淡水桡足类生物量的测算

本研究测定了16种哲水蚤、5种剑水蚤成体体长-湿重值和13种哲水蚤、4种剑水蚤成体体长-干重值,并应用统计方法推导出相应的体长-体重关系方程式。文中对这方程式的应用作了扼要的讨论。另外,测定了4种哲水蚤、3种剑水蚤卵的干、湿重值和三个不同水域里的无节幼体的干、湿重值。     

武汉东湖桡足类生物量及生产量的初步研究

本文主要论述1980—1982年武汉东湖桡足类生物量及生产量的测算结果。三周年来在东湖Ⅰ、Ⅱ采样站上共观察到5种剑水蚤:广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)、近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicinus vicinus)、透明温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops hyalinus)、台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensis)、锯缘真剑水蚤(Eucyclops serrulatus)和5种哲水蚤:球状许水蚤(Schmackeria forbesi)特异荡镖水蚤(Neutrodiaptomus incongruens)、右突新鏢水蚤(Neodiaptomus schmackeria)、中华原鏢水蚤(Eodiaptomus sinensis)、汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)。其总年平均生物量为321.74毫克干重/平方米。其中剑水蚤为194.70毫克干重/平方米,占60.51%;哲水蚤为127.04毫克干重/平方米,占39.49%。总年生产量为16.959克干重/平方米。其中剑水蚤为11.225克干重/平方米,占66.19%;哲水蚤为5.734克干重/平方米,占33.81%。年P/B比为52.55;其中剑水蚤为57.63,哲水蚤为46.02。各发育阶段的年平均生物量以桡足幼体最高,其次为无节幼体,卵最低。年生产量则以无节幼体最高,其次为桡足幼体,卵最低。从各种类所占总年平均生物量、年生产量的百分比值来看,广布中剑水蚤的比值最大,其次为球状许水蚤、近邻剑水蚤和特异荡鏢水蚤。       

武汉东湖桡足类生物量及生产量的初步研究

本文主要论述1980—1982年武汉东湖桡足类生物量及生产量的测算结果。三周年来在东湖Ⅰ、Ⅱ采样站上共观察到5种剑水蚤：广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti、)、近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicinus vicinus)、透明温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops hyalinus)、台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensis)、锯缘真剑水蚤(Eucyclops serrulatus)和5种哲水蚤：球状许水蚤(Schmackeria forbesi)特异荡镖水蚤(Neutrodiaptomus incongruens)、右突新鳔水蚤(Neodiaptomus schmackeria)、中华原镖水蚤(Eodiaptomus sinensis)、汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)。其总年平均生物量为321．74毫克干重／平方米。其中剑水蚤为194．70毫克干重／平方米,占60．5I％;哲水蚤为127．04毫克干重／平方米,占39．49％。总年生产量为16．959克干重／平方米。其中剑水蚤为11．225克干重／平方米,占66．19％;哲水蚤为5．734克干重／平方米,占33．81％。年P／B比为52155;其中剑水蚤为57．63,哲水蚤为46．02。各发育阶段的年平均生物量以桡足幼体最高,其次为无节幼体,卵最低。年生产量则以无节幼体最高,其次为挠足幼体,卵最低。从各种类所占总年平均生物量、年生产量的百分比值来看,广布中剑水蚤的比值最大,其次为球状许水蚤、近邻剑水蚤和特异荡镖水蚤。     

三座南亚热带大型水库敞水区桡足类群落结构比较

于2000-2002年对南亚热带三座大型水库:新丰江水库、公平水库和飞来峡水库敞水区桡足类进行了定性定量采样.三座水库桡足类种类数较少,共检出桡足类4科10属14种,其中8种哲水蚤,5种剑水蚤和1种猛水蚤.主要分布在广东省水库的我国特有种舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)和广布性种类右突新镖水蚤(Neodiaptomus schmackeri)是出现频率较高的哲水蚤种类,温中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides)、台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensis)和博平近剑水蚤(Tropocycl opsbopingi)是出现频率较高的剑水蚤种类.水库的流域面积、滞留时间、鱼类捕食和营养状态是影响水库桡足类种类组成和数量的重要因素.三座水库桡足类种类数与水库流域面积大小存在正相关关系.随着水库营养水平的升高,桡足类密度和生物量也相应增加,但是大型哲水蚤的优势度降低,而剑水蚤和桡足类幼体的优势度上升.水力滞留时间很短是引起飞来峡水库桡足类种群波动的主要因素.水库捕食性鱼类对甲壳浮游动物的选择性捕食,对桡足类种类影响较小,对桡足类成体密度影响较大.由于地区差异和鱼类捕食强度等因素的影响,桡足类种类多样性与水体营养状态之间存在不确定性.     

