Pseuderanthemum pubescens sp. nov. (Acanthaceae) from Thailand

Pseuderanthemum pubescens T. Choopan & P. J. Grote, a new species from southeastern Thailand is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from P. longistylum J. B. Imlay by leaves being pubescent instead of glabrous and by the corolla lobes being purple with reddish purple dots on all 5 lobes instead of dotted on lower lip only.     

清水河枸杞，宁夏茄科一新种

描述了宁夏茄科枸杞属一新种,清水河枸杞。此新种与黑果枸杞相接近,但其枝条直伸,不成"之"字形曲折,花1~4朵簇生,花萼钟形或筒状钟形,花萼裂片边缘无毛,花冠筒部与冠檐近等长;雄蕊着生于花冠筒的喉部,花丝连同花冠无毛或被稀疏短柔毛;浆果扁圆球形,顶端常微凹,深红褐色;种子1~4枚而与后者不同。     

A Study on the Genus Acidosasa of Bambusoideae

The genus Acidosasa was published by the present authors in 1979. It only had one species at that time, Acidosasa chinensis C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao. Since then species number of the genus steadily increases. The authors have rather comprehensively studied this genus and its related genera for F1. Reip. Pop. Sin. The present paper deals mainly with morphological characteristics of the genus Acidosasa and the differences from its related genera i. e. Arundinaria, Sasa and Indosasa. The genus Acidosasa is closely related to the genus Arundinaria in the type and origin of inflorescences and the vegetative appearance. But it differs from Arundinaria in the structure of florets. In Acidosasa, each floret is provided with six stamens, while in Arundinaria each floret is of only three stamens. The genus Acidosasa is similar to the genera Indosasa and Sasa in the numbers of stamens, but it is distinguished from lndosasa by its semelauctant (determinate) inflorescence, not iterautant (indeterminate) one, from Sasa by its taller stature and branch complement with three branches. We have carefully examined all the type specimens of Acidosasa and its related genera. A conclusion reached is that there are six species in the genus Acidosasa, most of which are native to S. China, with only one species in Viet Nam. Five specific binomials are reduced and one species is transferred into this genus. Two keys to species, respectively based on the flowering and vegetative characters, are given as follow: Key to species of the genus A cidosasa (1)(based on the flowering state) 1. Lemmas glabrous. 2. Spikelets stout, 3-6mm broad, pedicels 1.5-4cm long; lemmas large, 1.5-2.2cm long, with 15-19 nerves, subcoriaceous, not glaucous, shiny. 3. Lemmas up to 2.2cm long with conspicuously transverse veinlets, tessellate; palea and rhachilla entirely. glabrous, lodicules elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous ... 1. A. chinensis 3. Lemmas 1.5-1.8cm. long, slightly tessellate; palea puberulous at apex of carina, rhachilla puberuous at apex, lodicules obovate, ciliate at apex ............ 2. A. brilletii 2. Spikelets rather slende, 2-4mm broad, pedicels 0.5-1cm long; lemmas small, about 1.3 cm long, with 7-13 nerves, more or less glaucous .......... 3. A. chienouensis 1. Lemmas pubescent. 4. Glumas and lemmas densely pubescent ........................ 4. A. hirtiflora 4. Glumas subglabrous, lemmas sparsely pubescent. 5. Spikelets large, 3-7 cm long, lemmas 1.6-1.7 cm long, pedicels 2-13 mm long ................................................. 5. A. longiligula 5. Spikelets small, 2-3.7 cm long, lemmas about 1.3 cm long, pedicels 1-3 cm long ................................................... 6. A. venusta Key to species of the genus A cidosasa (2) (based on the vegetative state) 1. Ligules of leaf-sheaths strongly elevated, usually 2-8 mm long. 2. Young culms with bristly sheath scars; culm-sheaths without auricles and oral setae, not spotted, sheath-blades erect ................. 4. A. hirtiflora 2. Young culms with glabrous sheath scars; culm-sheaths with small auricles and oral setae, sparsely spotted, sheath-blades reflexed .......... 5. A. longiligula 1. Ligules of leaf-sheaths inconspicuous, less than 2 mm long. 3. Young culms more or less bristly, or sheath-scars bristly: 4. Culm-sheaths without auricles and oral setae, not farinose, without hairs at base. 5. Young culms densely bristly; culm-sheaths attenuate at apex and as wide as sheath-blades, with conspicuously transverse veinlets; leaf-blades large, usually 2.5-3.5 (-6.5) cm broad, conspicuously tessellate ..................................................... 1. A. chinensis 5. Young culms sparsely bristly; culm-sheaths truncate at apex and broader than sheath-blades, without transverse veinlets or inconspicuous; leaf-blades small, 1.5-2.5 cm broad, without visible transverse veinlets .................................................... 6. A. venusta 4. Culm-sheaths with auricles and oral setae, slightly farinose, densely bristle at base; leaf-blades rather narrow, 0.8-1.8 cm broad ............ 3. A. chienouensis 3. Young culms entirely glabrous; leaf-blades rather narrow, 1.2-1.8 cm broad ....................................................................................... 2. A. brilletill     

