屯堡人7项不对称行为特征

在贵州省安顺市对359例屯堡人(男145例,女214例)中学生的7项不对称行为特征(扣手、利手、叠臂、叠腿、利足、起步类型和优势眼)进行了调查。研究结果显示:1)屯堡人除叠臂左型率高于右型率外,其他6项不对称行为特征均为右型率高于左型率;2)屯堡人7项不对称行为特征的出现率均无性别差异;3)与其他族群比较,屯堡人利足右型率和叠臂右型率中等,叠腿右型率和扣手右型率高;4)屯堡人两两不对称行为中,扣手与利手、扣手与叠臂、扣手与叠腿、叠腿与起步相关,利手、利足、起步三种行为彼此相关。     

Study on pottical type, palmar and plantar digital formulae, hand clasping, arm folding, handedness, leg folding and stride type in the Daur population, China

The pottical type, palmar and plantar digital formulae, hand clasping, arm folding, handedness, leg folding and stride type have been investigated on a sample of 143 male and 160 female students of the Daur population of Molidawa Banner, Inner Mongolia. The results of this study are the following: 1. the frequency of the hyperextensive pottical type is 49.17%, the relative length of index over annularis 12.21%, right hand clasping 45.87%, right arm folding 49.50%, right handedness 94.39%, right leg folding 72.28% and right stride type 44.88%, 2. pottical type, hand clasping, handedness, leg folding and stride type do not show significant sex differences, 3. there are some relations between hand clasping and arm folding as well as between arm folding and stride type, 4. compared with other population groups, the Daur population shows a low frequency of right hand clasping, a moderate frequency of right arm folding and a low frequency of left handedness.     

中国木雅人、尔苏人、八甲人与空格人6项不对称行为的特征

对四川、云南尔苏人、木雅人、空格人、八甲人4个族群进行了6项不对称行为特征(扣手、利手、叠臂、利足、叠腿、起步)的调查,结果显示:1)4个族群中,仅尔苏人、木雅人、八甲人叠臂以L型出现率偏高以外,其余不对称行为特征均为R型出现率较高;2)4个族群6项不对称行为特征均不存在性别间差异,但木雅人、尔苏人与八甲人在扣手这一不对称行为特征上存在族群间差异,木雅人与空格人在叠臂这一不对称行为特征上存在族群间差异;3)统计分析了6项不对称行为特征之间的相关性,仅八甲人多数不对称行为特征之间存在相关性。     

A Hungarian twin study on hand clasping, arm folding and tongue curling

A twin study was performed in adult Hungarian monozygotic and dizygotic pairs for hand clasping, arm folding and tongue curling. Genetic background of these traits could not be confirmed, although there appears to be a positive correlation between hand clasping type and handedness.     

汉族湘语族群的7项不对称行为特征

在湖南省娄底地区调查了汉族湘语族群507例(男269例、女238例)高中学生的7项不对称行为特征(扣手、利手、叠臂、叠腿、利足、起步类型和优势眼)。研究结果显示:1)湘语族群叠臂与起步类型L型率高于R型率, 其余5项均R型率高于L型率。2)湘语族群利手、叠臂、利足出现率存在性别间差异, 其余4项出现率均不存在性别间差异。3)在已发表的资料中, 湘语族群扣手和起步类型右型率中等偏高, 利手右型率处于中等水平, 叠臂和叠腿右型率低,利足和优势眼右型率高。4)主成分分析结果显示, 汉族各族群不对称行为特征有一定的共性, 相对接近于中国北亚类型族群, 而与南亚类型族群差距较大。中国族群间不对称行为特征的差异, 主要反映在叠臂率差异、利足率差异。     

Genetic studies of Pangwalas, Transhumant and Settled Gaddis. 4. Colour blindness, mid-phalangeal hair, ear lobe attachment and behavioural traits

Frequency distributions of colour blindness, midphalangeal hair, ear lobe attachment, hand clasping, arm folding, leg folding and handedness are reported for different population groups from Himachal Pradesh, North India, namely Pangwalas, Transhumant Gaddis (Brahmans, Rajputs and Scheduled Castes) and Settled Gaddis (Brahmans, Rajputs and Schedules Castes). An attempt has been made to compare the results of the present study within and between these groups as well as with the results of other reports from different population groups of India and Asia.     

Genetic associations between lateral signs.

Only a few authors examined several lateral asymmetries in families simultaneously. Seven lateralities (handedness, footedness, eyedness, earedness, hand clasping, arm folding and leg crossing) were examined in a sample of 292 biologically related parent-offspring triads and 36 sibling pairs. Analysis of the family data showed a significant association between parents and children in most lateralities. The frequency of left-sidedness increased with the number of left-sided parents. Only in the case of footedness and hand clasping there are no significant correlations. Additionally we investigated the inter-relationship between the lateralities in the parental generation. There is a relative strong relation especially among the functional asymmetries. The study analysed also the genetic association (linkage) according to McManus & Mascie-Taylor (1979) between seven different lateralized characteristics. It is shown that the lateral asymmetries correlate genetically relatively imperfectly with each other comparing the inter-relationship between the lateralities in the parental generation. This implicates a multigenetical and also multifactorial determination of laterality in human being.     