浙江千岛湖桡足类的群落结构

1999年1－12月,研究了贫－中营养型的大型深水湖泊－浙江千岛湖浮游桡足类的群落结构,包括其种类组成、现存量动态及群落多样性。在一年的研究中,共观察到16种桡足类（5种哲水蚤、1种猛水蚤和10种剑水蚤）。根据各种桡足类（桡足幼体＋成体）的年平均密度,哲水蚤的优势种为右突新镖水蚤（Neodiaptomus schmack-eri)和球状许水蚤（Schmackeria forbesi);剑水蚤的优势种为一种中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops notius)和近邻剑水蚤（Cyclops vicinus)。桡足类群落平均密度46.81个／L,生物量0.126mg/L,物种多样性指数1.54。桡足类现存量的季节变化为夏＞秋＞冬＞春,8月份密度达98.50个／L,生物量0.333mg/L;5月份密度仅10.70个／L,生物量0.017mg/L。水平变化以Ⅱ号站现存量为最高,密度达80.10个／L,生物量0.289mg/L;V号站的密度最低,仅29.80个／L;Ⅳ号站生物量最低,0.066mg/L。多样性指数以I站为最高3.21,Ⅸ站最低,仅0.85。桡足类群落多样性随着水体透明度的增大呈下降的趋势。     

渤海浮游动物群落生态特点 Ⅱ.桡足类数量分布及变动

用1959年全国海洋普查浮游动物中网样品分析渤海浮游动物。尤其是中小型浮游动物的数量分布及变动特点。结果表明,渤海浮游动物全年平均丰度为3841ind／m^3,最大33756ind/m^3,最小6．5ind／m^3。其中桡足类年平均密度为3413ind／m^3,是数量的主要构成者。渤海浮游动物主要的高峰期出现在夏季,此外春、秋两季各自有一个小的高峰。春季峰主要是由双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)的大量繁殖造成,秋季峰主要是由拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)构成。夏季峰是由于小拟哲水蚤(Paraclanus parvus)、强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)、拟长腹剑水蚤等多种桡足类和一些幼虫大量繁殖造成。渤海浮游动物季节演替比较明显。双毛纺锤水蚤、墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropages mcmmurrichi)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)是春季的优势种;小拟哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤(Corycaeus affinis)和太平洋纺锤水蚤（Acartia pacifica)是夏季的优势种;拟长腹剑水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤（Lubidocera euchaeta)等是秋季的优势种。数量的水平分布同温度的水平分布趋势基本一致。同盐度趋势相反。     

海水实验围隔中桡足类对海洋原甲藻摄食的研究

现场研究了发生严重海洋原甲藻（Ｐｒｏｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｕｍｍｉｃａｎｓ）水华后海水实验围隔中桡足类火腿许水蚤（Ｓｃｈｍａｃｋｅｒｉａｐｏｐｌｅｓｉａ）和长腹剑水蚤（Ｏｉｔｈｏｎａｓｐ．）的摄食强度．结果表明,体长在１２５ｍｍ以上的火腿许水蚤成体及其部分桡足幼体对海洋原甲藻的摄食率平均为１２１４０ｃｅｌｓ·ｉｎｄ－１·ｄ－１;体长不到１２５ｍｍ的部分火腿许水蚤桡足幼体和长腹剑水蚤成体及其桡足幼体的摄食率仅为１１３３ｃｅｌｓ·ｉｎｄ－１·ｄ－１．实验期间围隔中海洋原甲藻的浓度为８５０～１６１７０ｃｅｌｓ·ｍｌ－１,该藻的种群增长率为－０．００２～０．１５０．当海洋原甲藻细胞处于生长期时,桡足类的摄食不足以抑制该藻种群的增长,因此围隔中桡足类不可能阻止海洋原甲藻水华发生或使水华发生后迅速消退     

