Pollen Morphology of Quercus L. in China

The present paper describes the pollen morphology of 31 species of the genus Quercus from China. The pollen grains were all examined with light microscope and scanning electron microscope, and those of some species under transmission electron microscope. Pollen grains of the genus are spheroidal or subspheroidal, 16.8-50.4μm in diameter, 3colporoidate or 3-colpate. The exine is 2-layered, 0.4-1.8μm thick, sexine thicker than nexine, granulated tuberculate or verrucate.     

中国柽柳科植物花粉形态的研究

本文用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了分布于我国的4属30种柽柳科植物花粉形态。并用透射电镜研究了柽柳属的代表种, Tamarix elongata外壁内部的超微结构。本科花粉为三沟, 少数属种为三拟孔沟。根据扫描电镜观察, 柽柳属花粉外壁表面具粗网状纹饰和细网状纹饰, 以及界于这两个类型之间的过渡类型。水柏枝属外壁表面具粗网状纹饰, 细网状纹饰, 小穿孔以及小的蠕虫状突起。红沙属和枇杷柴属均为细网状纹饰。 本科柽柳属花粉与杨柳科中柳属的花粉特征较相似, 本文提出了它们之间的区别。     

Studies on Pollen Morphology and Taxonomy of Lespedeza and Its Allied Genera from NE China

The pollen morphology of 11 species and 1 variety in the genus Lespedeza and its allied genera (Campylotropis, Kummerowia) from NE China was examined under light and scanning electron microscopes. 1. Lespedeza Michx. (plate 1:1-6; 2:1-6; 3:1-6; 4:1-2) Pollen grains prolate, rarely subprolate or spheroidal, elliptic or rarely suborbicular in equatorial view, 3-lobed-rounded in polar view, tricolporate, colpus margins smooth or jagged. Polar axis 20.7-33.1μm long, equatorial axis 15.4-20.9 μm long. Exine reticulate or foveolate, lumina verrucose or smooth under SEM. 2. Campylotropis Bge. (plate 4:3-4) One species in NE China, C. macrocarpa (Bge.) Rehd. Pollen grains prolate, elliptic in equatorial view, 3-lobed-rounded in polar view, 3-colporate, colpus linear, 25.1μm long, 1.79μm broad, colpus margins jagged, with a series of verrucae equal in size along one side visible under SEM. Polar axis 19.7μm long, equatorial axis 14.6μm long. Exine reticulate, lumina nearly rounded, verrucose at periphery under SEM. 3. Kummerowia Schindl. (plate 4:5-6) Pollen grains spheroidal, oblate or prolate, elliptic in equatorial view, obtuse-triangular in polar view, tricolporate, colups linear, 25.1μm long, 2.01μm broad, colpus margins sinuate. Polar axis 24.7-27.9μm long, equatorial axis 19.7-26.6μm long. Exine reticulate or subreticulate, lumina nearly rounded, with verrocae visible under SEM. According to the pollen morphology of Lespedeza and its allied genera, the division of Lespedeza (s. lat.) into Lespedeza (S. str.), Campylotropis and Kummarowia by Schindler (1912) is reasonable. The subdivision of Lespedeza (s. str.) into Sect. Macrolespedeza and Sect. Lespedeza by many botanists, and the treatment of Lespedeze juncea (L. f.) Pers. var. inschanica Maxim. as an independent species (i.e. Lespedeza inschanics (Maxim). Schindl.) are also supported by the pollen morphology shown in the present work.     

中国壳斗科栎亚科花粉形态研究

本文应用光学显微镜与扫描电子显微镜观察了壳斗科所属栎亚科2属26种2变种的花粉形态,并以本科其它属一些代表种作对比,试图从孢粉学方面为栎亚科的系统分类提供依据。 花粉外壁纹饰在扫描电镜下可分三种类型,即水青冈型(含水青冈属),栎型(含栎属和三棱栎属),栗型(含栗属、锥属和柯属),花粉的类型与植物形态分类的三个亚科一致。 栎亚科的花粉外壁纹饰在扫描电镜下为颗粒聚集成的种种形状。栎属可区分为四种类型,即颗粒状、颗粒——蠕虫状、聚颗粒及芽孢状,其中类型一、二、三为常绿种类,类型四为落叶种类。花粉纹饰在常绿与落叶种类之间有较明显的差异,而青冈亚属和栎亚属之间却没有界线。因此,栎属仍以包含两个亚属为宜。三棱栎属花粉纹饰则介于栎属的类型二与三之间。     

