Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.     

A Preliminary Study on the Taxonomy of the Family Magnoliaceae

A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors. The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus (Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world. The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and distributional patterns as follows: The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. megaphylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7). The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primitive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, anthers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few. Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M. flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China. westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7). The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera. Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world.     

中国单种属大型担子菌及其地理分布

中国大型担子菌单种属113个,隶属于48科,10目,其中一部分是世界单种属,另一部分为中国境内目前只报道一个种的属。单种属的分类学地位独特,区系分布上也表现出一定的特点。因此,单种属的亲缘关系和菌物地理学研究具有重要的理论意义。     

Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of the Abies alba genome and its relationship with other members of the Pinaceae

Genome size, karyotype structure, heterochromatin distribution, position and number of ribosomal genes, as well as the ITS2 sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were analysed in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). The analysis also included characterization of the Arabidopsis-type of telomeric repeats in silver fir and in related species. The results were compared with results from other species of the Pinaceae, to evaluate phylogeny and chromosomal and molecular evolution in the Pinaceae. Integrated chromosomal data provided insights into chromosome and karyotype evolution in the Pinaceae. The evolutionary trend for GC-rich heterochromatic blocks seems to involve loss of blocks that are not associated with rDNA. Similarly, numerous large blocks of interstitial plant telomeric repeats that are typical for all analysed species of the genus Pinus were not observed in the evolutionarily younger genera, such as Abies, Picea and Larix. On the contrary, the majority of telomeric sequences in these three genera appeared confined to the chromosome ends. We confirmed the current position of Abies and Tsuga in subfamily Abietoideae and the position of Pinus in the subfamily Pinoideae based on ITS2 sequences. Pseudotsuga is placed together with Larix into the subfamily Laricoideae. We conclude that the current position of the genus Picea in the subfamily Abietoideae should be reconsidered and, possibly, the genus Picea should be reclassified as a separate subfamily, Piceoideae, as recently proposed.     

Variation in species composition, abundance and microhabitat preferences among western Amazonian terra firme palm communities

Western Amazonia harbours one of the richest palm floras of the Neotropics. About 121 palm species and 33 genera occur in this region. Approximately 40% of these species and three monotypic genera ( Aphandra , Itaya and Wendlandiella ) are restricted to western Amazonia. Bactris (23 spp.), Geonoma (20 spp.), Attalea (17 spp.), Astrocaryum (11 spp.) and Oenocarpus (7 spp.) are the most well-represented genera in the region. Palms, however, are not homogeneously distributed across western Amazonia. A major change in palm composition occurs between Yasuní (eastern Ecuador) and Iquitos (eastern Peru). Species that are very abundant on the unflooded forest of Yasuní, such as Iriartea deltoidea or Prestoea shultzeana , are replaced by Socratea exorrhiza , Lepidocaryum tenue var. tenue or Iriartella stenocarpa in the Iquitos–Pebas region. Moreover, the distribution ranges of the majority of eastern Ecuadorean palms reach the Iquitos region, but the converse is not observed. Censuses of palm communities along transects, studies of microhabitat preferences of Oenocarpus bataua and documentation of the distribution limit of Astrocaryum species in the intermediate zone provide new insights on the floristic change that is occurring. Modern ecological constraints and geological history during the Cenozoic may explain the observed variations.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 151 , 127–140.     

海南铜鼓岭与五指山种子植物属的比较研究

铜鼓岭位于海南省东北部,共有维管植物166科626属984种及变种。五指山位于海南岛中部山区,共有维管植物196科911属2146种及变种。前者共有单型科54科,单种属431属,分别占科和属总数的27.11%,68.74%;后者共有单型科35科,单种属496属,分别占科及属总数17.77%,54.5%。说明五指山物种组成比铜鼓岭的更丰富,但两个区系属内种系分化程度都较弱。区系分析表明:(1)铜鼓岭以泛热带分布占优势,热带亚洲分布次之,分别占该区非世界分布属总数的34.5%和17.8%;五指山以热带亚洲分布占优势,泛热带分布次之,分别占非世界分布属总数的37.5%和24.1%;两个区系热带性质强烈,但前者以泛热带分布为主,后者以热带亚洲成分为主。(2)铜鼓岭共有35种海南特有种,占海南536个海南特有种(变种)的6.53%;五指山共有284个海南特有种,五指山特有种16种,占海南特有种的52.99%,说明其在海南植物区系中比铜鼓岭更重要。     