A Preliminary Study on the Taxonomy of the Family Magnoliaceae

A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors. The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus (Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world. The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and distributional patterns as follows: The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. megaphylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7). The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primitive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, anthers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few. Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M. flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China. westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7). The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera. Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world.     

中国棘豆属（豆科）一新记录种——平卧棘豆

平卧棘豆Oxrytropis prostrata（Pall．）DC主要分布于蒙古和俄罗斯,最近发现在中国的呼伦贝尔草原区也有分布,属于中国新记录种。该种主要特征为茎基部多分枝,托叶大部分与叶柄合生,密被白色柔毛,小叶先端钝圆或微凹,龙骨瓣先端喙长约2mm,子房和荚果光滑无毛。     

Floral ontogeny of Aeschynomene falcata and A. sensitiva (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) supports molecular phylogenetic data

Floral ontogeny and morphology of the Leguminosae are of interest because of their potential to provide characteristics useful for phylogeny. To determine if these features corroborate the phylogenetic segregation of the section Ochopodium from Aeschynomene, this study used comparative analysis between Aeschynomene falcata and A. sensitiva, which are within the sections Ochopodium and Aeschynomene, respectively. Flower buds were analysed by use of scanning electron microscopy. Aeschynomene falcata has a unidirectional initiation of sepals from the abaxial side, and a tendency toward whorled initiation for petals and stamens. At maturity, it has a calyx tube with five lobes, a pubescent standard petal, keel petals with coherent (but not fused) margins above and below the stamens, and a carpel with a long hairy stipe. Aeschynomene sensitiva has a distinct initiation pattern of petals (1st abaxial, 2nd adaxial, and 3rd lateral) and a tendency toward whorled initiation of sepals and stamens. Overlap between sepals, petals, and antesepalous stamens initiation was observed. At maturity, A. sensitiva has a glabrous bilobed calyx and a glabrous standard petal, keel petals postgenitally fused above the stamens, and a carpel with a short and glabrous stipe. Floral ontogeny and morphology of A. falcata are very similar to those of Machaerium and Dalbergia species so far studied, corroborating the phylogenetic proximity of section Ochopodium to these genera. Important features of the floral ontogeny of A. sensitiva seem to be related to the origin of the bilobed calyx, which is shared with the rest of Aeschynomeninae except section Ochopodium, suggesting they are synapomorphies for those species.     

马鞍菌属新种和新记录(一)

有关马鞍菌属 Helvella 的历史,属种概念以及中国已知种的检索表已作过报道(刘波等,1985)。本文描述了近年来采到的两个新种:粘马鞍菌 Helvella glutinosa sp.nov.和伞形马鞍菌 H.galeriformis sp.nov.;四个新记录:白柄马鞍菌 H.albellu Quél.,小马鞍菌H.helvellula(Dur.et Mont.)Dissing,乳白马鞍菌 H.lactea Boud.和脉马鞍菌 H.phlebo-phora Pat.et Doass.。此外,斑点马鞍菌 H.maculata Weber 虽已作过报道和描述(李静丽等,1986),然而由于它是一个非常具特征性的种,而且有一限制的地理分布,因此本文也对它进行了更充分的描述和讨论。     

Taxonomic notes on the genus Eupoa ?abka, 1985 (Arachnida,Araneae, Salticidae)

The south-east Asian genus Eupoa is redescribed and diagnosed. Seven new species are diagnosed, described and illustrated: E. daklak sp. n. (♀) from Viet-Nam; E. lehtineni sp. n. (♂♀) from India, Thailand and Viet-Nam; E. lobli sp. n. (♂) from Malaysia; E. pappi sp. n. (♂) from Thailand; E. pulchella sp. n.(♂) from Thailand; E. schwendingeri sp. n. (♂♀) from Thailand; and E. thailandica sp. n. (♂♀) from Thailand. Eupoa prima Żabka, 1985 and E. yunnanensis Peng & Kim, 1997 are redescribed and illustrated on the basis of type and/or newly collected materials. The female of E. yunnanensis Peng & Kim, 1997 is found and described for the first time.     