Study on the Pollen Morphology of the Family Berberidaceae

The pollen grains of 33 species representing 11 genera of the family Berberidaceae, mostly from China, were examined with the light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Their characteritic details can be used for generic diagnosis. A pollen key to the genera based on these observations is presented. Based on the morphology, the pollen grains can be grouped into the following three types: 1. The tetrad pollen type found only in the genus Sinopodophyllum. 2. The spiraperturate pollen type found in the genera Berberis and Mahonia. 3. The tricolpate pollen type found in the genera Diphylleia, Jeffersonia, Nandina, Dysosma, Caulophyllum, Leontice and Epimedium. A diagnostic key to the pollen grains of genera in the Berberidaceae. 1. Pollen grains single 2. Pollen grains spiraperturate .................... Berberis L., Mahonia L. 2. Pollen grains tricolpate 3. Exine with spinose sculpture ........................ Diphylleia Michx. 3. Exine with non-spinose sculpture 4. Exine with striate or striate-reticulate sculpture ...... Jeffersonia Barton 4. Exine with reticulate sculpture 5. Exine around colpus with distinct thickening ........ Nandina Thunb. 5. Exine around colpus without thickening 6. Pollen grains larger (45—50)×(32.5—37.5)μ 7. Colpus with membrane ................ Dysosma R. E. Woodson 7. Colpus without membrane ................ Caulophyllum Michx. 6. Pollen grains smaller (25—550)×(20—527.5) μ 7. Pollen grains prolate-perprolate .................... Leontice L. 7. Pollen grains spheroidal-prolate...Epimedium L., Podophyllum L. 1. Pollen grains tetrad ............................ Sinopodophyllum Ying     

Pollen Morphology of Plumbaginaceae in China

The present paper describes the pollen morphology of 30 species belonging to 7 genera of Plumbaginaceae from China. The pollen grains were all examined under light microscope, and those of some species under scanning and transmission electron microscope. The pollen grains of the family are subspheroidal, prolate or oblate, (37.5-74.5)× (40.4-81.9)μ in size, 3-colpate, rarely 4-6-colpate, only pancolpate in Ceratostigma willmottianum. The exine 2-layered, 2.0-7.4μ thick, sexine thicker than nexine, verrucate, reticulate or coarsely reticulate. On the basis of the morphology, two types of pollen grains are distinguished in the family: (1) The pollen grains are 3-(rarely 4-6 ) or pancolpate, the exine verrucate. They are found in the tribe Plumbagineae (inculuding the genera Ceratostigma, Plumbago and Plumbagella). (2) The pollen grains are all 3-colpate, the exine reticulate or coarsely reticulate. They are found in the tribe Staticeae (including the genera Acantholimon, Ikonnikovia, Goniolimon and Limonium ).     

Pollen Morphology of Guttiferae in China

The present paper deals with the pollen morphology of 23 species belonging to 6 genera of Guttiferae occurred in China. All pollen grains have been observed under light microscope, and those of 11 species in 5 genera have been examined with SEM as well. The pollen grains of Guttiferae are subspheroidal, spheroidal or prolate, (17–43) × (15–26)μ in size. Mostly 3-eolporate, less frequently 4-colporate or 5-colporate. The exine is 2-layered, but the occassionally demarcation of these layers is generally indistinct. The exine is 0.8–2.6 μ in thickness. The oramentations of all the pollen grains is generlly finely reticulate under the light microscope. Pollen morphology of the 11 species of 5 genera observed under the SEM is stressed. Their exine oramentations may be classified into four major groups, ie. reticulate, finely reticulate, baculate and perforate. Calophyllum: pollen grains reticulate and rugulo-reticulate. Cratoxylon: pollen grains reticulate, with finely and densely granulate over entire muri. Gareinia: pollen grains baculate, reticulate, and exine with perforate oramentation; in reticulate grains, muri with spinulation. Hypericum: pollen grains reticulate, perforate and finely reticulate. Mesua: pollen grains finely reticulate. From the comparison of pollen morphology, Hypericaceae has much connection with Guttiferae (sensu stricto). Because their pollen grains are all 3-eolporate and the exine is reticulate or oerforate under light mieroseope, but it is different between the pollen grains of Hypericum and those of Guttiferae.     