SEM Observation on the Structure of Cuticles on Leaf Inner Surface of Abies (Pinaceae) and Its Significance in Systematics

Comparative investigation of the inner surface of the needle cuticle of 36 species and 2 varieties of Abies under SEM has revealed that the characteristics of the intercellular flanges are rather distinct and four types can be distinguished: (1) Straight and developed single flange. This type is only represented by Abies bracteata D. Don. Morphologically, this species is also quite unique in the genus Abies and was once treated as a subgenus by Franco and Liu. Its special structure of the leaf cuticle observed here seems to support their treatment. (2) Double flanges. This type was first discovered in a leaf fossil of Abies from England. In modern plants of Abies, it is found only in the species from Central America. (3) Undeveloped single flange. This type is represented by a small group of Abies from the west and east coastal area of the Pacific Ocean. (4) Undulate and developed single flange. This type is represented by most of the species of Abies, including all the species in Europe and most species in Asia and North America. The flange types mentioned above seem to have some relationships with the geographical distribution of the species in the genus Abies, and their occurrence might have not been completely influenced by the habitats, hence the features of the intercellular flanges may provide good evidence for the subgeneric division of Abies. Based on our results and those from the previously published literature about the infrageneric treatments of Abies and the distribution of the fossils, we consider that western North America might be the diversity center of modern Abies. Florin once pointed out that the characters of the leaf cuticle in gymnosperms are of great significance for the generic andinfrageneric division. This viewpoint is strongly supported by our study on modern Abies.     

柏科分类和分布：亚科,族和属

柏科Cupressaceae和杉科Taxodiaceae有许多相似之处,近年来不少分类学家主张把两科合并成广义的柏科。原杉科中的金松属Sciadopitys与两科其他属的差异较大,被提升为单种科Sciadopity-aceae。本文根据球果可育种鳞的位置把柏科(狭义)分为2亚科,即上部种鳞不可育的柏木亚科Cupres-soideae和上部种鳞可育的澳洲柏亚科Callitroideae。综合其他形态学和解剖学证据,柏木亚科又分4族,即柏木族Cupresseae(包括:柏术属Cupressus、杂交柏属×Cupressocyparis、扁柏属Chamaecyparis和福建柏属Fokeinia)、侧柏族Thujopsideae(包括:崖柏属Thuja、罗汉柏属Thujopsis和侧柏属Platycladus)、圆柏族Junipereae(包括:圆柏属Juniperus和海参威柏属Microbiota)以及香漆柏族Tetraclineae(包括:翠柏属Calocedrus和香漆柏属Tetraclinis)。澳洲柏亚科又分3族,即澳洲柏族Actinostrobeae(包括:西澳柏属Actinostuobus、澳洲柏属Callitris、智利柏属Fitzroya和杉叶柏属Neocallitropsis)、南非柏族Widdring-toneae(包括:白智利柏属Pilgerodendron、塔斯曼柏属Diselma和南非柏属Widdringtonia)以及甜柏族Libocedreae(包括:甜柏属Libocedrus、巴布亚柏属Papuacedrus和南美柏属Austrocedrus)。柏科21个属的地理分布可划分为5种类型,即:(     

冷杉属植物叶角质层内表面的观察及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜下,比较观察了冷杉属全世界36种2变种的叶角质层内表面的结构特征,根据叶角 质层内表面胞间凸缘特征的显著差异,将冷杉属植物归为4类:(1)直且发达的单凸缘;(2)双凸缘; (3)不发达的单凸缘;(4)弯曲且发达的单凸缘。并发现这四种凸缘类型在冷杉属中的分布格局与该 类植物的地理分布具有相关性。根据所观察的结果和前人的属下分类系统以及化石资料,认为北美西部是现代冷杉属植物的一个多样性中心。     