Fossil leaves of Populus from the Middle Miocene of Yunnan,SW China

Today southern Yunnan, SW China, has a tropical or subtropical climate and seasonal rainforests. In the past, some temperate elements were also present. In this paper, a new species of Populus is reported from the Middle Miocene deposits in Zhenyuan. Its leaves are ovate or ovate-suborbicular, with serrate margins. They have a shallowly cordate to cuneate base without glands, short acuminate apex, and salicoid teeth with spherical glands. The veins are glabrous but unicellular hair bases occur on the lower epidermis of the lamina. Stomata are confined to the lower epidermis. The presence of Populus in the Middle Miocene of the region indicates an expansion of the genus into low-latitude Asia in the late Cenozoic and a more complicated history of vegetational change in southern Yunnan than has so far been assumed.     

Tremacron hongheense,a New Species of Gesneriaceaefrom Southeastern Yunnan,China

A new species of Gesneriaceae from Honghe County, Southeastern Yunnan, China, Tremacron hongheense WH. Chen & YM. Shui, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to Tremacron forrestii Craib, but differs by its leaf blade adaxially sparsely long setose (vs. densely white appressed pubescent and sparsely rusty brown villous), corolla tube outside short white glandular (vs. nearly glabrous), corolla lobes red and thickening at apex, especially adaxial lip (vs. yellow and not thickening), stamens 16-18cm long (vs. 04-12cm long), staminode 05-14cm long (vs. 02-04cm long).     

Phenotypic variation of the introduced perennial Solidago gigantea in Europe

The exotic perennial Solidago gigantea belongs to the most widespread and abundant plant invaders in Europe, found throughout the range from northern Italy to southern Scandinavia. Morphological variation of this species in Europe was assessed by scoring plants from 22 populations along a north-south transect for quantitative and qualitative characters. All size related and floral characters varied significantly among populations. Size related characters exhibited large coefficients of variation and high intraclass correlations. Floral characters varied considerably less and showed rather narrow unimodal distributions. Pubescence of leaf main vein varied from glabrous to weakly pubescent. Leaf surfaces beneath as well as secondary veins were uniformly glabrous among the shoots. The first three principal components accounted for 56.5% of the variation and formed no separated clusters among the shoots sampled. Chromosome counts revealed only tetraploid cytotypes (2n=36). The low variation in taxonomic key characters and chromosome numbers suggest that the tetraploid cytotype of S.gigantea has became naturalized in Europe, probably the result of only few introductions of this species to Europe.     

Ranunculus uttaranchalensis (Ranunculaceae): a new species from Western Himalaya,India

A new species of the genus Ranunculus, R. uttaranchalensis, is described from Gangotri National Park, Uttaranchal in Western Himalaya, India. It is distinguished from the closely allied R. lobatus in having radical leaves sub‐cordate with hairy lamina base and petiole hairy above; cauline leaves sessile, 3–7 lobed with linear to narrowly lanceolate lobes; sepals usually reddish brown, externally hairy; petals rounded‐obovate and oblong, receptacle glabrous except 1–3 hairs at the top.     

粉背含笑，云南东南部木兰科植物一新种

对产自云南东南部的木兰科植物一新种粉背含笑Magnolia glaucophylla Sima et H. Yu作了描述和绘图。该新种与棕毛含笑Magnolia fulva (H. T. Chang et B. L. Chen) Figlar接近,区别点在于其叶倒卵形、狭倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形,侧脉每边19~24条;叶柄无毛;心皮20~26枚,成蓇葖时无毛,果瓣厚4~6 mm。     

Two new species of Esenbeckia (Rutaceae, Pilocarpinae) from Brazil and Bolivia

Two new species of Esenbeckia (Rutaceae, Pilocarpinae) are described and illustrated. Esenbeckia decidua Pirani sp. nov. is probably endemic to deciduous forests of northern Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, and is distinct from other unifoliolate species in the genus because of its narrowly winged petiole, glabrous, not connate carpels that protrude beyond the annular disc, and its relatively elongated style. Esenbeckia kallunkiae Pirani sp. nov. is known from a few collections from Rondonia, the Brazilian Amazon and adjacent Bolivia. It is a species with trifoliolate, glabrous leaves, an elongate, narrowly paniculate inflorescence, relatively small flowers with cup-shaped discs, short styles, and capsules densely muricate with hooked spines. New couplets to Kaastra's available key to species are provided.     