淮河中游浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态

2007年1-12月对淮河中游浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态进行研究。共记录浮游甲壳动物24种, 其中枝角类8属13种、桡足类9属11种。枝角类在4月和9月形成两个峰值, 即(28.2±21.6) ind/L和(40.8±10.1) ind/L, 其优势种分别为僧帽溞 Daphnia cucullata和脆弱象鼻溞 Bosmina fatalis。捕食性桡足类-近邻剑水蚤Cyclops vicinus vicinus、广布中剑水蚤Mesocyclops leuckarti和台湾温剑水蚤Thermocyclops taihokuensis分别在4月、5月和6月形成较大的密度。汤匙华哲水蚤Sinocalanus dorrii和中华窄腹剑水蚤Limnoithona sinensis分别在5月和8月占优势。小型浮游植物(≤20 μm)生物量在4月达到最大值, 之后快速下降, 而较大型浮游植物(>20 μm)生物量从4月上升, 到7月达到最大值。典型冗余分析(RDA)显示, 溞属Daphnia的仲春下降与捕食性桡足类(尤其是近邻剑水蚤)的摄食压力、浮游植物生物量的季节变化密切相关。       

象山港浮游动物群落结构时空变化的定量驱动分析

采用浮游生物 I 型网与 II 型网 , 在象山港进行了浮游动物季节性取样, 结合现场监测环境因子, 分析了浮游动物群落结构的时空差异及其环境驱动因子。结果显示: 共得 12 类浮游动物幼体、 75 种浮游动物。象山港浮游动物小型化特征明显 , 平均丰度 3 796.7 ind⋅m–3。周年优势种类是针刺拟哲水蚤 (Paracalanus aculeatus)、强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanuscrassirostris)、短角长腹剑水蚤 (Oithona brevicornis)和桡足幼体, 其中 , 针刺拟哲水蚤为时空群落贡献最大物种。 ANOSIM 和SIMPER 分析显示, 浮游动物群落的季节性差异显著, 主要判别种类有: 太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)、长尾基齿哲水蚤(Clausocalanus furcatus)、墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropages mcmurrichi)、强额拟哲水蚤、伪长腹剑水蚤(Oithona fallax)、瘦尾胸刺水蚤(Centropages tenuiremis)、背针胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)和瓣鳃类幼虫。浮游动物群落空间上也存在显著差异 , 港口区以大个体或适高盐为主 , 港底区以小个体和幼虫为主。空间上主要判别种类是 : 强额拟哲水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、桡足类幼体和瓣鳃类幼虫。基于距离的冗余分析(dbRDA, Distance-based redundancy analysis)显示, 驱动浮游动物群落结构变化的主要因子是水温、盐度和 pH, 3 个变量可解释浮游动物群落结构的 53.0%, 其中 , 水温是驱动季节群落变化的主要因子, 而驱动空间群落变化的主要因子是盐度和 pH。     

三峡水库初次蓄水后干流库区桡足类的纵向分布与季节变化

作为大型水利工程, 三峡水库于2003年6月开始蓄水, 蓄水后库区水环境发生了变化。为了了解三峡水库水生态系统的演替规律, 同时为环境保护、渔业资源开发利用以及水环境管理提供理论基础, 我们对三峡水库第一阶段蓄水后桡足类的季节变化和空间分布进行了周年季节性研究。在三峡库区江津至茅坪的10个断面共采集到8种桡足类, 其中哲水蚤目2种、猛水蚤目1种、剑水蚤目5种, 北碚中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops pehpeiensis)、广布中剑水蚤(M. leuckarti)和汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)分布较广。各样点种类数差异不大, 但组成上却有不同。桡足类种类组成、空间分布和密度具有明显的季节变化特征, 此外密度在水库的纵轴上也表现出明显的梯度分布, 越近大坝密度越高。     

Cyclops predation on ciliates: species.specific differences and functional responses