松科植物属间C值和种子千粒重与进化关系初探

在检索C值数据库和种子数据库的基础上,对松科具有完整C值和种子千粒重等数据信息的5个属108种植物进行统计分析,并利用线性回归模型分析了二者之间相关性。结果显示,松科植物C值从9.5~36 pg呈正态分布,种子千粒重从1.2~1 269 g呈偏态分布,种间千粒重相差悬殊,高达1058倍。ANOVA分析表明,松属C值平均为25.79 pg,显著高于其它4个属;落叶松属C值最低（12.53 pg),显著低于云杉属（18.44 pg）,而云杉属、冷杉属和雪松属C值间却无显著性差异。结合前人研究结果,从C值的角度分析,松科5属间的演化顺序为：松属→云杉属→雪松属→冷杉属→落叶松属。松科5属间种子千粒重均值差异显著,松属种子均值最大（123.7 g）,其次为雪松属（84.5 g）和冷杉属（26.4 g）,最后为落叶松属（5.5 g)和云杉属(3.9 g)。除松属外,其它4个属ANOVA分析,雪松属种子千粒重显著高于云杉属、冷杉属和落叶松属（P<0.01),而云杉属和落叶松属种子千粒重间无显著差异(P>0.05)。对数回归分析和线性相关性分析表明,松科108种植物的C值和种子千粒重回归方程为：y=3.145x-7.248,决定系数（R²）为0.346,存在显著正相关性（P<0.000 1）,线性相关系数(γ)高达58.8%,这说明松科植物随着C值增大,其种子千粒重呈明显增加趋势。综上所述,松科属间种子千粒重差异显著,且随着属间进化程度的提高,C值和种子千粒重均呈明显下降趋势,其具体机理尚有待于结合其它功能性状做深入分析。     

松科冷杉属植物的化石历史和现代分布

冷杉是北半球阴暗针叶林的优势种和建群种,现全世界共有52种1亚种12变种,在北半球形成南欧、北美和东亚三个分布中心,这三个地区也是冷杉属化石最丰富的地区。在垂直分布上,冷杉集中分布于1000～2000m（15种）和2500～4000m（13种）两个海拔地段。在中国,冷杉植物呈南北间断分布,集中分布在横断山地区。冷杉属的特有现象和孑遗分布现象都十分突出,有7个种呈孑遗分布。根据冷杉属的地史分布和现代分布的研究并结合最新的系统演化资料,本文推测冷杉属于白垩世中期起源于北半球的中高纬度地区,始新世以后,随着全球气候的变冷,逐步向南迁移,由于喜马拉雅山脉、阿尔卑斯山、落基山脉抬升及东亚季风气候的出现以及第四纪冰期的影响而形成了现代间断的分布格局。冷杉与银杉、金钱松等其它松科植物的形成模式十分相似。     

Phylogenetic diversity and ecological features in the Egyptian flora

Until fairly recently, regional-scale ecological and evolutionarypatterns have tended to be ignored as conservation efforts have been concernedwith species and their habitats. Here we compare frequencies in the Egyptianflora of particular rank sizes (order, family and genus) with patterns ofspecies abundance (classified as very rare, rare, common, or very common) and anarray of life-history attributes. The angiosperm flora of Egypt is representedby 2446 taxa (2088 species), including taxa in 10 subclasses, 51 orders, 120families, and 742 genera. A high degree of monotypism was observed: four ordersare monotypic (each existing as single species), and have very rare overallabundances; 30 families are monotypic (17 of which are very rare or rare); and 354genera are monotypic (over 70% of which are very rare or rare). Fourteenfamilies (in particular the Resedaceae and Zygophyllaceae) have at leastone-fifth of their global species represented in the Egyptian flora. Introducedspecies in general, and tree, aquatic herb and liana life forms all are especially well represented among monotypic genera. Native taxa are highlyrepresented among rare and very rare abundance classes, while introduced taxadid not differ significantly in their abundance patterns, compared to overallflora values. Few large genera (>20 spp.) occur in the flora, with mostspecies concentrated in genera containing 8–19 species per genus.Similarly, few families were highly speciose. Annual and herbaceous species weresignificantly over-represented, mainly among large, speciose genera andfamilies. However, perennials, trees, shrubs, aquatic herbs, lianas and parasiticspecies were found mainly in families and genera having very few taxa.Life-history attributes may have important implications to speciation rates.Taxonomically based results, involving abundances and life-history attributes,are discussed in the context of biodiversity and conservation.     