兴安盟3个民族7种不对称行为特征的研究

于1998年9月对内蒙古兴安盟的汉、蒙古、朝鲜族调查了1852例（男875例,女977例）中学生的7种不对称行为特征（利手、扣手、叠臂、叠腿、起步类型、利足、利眼）。结果显示：（1）3个民族中多数不对称行为特征的右型出现率过半。（2）扣手、叠壁、起步类型的出现率存在一定的民族间差异,而其它4种行征的出现率无此差异。（3）多数特征的出现率男女间差异不显著。（4）不对称行为特征间具有相关的数量较多,程序较高,所有存在相关的特征间均表现为同侧组合特征类型为其亲合特征。     

4 anthroposcopic markers in the Northern Greece population: hand folding, arm folding, tongue rolling and tongue folding

Four anthroposcopic traits, namely hand clasping, arm folding, tongue rolling and tongue curling have been studied in a total of 7763 individuals from Thessaloniki and its surroundings, representing a sample of the population of Northern Greece. The statistical analysis of the data indicates significant sex differences only concerning tongue rolling. The frequencies obtained for the four traits under study are compared with data from the literature.     

Population genetics of the inhabitants of Northern European USSR. II. Blood group distribution and antropogenetic characteristics in 6 villages in Archangel Oblast]

The paper deals with the distribution of genetic markers (systems ABO, MN, Rh (D), Hp, PTC) and a number of demographic (folding of arms, hand clasping, tongue rolling, right- and left-handedness, of the type of ear lobe, of the types of dermatoglyphic patterns) in the inhabitants of 6 villages in the Mezen District of the Archangelsk Region of the RSFSR (river Peosa basin). The data presented in this work were obtained in the course of examination of over 800 persons. Differences in the interpretation of the results of generally adopted methods of statistical analysis of samples from small populations are discussed. Among the systems analysed in one third of all the cases there was a statistically significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg's ratios. For the MN blood groups and haptoglobins this was caused by the excess of heterozygotes. The test of Hardy--Weinberg's ratios at the level of two-loci phenotypes revealed no statistically significant deviations either in separate villages or in all the villages taken together. The analysis of heterogeneity with respect to markers inherited according to Mendel's law revealed statistically significant differences between villages in all the systems except haptoglobins. A considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of family names, the frequencies of some of them varying from village to village from 0 to 90%. Statistically significant differences between villages were shown for all the anthropogenetic characters except arm folding, hand clasping and right-left-handedness. Considering the uniformity of the environmental pressure in the region examined, the heterogeneity of the population studied is apparently associated with a random genetic differentiation (genetic drift) and, possibly, with the effect of the progenitor.     

Medicogenetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. II. Anthropogenetic characteristics, blood groups and serum proteins]

A study is carried out on the distribution of ABO, MN, Rh, P and Le blood groups systems, haptoglobins, and common anthropogenetic features in the population of two villages of the Samarkand district. The examined samples have appeared to be heterogenous for ABO, Rh and P systems. For MN and Le unification is possible. The summary data on the allotment of phenotypes are as follows: (%) 0-30.2, A-35.3, B-26.2, AB-8.3, M-33.9, N-26.2, MN-39.9, Rh- -1.5, P-78.6, Le(a-b+)-33, Le (a+b-)-22.2, Le(a-b-)-34.2, Le(a+b+)-10.6. Gene frequencies have are calculated. The occurrence with regards to haptoglobins in both the villages is the same. The summary data are as follows: Hp1=1-4.8, Hp1=2-36.2, Hp2=2-59%. Gene frequencies have been calculated. In the population of the village Karakent there is a change of the frequency in many features of dermatoglyphics. The frequencies of anthropogenetic features do not differ between the villages. The summary data are the following: the frequency of theelbow type of hand is 86.9%, the right type of "hand clasping"-55.0%, the right type of "arm folding"-50.4%, righthandedness-99.7%. The occurence of square lobe of the ear is 21%, spliced one is 26.2%, the hanging down is 52.7%. The frequency of the gene insensitivity for PTC taste is 0.47 in one village and 0.53 in the other.     