Experiments were conducted to measure to what extent cyclopoidcopepods ingest ciliated protists. Five freshwater ciliate species,ranging in size from 22 to 120 µm diameter, were testedwith two species of cyclopoids: Cyclops abyssorum and Cyclopskolensis. Ingestion rates were measured by radiolabeling ciliateswith ¹⁴C, and from these, functional response curves (the changein ingestion rate with changing cell densities) were constructed.Cyclopoids ingest ciliates with very high estimated maximalrates of >200 cells cyclopoid^–1 h^–1 However,there are large differences in ingestion rates that are notpredictable by the size of predator or prey. One ciliate speciesof intermediate size, Coleps hirtus, is nearly immune from cyclopoidpredation at all measured ciliate densities. Three other smallciliate species that move in rapid jumps elicit Honing type3 functional responses, with very little change in ingestionrates at low ciliate densities. Thus, while cyclopoids are capableof having a very considerable impact on ciliate populations,some ciliate species appear to have behavioral, morphologicalor chemical defenses to reduce their vulnerability. This callsinto question the practice of considering ciliates a homogeneousgroup when constructing food web models.     

Influence of trophic status and conductivity on zooplankton composition in lakes and ponds of Torres del Paine National Park (Chile)

The Torres del Paine National Park is located in the southern Chilean Patagonia. This park has numerous and heterogeneous lakes and ponds with different trophic status and zooplankton composition. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of trophic status and conductivity on zooplankton assemblages in lakes and ponds within the Torres del Paine National Park. The water bodies described in the present study were previously classified in three groups. The first group consisted of large, deep and oligotrophic lakes with fish populations, low zooplankton species diversity and high predominance of calanoid copepods of small body size. The second group contained small mesotrophic lakes with fish populations and relatively high predominance of small sized daphnids. The third group consisted of fishless ponds of different trophic status, wide conductivity gradient and with zooplankton species of relatively large body size. The results show that Daphnids abundance was directly related to chlorophyll-a concentration and inversely associated with conductivity. Calanoids abundance was also directly associated with conductivity.     

The temporal distribution pattern of copepods in Corumbá Reservoir,State of Goiás,Brazil

The present study analyzed the pattern of temporal distribution of planktonic copepods in a recently formed reservoir and investigated whether there were differences in the predominance of species. The animals were collected at six stations in the limnetic zone of the central body and lateral arms of the reservoir with a motorized pump at different depths, from December 1996 through November 1998. Three species of Cyclopidae (Thermocyclops decipiens, Thermocyclops minutus and Mesocyclops longisetus) and one species of Diaptomidae (Notodiaptomus iheringi) were recorded. Adults and young, mainly nauplii, of the cyclopoids were predominant during the entire study period. Calanoids became numerically important after the third month following reservoir formation, in some months becoming approximately as abundant as the cyclopoids. There was succession in the abundance of the species, with T. decipiens predominating in the first six months, N. iheringi at the end of the first year, and T. minutus at the beginning of the second year. The differences in water level in the dry and rainy seasons and the operation of the reservoir affected the dynamics of certain copepod species.     

The microcopepod fauna in the Eastern Mediterranean and Arabian Seas: a comparison with the Red Sea fauna

Multiple opening-closing nets of 0.05 mm mesh size were employed to study the community structure and vertical distribution of microcopepods at selected stations in the Red Sea, Arabian Sea and Eastern Mediterranean Sea down to a maximum depth of 1850 m. Calanoids, cyclopoids (Oithona and Paroithona) and poecilostomatoids (mainly Oncaea) were the 3 most abundant orders. In the epipelagic zone (0–100 m), these orders occurred at similar abundance levels, whereas in the meso- and bathypelagic zones the poecilostomatoid genus Oncaea dominated numerically by about 60–80% of all copepodids.The species diversity of Oncaea in the Red Sea is compared with preliminary results from the two adjacent regions. In the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea, the number of species appears to be similar to that in the deep Red Sea and low as compared to the deep Arabian Sea. In this latter area an extremely speciose Oncaea fauna was found at depth below the oxygen-minimum-zone (900–1850 m). The results are related to the differences in the hydrographic conditions of these 3 areas.     