若干悬钩子属植物的花粉形态研究

蔷微科悬钩子属１０种植物的花粉形态进行了扫描电镜观察,描述了花粉形态的特征,探讨了植物花粉形态特征与外部形态特征的关系。     

我国特有珍稀濒危植物银缕梅(Parrotia subaequalis)的花粉形态研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对产自安徽省大别山金缕梅科银缕梅(Parrotia subaequalis)的花粉进行了观察和研究。银缕梅花粉粒近球形或长球形,P/E(极轴/赤道轴)=1.27(1.14-1.32),赤道面观椭圆形,极面观圆三角形或三裂圆形,大小为37.3(32.0～41.0)×29.4(25.0～36.0)μm。具3沟,沟狭长,几达两极。花粉外壁厚2.0～2.4μm,外层与内层近等厚,柱状层基柱发达。外壁纹饰在光镜下为细网状,在扫描电镜下为粗网状纹饰,网脊上有刺瘤。现生银缕梅具有鲜明的生境和分布格局特点,本研究为利用地层中银缕梅化石花粉重建古环境、古气候等提供了现代孢粉学参考依据,也为研究金缕梅科的起源、演化和现代地理分布提供了科学依据。     

Pollen Morphology of Cyclobalanopsis and Its Relation to Quercus

The present paper deals with pollen morphology of 19 species belonging to Cyclobalanopsis and of 31 species belonging to Quercus from China. All pollen grains were examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope, and those of 4 species of Cyclobalanopsis and of 8 species of Quercus were examined under transmission electron microscope. Pollen grains of Cyclobalanopsis are spheroidal or subspheroidal, 25.2(18.9-31.5) ×23.1 (16.8-27.3) μm in size. Mostly 3-colporoidate, rarely 3-colpate or 3-colporate. The exine is 2-layered, 1.1-1.9 μm thick, sexine thicker than nexine, finely granulate under LM, granulate, spinulate, verrucate under SEM. Pollen grains of Cyclobalanopsis and of evergreen members of Quercus are very similar to each other in size, aperture and ornamentation of exine, but there are some differences in pollen grains between Cyclobalanopsis and deciduous members of Quercus. Therefore, Pollenmorphology supports the treatment of Cyclobalanopsis as a subgenus of Querc     

A Study on Pollen Morphology of Potamogeton,Zannichellia and Triglochin from China

The pollen morphology of 19 species in the genera Potamogeton, Zannichellia and Triglochin from China was examined under light and scanning electron microscopes. 1. Pollen characteristics (1) Potamogeton L. (Plate 1, 2:1-8) Pollen grains spheroidal, subspheroidal, rarely oblate or ovoid, (17-35)24.41×27.76(18-45)μm in size; anaperturate; exine 1-2μm thick, 2layered or obscure; crass-reticulate, reticulate or finely-reticulate under LM, distinctly reticulate under SEM; muri uniform or not uniform, smooth or granular, rarely with processes; bacula thicker or thinner at the intersection of muri. (2) Zannichellia L. (Plate 2:9) Pollen grains spheroidal, ,(20-26)23.1×24.15(21-27) μm in size; anaperturate; exine 1 μm thick, stratification obscure; nearly reticulate under LM, shallowly reticulate under SEM; luminae shallow, large and irregular, muri very thin and not uniform; bacula absent. (3) Triglochin L. (Plate 2:10-11) Pollen grains spheroidal or subspheroidal; (20-30)23.65×23.7(20-30) μm in size; anaperturate; exine about 1μm thick, stratification obscure, finely reticulate under LM, distinctly reticulate under SEM; luminae rather large or minute; muri uniform, with 1-2 lines of granules, bacula present or absent. 2. Pollen types of Potamogeton L. (1) Thin muri--thick bacula: Potamogeton pectinatus, P. intramongolicus, P. filiformis, P. pamiricus; (2) Uniform muri and bacula: 1) Large pollen subtype: Potamogeton crespus; 2) Medium-sized pollen subtype: Potamogeton heterophyllus, P. perfoliatus, P. distinctus, P. malaianus; 3) Minute pollen subtype: Potamogeton oxyphyllus, P. obtusifolius, P. lucens, P. cristatus, P. gramineus, P. octandrus, P. pusillus     

滇南风吹楠花粉形态观察

采用光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对滇南风吹楠的花粉形态进行观察.滇南风吹楠的花粉粒呈单粒存在,远极面观为椭圆形,近极面观大体为三角形,为不等极,两侧对称.花粉粒具一条远极单萌发沟;花粉大小为(15)19.90(21) μm×(20)22.50(25) μm.花粉粒外壁纹饰为网状,网脊平均宽度为0.29 μm;网眼形状不规则...     