Morphological and ITS sequence divergence between taxa of Cuminia (Lamiaceae), an endemic genus of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile

Morphological and ITS sequence divergence were assessed between the two presently recognized taxa of the endemic genusCuminia (Lamiaceae), on Masatierra of the Juan Fernandez Islands. Morphological studies were based on leaf morphology of 51 individuals. Individuals ofC. fernandezia have narrow and lanceolate leaves with cuneate to acute bases and apices, whereas individuals ofC. eriantha have broadly ovate leaves with rounded bases and acute to obtuse apices. The two taxa can also be distinguished by the presence of pubescence.Cuminia eriantha has hairs on the leaves, young stems, floral peduncles, calyx, and corolla. Alternatively,C. fernandezia is glabrous except for tuft hairs on the nodes, and hairs on calyx teeth and corolla tubes. The ITS 1 and 2 regions of the five plants ofCuminia sequenced are a total of 451 bp long. All plants have identical ITS-1 but pubescent and glabrous plants are consistently different in ITS-2 sequence, revealing 1.3% total sequence divergence between the species. Both morphological and molecular data support the taxonomic recognition of two taxa, and the small but consistent differences appear to justify species status for the two entities. The pubescent populations representC. eriantha and the glabrous ones areC. fernandezia. It is hypothesized that the species diverged from a common ancestral immigrant to the islands, when Masatierra was much larger and more ecologically diverse than it now is. The two taxa seem to maintain their identities with no evidence of hybridization, even though they often grow in close proximity to one other on the island. Each population consists only of glabrous or pubescent plants, with no mixed population detected.     

The predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo prefers green-mite induced plant odours from pubescent cassava varieties

It is well known that plant-inhabiting predators use herbivore-induced plant volatiles to locate herbivores being their prey. Much less known, however, is the phenomenon that genotypes of the same host plant species vary in the attractiveness of these induced chemical signals, whereas they also differ in characteristics that affect the predator’s foraging success, such as leaf pubescence. In a series of two-choice experiments (using a Y-tube olfactometer) we determined the preference of Typhlodromalus aripo for pubescent versus glabrous cassava cultivars infested with the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa and also the preference for cultivars within each of the two groups. We found that when offered a choice between pubescent and glabrous cassava cultivars (either apex or leaves), T. aripo was significantly more attracted to pubescent cultivars. For each cultivar, M. tanajoa infested leaves and apices were equally attractive to T. aripo. There was however some variation in the response of T. aripo to M. tanajoa-infested plant parts within the group of pubescent cultivars, as well as within the group of glabrous cultivars. Our study confirms not only that T. aripo uses herbivore-induced plant volatiles to search for prey in cassava fields, but it also shows that it can discriminate between glabrous and pubescent cultivars and prefers the latter. This knowledge can be useful in selecting cultivars that are attractive and suitable to T. aripo, which, in turn, may promote biological control of the cassava green mite.     

Correspondence of trichome mutations in diploid and tetraploid cottons

Quantitative variation for leaf trichome number is observed within and among Gossypium species, varying from glabrous to densely pubescent phenotypes. Moreover, economically important cotton lint fibers are modified trichomes. Earlier studies have mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting leaf pubescence in Gossypium using allotetraploids. In this study, we mapped genes responsible for leaf trichome density in a diploid A genome cross. We were able to map 3 QTLs affecting leaf pubescence based on trichome counts obtained from young leaves (YL) and mature leaves (ML). When the F(2) progeny were classified as pubescent versus glabrous, their ratio did not deviate significantly from a 3:1 model, suggesting that glabrousness is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. The glabrous mutation mapped to linkage group A3 at the position of major QTL YL1 and ML1 and appeared orthologous to the t1 locus of the allotetraploids. Interestingly, a fiber mutation, sma-4(ha), observed in the same F(2) population cosegregated with the glabrous marker, which indicates either close linkage or common genetic control of lint fiber and leaf trichomes. Studies of A genome diploids may help to clarify the genetic control of trichomes and fiber in both diploid and tetraploid cottons.     

中国"四须鲃"类的系统整理

四须鲃属是一个“大口袋”类群。中国的四须鲃实际上分属于至少4个不同的属。通过与Rainboth的分类系统比对之后,对中国四须鲃属鱼类的分类系统重新进行了以下的修订：①保山四须鲃、软鳍四须鲃和异口四须鲃归入新光唇鱼属;②小四须鲃归入盘齿鲃属;③分布于云南的高体四须鲃实为大鳞四须鲃,大鳞四须鲃应归入高须鱼属;④其余四须鲃属鱼类,抚仙四须鲃、常氏四须鲃、太平四须鲃、云南四须鲃、颌突四须鲃(=洱海四须鲃)、鲂形四须鲃、棱四须鲃、后鳍四须鲃和油四须鲃均归入吻孔鲃属。