Fossil History and Modern Distribution of the Genus Abies (Pinaceae)

The plants of the genus Abies are dominant and key species in dark conifer forest in the Northern Hemisphere. There are 52 species, 1 subspecies and 12 varities of genus Abies in the world. The history and modern distribution ofAbies were discussed at present paper. The genus has 3 modern distributional centers: South Europe, North America and East Asia. These areas are also rich in fossil records. The vertical distribution regions of Abies are from sea level to 4 700m, concentrated in 1 000 - 2 000 m (15 species ) and 2 500 - 4 000 m ( 13 species ). In China, the genus distributes in 20 provinces, especially abundant in the Hengduan Mountians. Meanwhile endemic and relic phenomea are obvious in this genus. There are 7 relical species with both limited individuals and limited distributed regions. Based on the fossil records and the newest phylogenetic data, the following hypothesis was proposed: Abies originated from the mid- and high altitude of the Northern Hemisphere in the Middle Cretaceous and it was dispersed forward to the south area in the Eocene due to global climate cooler down. The distribution of Abies was deeply impacted by geological events such as upleft of Himalaya, Alps, Rocky Mountains, the occurrence of Aisan Monsoon as well as Quaternary glaciers. Finally the currentdistribution pattern appeared at the Quaternary. The genus Abies has similar fossil history and modern distribution pattern with Cathaya and Pseudolarix.     

Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs

Chromodorid nudibranchs (16 genera, 300+ species) are beautiful, brightly colored sea slugs found primarily in tropical coral reef habitats and subtropical coastal waters. The chromodorids are the most speciose family of opisthobranchs and one of the most diverse heterobranch clades. Chromodorids have the potential to be a model group with which to study diversification, color pattern evolution, are important source organisms in natural products chemistry and represent a stunning and widely compelling example of marine biodiversity. Here, we present the most complete molecular phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs to date, with a broad sample of 244 specimens (142 new), representing 157 (106 new) chromodorid species, four actinocylcid species and four additional dorid species utilizing two mitochondrial markers (16s and COI). We confirmed the monophyly of the Chromodorididae and its sister group relationship with the Actinocyclidae. We were also able to, for the first time, test generic monophyly by including more than one member of all 14 of the non-monotypic chromodorid genera. Every one of these 14 traditional chromodorid genera are either non-monophyletic, or render another genus paraphyletic. Additionally, both the monotypic genera Verconia and Diversidoris are nested within clades. Based on data shown here, there are three individual species and five clades limited to the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (or just one of these ocean regions), while the majority of chromodorid clades and species are strictly Indo-Pacific in distribution. We present a new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. We use molecular data to untangle evolutionary relationships and retain a historical connection to traditional systematics by using generic names attached to type species as clade names.     

长白山云冷杉林幼苗幼树空间分布格局及其更新特征

长白山云冷杉针阔混交林是我国东北主要的森林类型之一,其乔木树种幼苗幼树的结构和动态决定着未来林分的结构和生长动态。在长白山地区设置一块具有代表性的云冷杉针阔混交林幼苗幼树更新样地,统计分析幼苗幼树更新特征,绘制地径结构图、树高结构图及其空间分布图。运用点格局分析中的单变量O-ring统计方法,分析更新树种的空间分布格局;用双变量O-ring统计方法,分析更新树种种间的空间关联性。研究结果表明:(1)更新树种组成有冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、色木槭(Acer mono)、紫椴(Tilia amurensis)、红皮云杉(Picea koraiensis)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、春榆(Ulmus japonica)7种,其中以冷杉、色木槭为主,更新幼苗幼树的地径近似呈倒J型分布,树高结构近似呈双峰分布;(2)所有更新树种、冷杉、色木槭在小尺度1—10 m的范围内呈聚集分布,随着尺度增加,聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋于均匀分布和随机分布,紫椴、云杉和红松在空间所有尺度上以随机分布为主;(3)更新树种之间的空间关联性在小尺度范围上正关联性比较多,较大尺度范围上负关联性比较多,随着尺度增加,空间关联性减弱。     

Revision of the monogenean subfamily Priceinae Chauhan, 1953 (Polyopisthocotylea: Thoracocotylidae)