中国芸香科植物的花粉形态

本文用光学显微镜对我国21属52种2变种芸香科(Rutaceae)植物的花粉形态进行了详细地观察研究,其中对6属6种进行了扫描电镜观察。本科花粉具沟孔,是花粉单类型的科之一。根据萌发孔的数目和外壁纹饰特点,本文将芸香科的花粉分为具3孔沟和4-6孔沟两个花粉类型,并根据各属花粉形态特征,作出了花粉形态分属检索表。此外,本文还对花椒(Zanthoxylum L.)和Fagara两属的合并问题及花椒与吴茱萸(Evodia Scop.)两属之间的亲缘关系等问题进行了讨论。     

Pollen Morphology of Loxostemon (Cruciferae) in China

The present paper deals with the pollen morphology of 10 species and 1 variety of Loxostemon in China. The pollen grains were all examined under light microscope. The pollen grains of Loxostemon are subspheroidal, spheroidal or prolate, 18--33×11.8-28 μ in size, 3-colpate, colpi 15-21 μ long and 1-2 μ wide. The exine is 1.5-3 μ thick with two indistinct or distinct layers. All the pollen grains are generally reticulate under light microscope. They are distinctly or obscurely and finely reticulate. L. axillus and L. repens are generally similar in gross morphology, but the pollen grains of these two species are different. The pollen grains of L. axillus are regularly polygonally reticulate, colpi are acute-ended and the exine is about 3 μ thick, whereas those of L.repens are irregularly polygonally reticulate, colpi are enlarged at both ends and the exine is about 2.8 μ thick. L. incanus and L. stenolobus appear to have similar gross morphology, but the pollen grains of the former have exines with two distinct layers and a densely and finely reticulate ornamentation and those of the latter have exines with two indistinct layers and a flexuosely reticulate ornamentation.     

A Study on Pollen Morphology of Tribe Rhamneae (Rhamnaceae)in China

Pollen morphology of 25 Chinese species, representing 6 five genera in the tribe Rhamneae of Rhamnaceae, was examined under LM and SEM. Pollen grains are subspheroidal or suboblate, obtuse-triangular in polar view, 3-colporate, with the polar axis (P)10.4-28.7μm long and equatorial axis (E) 11.3-30.5μm long, P/E = 0.81-1.11. Colpi generally narrow and long, ora lalongate, with two ends connected with the thinned part of exine, forming a H-shape. Four thickenings were observed where colpi and ora cross, but sometimes the thickenings were indistinct or formed a ring. The stratification indistinct. The ornamentation of exine obscure or indistinctly reticulate under LM, but rugulose, short-striate, rugulose-foveolate or reticulate under SEM. The exine ultrastructure of Rhamnus ussuriensis was examined under TEM. It consists of imperforate tectum, granular layer, foot layer and endexine. The tectum is rather thick with uneven surface, while the granular layer is rather thin. A key to the genera based on pollen characteristics is provided and the general pollenmorphology of five genera, i.e. Sageretia, Rhamnus, Hovenia, Colubrina and Alphitonia, is described respectively. Based on pollen size, the four thickenings and the ornamentation, the five genera under study may be distinguished from each other. For example, pollen grains are smaller in Sageretia; the four thickenings are larger and distinct in Hovenia and Alphitonia. However, the ornamentation is short-striate under SEM in Hovenia and Alphitonia, while reticulate in the Colubrina and Rhamnus ( Subgen. Rhamnus) .Two different concepts of Rhamnus exist among taxonomists. Heppeler and Suessenguth divided Rhamnus into two subgenera (Subgen. Frangula and Subgen. Rhamnus), whereas Grubov separated Subgen. Frangula from Rhamnus as an independent genus. According to the pollen morphology, the separationis reasonable.     