Surface glycoproteins in copepods: potential signals for mate recognition

The mechanism male copepods use to recognize mates is not well understood. Both chemical and mechanical cues have been implicated, but the relative importance of these is not known. This lack of knowledge is despite the belief that mate recognition has a critical role in maintaining reproductive isolation of many species and influences the direction of evolution. Glycoproteins are used as mating signals by a number of aquatic organisms including rotifers, ciliates, and algae. We have developed techniques for selectively probing surface glycoproteins in zooplankton using fluorescently labeled lectins. We examined surface glycoproteins on the urosomes of several species of marine and freshwater copepods to develop insight into their role in mate recognition. Calanoids Labidocera aestiva, Centropages hamatus, and Acartia tonsa were collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico and screened with 12 lectins representing a wide variety of carbohydrate affinities. The harpacticoid Coulana sp. originally collected from Florida was screened for the same 12 lectins. The freshwater calanoid Skistodiaptomus pygmaeus and the cyclopoid Mesocyclops edax also were investigated and compared to the marine species. The sites of lectin binding were consistent across species. Most fluorescence was observed in the urosome at the caudal rami, gonopore, margin of the genital segment, and urosome segment junctions. The signal contrast (signal/background ratio) along the urosome ranged from 3–51 which seems ample for males to discriminate a glycoprotein signal from noise. Our observations clearly demonstrate that glycoproteins on the urosome of females from all six species are present at sites expected to be important in mate recognition.     

Relations between captive and noncaptive weights in anthropoid primates

This study explores the relations between captive and noncaptive (literature-reported wild) adult weights in 53 anthropoid primate species. Based on recent studies of variation in growth among wild populations, it is expected that captive and wild weights are highly correlated. In addition, the lack of a relation between species size and captive and wild weights is anticipated. Differences between wild and captive weights are investigated. Correlations between captive and wild weights are high. Within groups of closely related species, correlations can be expected to average r = .95 for both males and females. At low taxonomic levels (within genera), correlations are not generally as high. However, captive and noncaptive intrageneric correlations are comparable to intrageneric correlations based solely on wild weights reported by different literature sources. Size appears to be unrelated to differences in captive and wild weights. Species that appear to be at elevated risk of obesity are identified. This analysis finds that deviations between captive and wild weights are positively related to growth duration (measured for captive primates). This finding implies that, in long-growing species, wild weights may underestimate asymptotic size. Hypotheses explaining this phenomenon are developed. In general, extensive overlap in weight between samples of captive and wild primates is documented. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The biology and ecology of lotic microcrustaceans

• 1 Copepoda, Ostracoda and ‘Cladocera’ are important meiobenthic Crustacea which can be both numerically abundant and species rich in running waters. Harpacticoids and ostracods are well adapted to benthic life because they are typical crawlers, walkers, and burrowers. Many cladocerans are substratum dwellers, but most benthic species among these can also swim. Cyclopoids which are generally good swimmers are nevertheless often bottom frequenters and actively colonise sediment interstices (the hyporheic zone).
  • 2 The subclass Copepoda includes 10 orders. With 53 families, the order Harpacticoida dominates the benthos. Only five of these families are represented in fresh waters (ca. 1 000 species and subspecies). The order Cyclopoida includes 12 families of which the Cyclopidae is well represented in freshwater habitats with 900 species and subspecies. Freshwater Ostracods belong to the order Podocopida (5 000 species) with three superfamilies occurring in running fresh waters. The group ‘Cladocera’ contains four orders, 12 families, more than 80 genera, and 450–600 freshwater species. Most of the benthic species are found in the families Chydoridae (39 genera), Macrothricidae, Ilyocryptidae and Sididae.
• 3 For each of the three major taxa, morphological characteristics are presented, specimen collection and preparation are described and references to available taxonomical keys are provided.
• 4 Biological characteristics are extremely diverse among and within the three taxa, resulting in a great variety of strategies in meiobenthic crustaceans. Characteristics of reproduction, sexual dimorphism, cyclomorphosis and population parameters (i.e. clutch size, lifespan, growth, moulting) are provided for some of the most common species.
• 5 Important differences between the three main taxa were found at the species level. Ecological requirements such as hydraulic microhabitats and geomorphologic features of the streambed are the major determinants of species diversity and abundance for benthic microcrustacea of lotic habitats. Many studies on the ecology of these communities are limited by a lack of knowledge of the life history characterisitics of lotic (especially interstitial) crustacean populations.