Members of the subfamily Priceinae are gastrocotylinean monogeneans of the gills of scombrid fishes of the genus Scomberomorus (and perhaps the genera Acanthocybium, Rastrelliger and Katsuwonus) from warm to warm-temperate seas of the world. We revise the diagnosis of the subfamily and regard the Mexicotylinae Lebedev, 1984 as a synonym. Two monotypic genera are accepted as valid. Pricea multae Chauhan, 1945 is recorded from seven species of Scomberomorus from the Indo-west Pacific, from off eastern South Africa north to the Persian Gulf and as far east as Fiji. New synonyms we recognise include P. minimae Chauhan, 1945 (described from India, reportedly on Katsuwonus pelamis), P. solandri Gupta & Chanana, 1977 (a single specimen was described from India, reportedly on Acanthocybium solandri) and P. microcotylae Chauhan, 1945 (also described from India, reportedly on Rastrelliger kanagurta). Mexicotyle mexicana (Meserve, 1938) Lebedev, 1984 is recorded on four species of Scomberomorus from the western Atlantic Ocean (United States to Brazil), two in the eastern Pacific (California to Peru) and one from the eastern Atlantic (Ghana).     

Phylogenetic relationships of tropical western Atlantic snappers in subfamily Lutjaninae (Lutjanidae: Perciformes) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Phylogenetic relationships among 20 nominal species of tropical lutjanine snappers (Lutjanidae) (12 from the western Atlantic, one from the eastern Pacific, and seven from the Indo‐Pacific) were inferred based on 2206 bp (712 variable, 614 parsimony informative) from three protein‐coding mitochondrial genes. Also included in the analysis were DNA sequences from two individuals, identified initially as Lutjanus apodus, which were sampled off the coast of Bahia State in Brazil (western Atlantic), and from three individuals labelled as ‘red snapper’ in the fish market in Puerto Armuelles, Panama (eastern Pacific). Bayesian posterior probabilities and maximum‐likelihood bootstrap percentages strongly supported monophyly of all lutjanines sampled and the hypothesis that western Atlantic lutjanines are derived from an Indo‐Pacific lutjanine lineage. The phylogenetic hypothesis also indicated that oceans where lutjanines are distributed (western Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and Indo‐Pacific) are not reciprocally monophyletic for the species distributed within them. There were three strongly supported clades that included all western Atlantic lutjanines: one included six species of Lutjanus from the western Atlantic, two species of Lutjanus from the eastern Pacific, and the monotypic genera Rhomboplites and Ocyurus (western Atlantic); one that included three, probably four, species of Lutjanus in the western Atlantic; and one that included Lutjanus cyanopterus (western Atlantic), an unknown species of Lutjanus from the eastern Pacific, and three species of Lutjanus from the Indo‐Pacific. Molecular‐clock calibrations supported an early Miocene diversification of an Indo‐Pacific lutjanine lineage that dispersed into the western Atlantic via the Panamanian Gateway. Divergent evolution among these lutjanines appears to have occurred both by vicariant and ecological speciation: the former following significant geographic or geological events, including both shoaling and closure of the Panamanian Gateway and tectonic upheavals, whereas the latter occurred via phenotypic diversification inferred to indicate adaptation to life in different habitats. Taxonomic revision of western Atlantic lutjanines appears warranted in that monotypic Ocyurus and Rhomboplites should be subsumed within the genus Lutjanus. Finally, it appears that retail mislabelling of ‘red snapper’ in commercial markets extends beyond the USA. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 915–929.     

贵州玉舍国家森林公园种子植物区系研究

玉舍国家森林公园位于贵州西部的六盘水市水城县南部。根据多年的考察、鉴定、资料整理和统计,有种子植物122科373属923种。通过对该区种子植物属的区系分析结果:有14个分布区类型17个变型。热带分布属105属,占总属数的30.97%,温带分布属223属,占总属数的65.78%。显示了该区温带成分的特性。植物区系成分复杂,起源古老,分布有许多单型属和古老的孑遗植物,共有珍稀植物19种,其中国家一级保护植物2种,国家二级保护植物8种,国家三级保护植物3种,尚未列入保护等级的有6种。