplasmic glutamine synthetase in developing anthers and pollen

Reversible male sterility and doubled haploid plant production are two valuable technologies in F₁-hybrid breeding. F₁-hybrids combine uniformity with high yield and improved agronomic traits, and provide self-acting intellectual property protection. We have developed an F₁-hybrid seed technology based on the metabolic engineering of glutamine in developing tobacco anthers and pollen. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) was inactivated in tobacco by introducing mutated tobacco GS genes fused to the tapetum-specific TA29 and microspore-specific NTM19 promoters. Pollen in primary transformants aborted close to the first pollen mitosis, resulting in male sterility. A non-segregating population of homozygous doubled haploid male-sterile plants was generated through microspore embryogenesis. Fertility restoration was achieved by spraying plants with glutamine, or by pollination with pollen matured in vitro in glutamine-containing medium. The combination of reversible male sterility with doubled haploid production results in an innovative environmentally friendly breeding technology. Tapetum-mediated sporophytic male sterility is of use in foliage crops, whereas microspore-specific gametophytic male sterility can be applied to any field crop. Both types of sterility preclude the release of transgenic pollen into the environment.     

A biotechnology‐based male‐sterility system for hybrid seed production in tomato

Incorporating male sterility into hybrid seed production reduces its cost and ensures high varietal purity. Despite these advantages, male‐sterile lines have not been widely used to produce tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hybrid seeds. We describe the development of a biotechnology‐based breeding platform that utilized genic male sterility to produce hybrid seeds. In this platform, we generated a novel male‐sterile tomato line by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9)‐mediated mutagenesis of a stamen‐specific gene SlSTR1 and devised a transgenic maintainer by transforming male‐sterile plants with a fertility‐restoration gene linked to a seedling‐colour gene. Offspring of crosses between a hemizygous maintainer and the homozygous male‐sterile plant segregated into 50% non‐transgenic male‐sterile plants and 50% male‐fertile maintainer plants, which could be easily distinguished by seedling colour. This system has great practical potential for hybrid seed breeding and production as it overcomes the problems intrinsic to other male‐sterility systems and can be easily adapted for a range of tomato cultivars and diverse vegetable crops.     

The molecular biology of cytoplasmically inherited male sterility and prospects for its engineering

Nucleocytoplasmic male sterilities are binary genetic systems driven by mitochondrial, maternally inherited genes that induce male sterility and a female phenotype and which are overcome by nuclear restorers of fertility. They contribute to the reproductive biology and evolution of natural populations and are valuable tools for the commercial production of hybrid seeds in crops. For species with no natural form of cytoplasmic male sterility, such sterility can in some cases be introduced from different, but related, species through sexual crosses or somatic hybridisation. Somatic hybridisation is the only technique currently available for manipulating plant mitochondrial genomes. Recent successes in plastid transformation have opened up entirely new perspectives for the engineering of cytoplasmic male sterilities in transplastomic plants.     

Genetically engineered cytoplasmic male sterility

Cytoplasmic male sterility, conditioned by some maternally inherited plant mitochondrial genomes, is the most expedient method to produce uniform populations of pollen-sterile plants on a commercial scale. Plant mitochondrial genomes are not currently amenable to genetic transformation, but genetic manipulation of the plastid genome allows engineering of maternally inherited traits in some species. A recent study has shown that the Acinetobacter beta-ketothiolase gene, expressed in the Nicotiana tabacum plastid, conditions maternally inherited male sterility, laying the groundwork for new approaches to control pollen fertility in crop plants.