Hand clasping--an overview]

The literature concerning the asymmetry clasping hands is reviewed based on 192 studies. This paper describes the incidence, sex differences, age differences and genetical problems including twinning. The incidence of left hand clasping ranges from 30% to 75% (mean 43%). The review confirms the so-called east-west-gradient and there is a predominance of the left type in Europe. Age and sex differences are only small. There is only a small relationship between hand clasping and handedness. 18 authors examined hand clasping in families and 4 in twins. The family data suggest that hand clasping may be under genetic control, yet it is clear that no simple genetic model for the inheritance can be applied. Both monozygotic and dizygotic twins show a low concordance and the R-R, R-L and L-L pairs in monozygotic and dizygotic twins are in binomial distribution.     

Folding studies of purified LamB protein, the maltoporin from the Escherichia coli outer membrane: trimer dissociation can be separated from unfolding

The folding mechanisms for β-barrel membrane proteins present unique challenges because acquisition of both secondary and tertiary structure is coupled with insertion into the bilayer. For the porins in Escherichia coli outer membrane, the assembly pathway also includes association into homotrimers. We study the folding pathway for purified LamB protein in detergent and observe extreme hysteresis in unfolding and refolding, as indicated by the shift in intrinsic fluorescence. The strong hysteresis is not seen in unfolding and refolding a mutant LamB protein lacking the disulfide bond, as it unfolds at much lower denaturant concentrations than wild type LamB protein. The disulfide bond is proposed to stabilize the structure of LamB protein by clasping together the two sides of Loop 1 as it lines the inner cavity of the barrel. In addition we find that low pH promotes dissociation of the LamB trimer to folded monomers, which run at about one third the size of the native trimer during SDS PAGE and are much more resistant to trypsin than the unfolded protein. We postulate the loss at low pH of two salt bridges between Loop 2 of the neighboring subunit and the inner wall of the monomer barrel destabilizes the quaternary structure.     

Sex steroids and vasotocin interact in a female amphibian (Taricha granulosa) to elicit female-like egg-laying behavior or male-like courtship.

Female egg-laying behaviors and male amplectic clasping behaviors in the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) are similar in that animals clasp an object. In the case of egg-laying, females clasp submerged inanimate objects, whereas in amplexus, males clasp conspecific females. Considering these behavioral similarities and differences, we investigated the possibility that gonadal steroids and vasotocin (AVT) interact to control egg-laying behaviors, as has been shown for the control of amplexus in Taricha males. Intact, gravid T. granulosa females injected ip with AVT, unlike those injected with saline, exhibited egg-laying behaviors and oviposition. In ovariectomy-steroid-implant studies, no saline-injected female exhibited egg-laying behaviors, whereas AVT-injected ovariectomized females exhibited egg-laying behaviors if implanted with estradiol (E2), testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and not if implanted with empty capsules. When given a choice between clasping aquatic vegetation or other females (amplectic clasping), following an AVT injection, unoperated and sham-operated control females and ovariectomized females with E2 implants did not preferentially clasp aquatic vegetation over other females. In contrast, AVT-injected ovariectomized females with DHT implants preferentially clasped other females. Thus, exposure of Taricha females to estrogens or androgens appears to determine whether the AVT-induced clasping is egg-laying or amplectic clasping.     

Neuroendocrinology of context-dependent stress responses: vasotocin alters the effect of corticosterone on amphibian behaviors

The ability of an animal to respond with appropriate defensive behaviors when confronted with an immediate threat can affect its survival and reproductive success. In the roughskin newt (Taricha granulosa), exogenous corticosterone (CORT) rapidly blocks and vasotocin (VT) enhances reproductive behaviors (mainly clasping behavior). Electrophysiological studies have shown that pretreatment of male Taricha with VT counteracts the inhibitory effects of CORT on neuronal activity in the medulla. To test whether similar interactions between VT and CORT influence reproductive behaviors in Taricha, we recorded the time spent and incidence of clasping in males injected with VT or vehicle at 60 min and then CORT or vehicle at 5 min before presentation of a female. This study found that clasping behavior is suppressed in males that received vehicle and then CORT, but is not suppressed in males that received VT and then CORT. Considering these results and the possibility that the performance of clasping behaviors might cause increases in endogenous VT activity, we tested whether the suppressive effects of CORT administration on clasping behavior would occur in males that had recently clasped females. The study found that, in contrast to males that had been isolated from females, CORT administration did not suppress clasping behavior in males that had been allowed to clasp females for 60 min prior to the hormone injection. Our results suggest that, at least in this amphibian and perhaps in other animals, the neuroendocrine regulation of alternative behavioral responses to threats involves functional interactions between corticosteroids and VT-like peptides.     

贵州苗族5项遗传性状分析

调查贵州苗族111例(男54例,女57例)耳垂、发旋、双手嵌合、酒窝和惯用手5项遗传性状的基因频率。在贵州苗族群体中耳垂的隐性基因频率高于显性基因频率;发旋在两性中分布存在极显著差异(P0.05);贵州苗族5项遗传性状的基因频率与国内其他地区汉族和少数民族存在差异,贵州苗族具有独特遗传性状特征。     

A neurobehavioral model for rapid actions of corticosterone on sensorimotor integration.

Stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) secretion that causes a rapid blockade of courtship clasping by male roughskin newts (Taricha granulosa) is mediated by a specific neuronal membrane receptor for CORT. Amplectic clasping, which can be triggered by pressure on the ventral body surface and cloaca, is controlled by the influence of medullary neurons on the spinal cord. Using clasping as a simple neurobehavioral model, we have focused our analysis of CORT effects on clasping by examining the steroid's effects on neurophysiological properties of medullary neurons, especially medullary reticulospinal neurons, the principal output cells from the brain to the spinal cord. Systemic CORT caused, within 3 min of injection, diverse reductions in reticulospinal neuron excitability. Another rapid CORT effect on medullary neurons was to depress responsiveness to pressure on the cloaca. Experiments with chronically implanted, freely moving newts revealed that the rapid CORT effects are quite specific to neural processes related to clasping. CORT injections rapidly blocked clasping in response to cloacal stimuli and concurrently depressed neuronal responses to cloacal pressure and firing associated with clasping. Activity of reticulospinal neurons was often associated with nonclasping movements and this activity was rarely altered by CORT. Thus, CORT mainly affected aspects of neuronal function related to clasping. In other neurophysiological experiments, we found that the neuropeptides vasotocin and corticotropin-releasing hormone modified the neural effects of CORT. Prior exposure of medullary neurons to either of these neuropeptides caused systemic CORT administration to rapidly potentiate neuronal responses to cloacal stimuli, indicating that the direction and potency of CORT effects depend critically on the prevailing neuroendocrine state of the brain.     

Male-Male Clasping May Be Part of an Alternative Reproductive Tactic in Xenopus laevis

Male Xenopus laevis frogs have been observed to clasp other males in a sustained, amplectant position, the purpose of which is unknown. We examined three possible hypotheses for this counter-intuitive behavior: 1) clasping males fail to discriminate the sex of the frogs they clasp; 2) male-male clasping is an aggressive or dominant behavior; or 3) that males clasp other males to gain proximity to breeding events and possibly engage in sperm competition. Our data, gathered through a series of behavioral experiments in the laboratory, refute the first two hypotheses. We found that males did not clasp indiscriminately, but showed a sex preference, with most males preferentially clasping a female, but a proportion preferentially clasping another male. Males that clasped another male when there was no female present were less likely to “win” reproductive access in a male-male-female triad, indicating that they did not establish dominance through clasping. However, those males did gain proximity to oviposition by continued male-male clasping in the presence of the female. Thus, our findings are consistent with, but cannot confirm, the third hypothesis of male-male clasping as an alternative reproductive tactic.     

Development of functional adaptation to clasping behaviour in harpacticoid copepods (Copepoda,Harpacticoida)

The copepodite antennule development of several harpacticoid families is studied and male antennule development of 5 species is schematically illustrated. The origin of newly formed segments can be determined by seta numbers of segments, relative segment length, furrows indicating previous articulations and by the position of the segment which bears the proximal aesthetasc. At least in some species sexual dimorphism of antennules is present from C II onwards. Females practically reach the adult antennular state at C V whereas males undergo drastic changes from C V to C VI with proximal addition of segments, and often with distal fusions and formation of a unique armature due to functional adaptations in clasping behaviour. No correlation has been found between clasping mode, male antennule type and taxonomic level. In closely related species of the same genus both chirocer and subchirocer antennules are found. The postnaupliar development of the chirocer type can proceed along different ways. Consequently it is suggested that at least chirocer antennules have originated several times independently during harpacticoid evolution.     

Population genetics of the population of the northern European RSFSR. III. Demographic and genetic characteristics of two rural communities of the Pinezhskii District of the Arkhangel'sk Region]

The paper deals with the distribution of genetic markers (systems ABO, Rh, Hp, PTC) and a number of phenotyping traits (folding of arms, hand clasping, tongue rolling, right- and left-handedness, the type of ear lobe, the types of dermatoglyphics patterns) in the inhabitants of 5 villages in the Pinezhsky district of the Arkhangelsky region of the RSFSR. The data presented in this work were obtained in the course of examination of over 900 persons. Among the systems analysed there was a statistically significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg's equlibrium. It took place in two the least villages. In one case--for ABO blood groups, in another--for Hp system. There are an interesting fact of the excess of heterozygotes 2-1 and some excess of the group 0. Statistically significant differences between villages were shown for four genetic systems. Data on migrations, distribution of gene frequencies and estimated genetic and phenotype distances between villages of the same village community and between two communities suggest, that each village community can be considered as separate subdivided population. Considering the uniformity of the environmental pressure in the region examined, the heterogeneity of the population studied is apparently associated with a random genetic drift.