Studies on Pollen Morphology of Taxaceae of China

The present study deals with pollen morphology of 4 genera and l0 species of Taxaceae in gymnosperms. Pollen grains of the family are spheroidal or subspheroidal, 20.8μm in diameter and with laptoma or papilla in the distal face. Exine is two-layered, with sexine equal to nexine in thickness, but sometimes the stratification is indistinct. The surface is scabrous or slightly granular under LM. Coarse verrucae and fine tuberculae on pollen surface are observed under SEM. From thin section, endexine is shown to have lamellate structure, and ectexine is made of verrucate elements. In Amentotaxus argotaenia, some pollen grains show remnant saccate. According to pollen morphology, this family may be divided into two tribes: 1, Pseudotaxeae (including Pseudotaxus only), and 2, Taxeae (including Taxus and Torreya). Owirg to the special feature of pollen grains in Amentotaxus the present author suggests that the genus be separated from Taxaceae and raised to the level of family, Amentotaxaceae.     

盖裂木属两种植物花粉形态观察

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了盖裂木属两种Talauma gloriensis和T.mexicana的花粉形态。花粉粒具远极单萌发沟,椭圆球形,外壁较光滑或略粗糙且具小穴状雕纹。在透射电镜下,花粉外壁可分为覆盖层、柱状层和基层,外壁-2明显,且厚度不均匀。在远极面萌发沟区域,外壁逐渐减薄,最后覆盖层和柱状层消失,仅残留基层。T.gloriensis的柱状层内部空间较小,多由颗粒组成,而T.mexicana柱状层中有发育较好的小柱,与覆盖层和基层连接。     

东北杜鹃花属植物花粉形态的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对东北杜鹃花属(Rhododendron Linn.)6种, 1变种, 1变型的花粉形态进行了观察和比较研究。该属花粉粒均为四合花粉。四合花粉呈正四面体排列。花粉粒近球形。每粒花粉均具3沟,在四合花粉粒上,相邻花粉粒上的沟相接,有些种可见沟内的萌发孔。光镜下可见花粉外壁为内外两层,厚度约相等。不同的种在花粉粒大小上有区别。在扫描电镜下观察可见不同的种花粉表面具有不同的纹饰。即该属在花粉形态上具有种的特性。     

A Study on Pollen Morphology of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is endemic to China. The pollen morphology and exine ultrastructure were examined under LM, SEM and TEM. Pollen grains are prolate, polar axis 30.5-54.8 μm long, with the average 32.7 μm, equatorial axis 27.8-31.3 μm long, with the average 29.2 μm, tricolporoidate, but sometimes the outline of ora could be observed and elliptic in shape. Colpi are narrow, uequal in length, often two long and one short or two short and one long, sometimes rather irregularly arranged, with indistinct and thin colpus membrance. Exine psilate under LM, granulate under SEM, and shortly baculate under TEM. Tectum is thin with dense and small granules, columellae layer consists of short bacules, and foot layer very thick. Some taxonomists (Cronquist, 1968) consider that Eucommiaceae is related to Hamamelidales, but others (Takhtajan, 1969) to Urticales. The Urticales is of the porate type of pollen grains, while Eucommiaceae of tricolporoidate type, and thus the former is more advanced than the latter. Pollen grains of some members of Hamamelidales, tricolporoidate, are similar to those of Eucommiaceae. We therefore consider that Eucommiaceae is related to Hama-melidales.     

东北杜鹃花科4属植物花粉形态的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对东北杜鹃花科甸杜属(Chamaedaphne Moench.)、杜香属(Ledum Linn.)、松毛翠属(Phyllodoce Salisb.)、越橘属(Vaccinium Linn.)4属6种, 1变种的花粉形态进行了观察和比较研究。以上4属花粉粒均为四合花粉。四合花粉呈正四面体排列。花粉粒近球形。每粒花粉均具3沟,在四合花粉粒上,相邻花粉粒上的沟相接,有些种可见沟内的萌发孔。光镜下可见花粉外壁为内外两层,厚度约相等。不同属种的花粉粒在大小上有区别,花粉粒平均直径为34.0~43.7μm。在扫描电镜下观察可见不同的种花粉表面具有不同的纹饰。为分类学提供了孢粉学方面的证据。