几种主要食用菌的遗传转化研究进展

对平菇、香菇、草菇、银耳、双孢蘑菇的遗传转化体系的构建及其应用的研究进展进行了综述,对存在的问题进行了分析,并对未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别担子菌菌种的研究

担子菌菌种多是菌丝型的培养物,在长期保藏中如发生错误也较难辨别。本文报道了以培养特征和生理特性作为保藏的担子菌菌种的特征集要,并根据集要制定出鉴别他们的检索表。通过对48属、71种、142株菌种的实验结果,利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别保藏的担子菌菌种是可行的。     

几种担子菌胞外漆酶同工酶谱的研究

从猴头(Hericium erinaceus)、亚侧耳(Hohenbuehelia serotina)、毛柄金钱菌(Co-llybia velutipes)、多脂鳞伞(Pholiota adiposa)、香菇(Lentinus edodes)、黑木耳(Auriculariaauricula)、草菇(Volvaria volpacea)二孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)和紫孢侧耳(Pleurotussapidus)、侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)风尾菇(P.sajor-caju)、金顶侧耳(P.citrinopileatus)、鲍鱼菇(P.cystidiosus)、佛罗里达侧耳(P.florida)、爪哇漏斗状侧耳(P.sajor-caju var.javanicus)商品化菌种的培养滤液里所得到的胞外漆酶(LC),采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦盘状电泳方法,分析比较了它们的胞外漆酶同工酶。经多批次比较试验,获得了侧耳属七个种和八个不同属间各自恒定的漆酶同工酶谱。在这些酶谱中,分别包含了 A 组(pH3—5)和 B 组(pH5—8)的谱带。而且,所有菌种间漆酶带的等电点值(pI)各有异同。没有测定菌种间各漆酶带含量差别。讨论了漆酶同工酶谱用于分类研究的可能性。     

Host feeding,damage and control of the mushroom pest,Brennandania lambi (Acari: Pygmephoroidea) in China

The pygmephoroid mite, Brennandania lambi (Krczal), is the most serious mite pest of mushroom production in Shanghai. China. This mite could not develop and reproduce on the mycelia of Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus or Pleutotus sajor-caju, but 12–20% of the females survived 15 to 31 days on these hosts, whereas all mites died after 8 days in absence of food. When fed the mycelia of Auricularia polytricha, B. lambi adults could become gravid and reproduce but active larvae failed to develop to the next stage. B. lambi developed and reproduced on the mycelia of Auricularia auricula, Hericium erinaceus, Tremella fuciformis and Agaricus bisporus. Mobile stages of B. lambi damage A. bisporus by feeding on its mycelia. Field surveys of mite damage during 1983–1989 in the suburbs of Shanghai revealed that contaminated spawn was the major source of the mite problem and losses of the crop averaged between 10% and 20%. Experiments on the effects of temperature on mite survival indicate that exposure of mites at 50° C for 1 hour or-10°C for 24 hours killed all stages of B. lambi. Thus, heating treatment during well-executed phase II composting and freezing of mushroom spawn at-10° C for 24 hours should eliminate or at least reduce the damage to mushrooms by this pest.     

引诱白蚁的食用菌腐朽物的筛选

作者在实验室内用6种白蚁:栖北网(尉虫)Reticulitermes speratus(Kolbe)、黄胸网(尉虫)R.flaviceps(Osh-ima)、圆唇网(尉虫)R.labralis Hsia et Fan、尖唇网(尉虫)R.aculabialis Tsai et Huang、普见乳(尉虫)Coptoter-mes communis Hsia et He和囟土(尉虫)Odontotermes fontanellus Kemner对5种真菌的腐朽木屑进行了单纯选择和复合选择的生测试验。这5种真菌,一种是木腐菌,即密粘褶菌Gloeophyllum trabeum(Pers.ex Fr.)Murr.,另外4种均为腐木性粮用真菌:银耳Tremella fueiformis、黑木耳Auricularia auricula、猴头菌Hericium erinaceus和香菇Lentinus edodes。生测结果表明上述4种木腐性食用真菌中除猴头菌对白蚁引诱力极微外,其余3种和密粘褶菌对供试的多种白蚊均具有引诱力。其中以银耳腐木屑的引诱力最强而持久,黑木耳次之,密粘褶菌、香菇又次之。有关银耳和黑木耳腐朽木屑中对白蚁具引诱力的活性物质的化学成份和结构尚需进一步研究。     

真菌多糖与花生凝集素的相互作用

通过加入虫草多糖、树舌多糖、灵芝多糖、榆耳多糖、银耳多糖、小刺猴头菌多糖、黑木耳多糖和云芝多糖8种真菌多糖,观察真菌多糖对PNA与血细胞表面受体结合的影响。试验结果表明:小刺猴头菌多糖具有较强的与PNA的结合能力,这可能是由于小刺猴头菌多糖的空间结构或其上的半乳糖的连接方式、空间位置更适合与PNA结合的缘故。     

Tolerance of tannin by the shiitake mushroom,Lentinus edodes

Summary Tannin at 1% (w/v) did not inhibit the growth ofLentinus edodes, but did inhibitPleuroius florida, P. sajor-caju, P. cystidosus, Agaricus bisporus andVolvariella volvacea. The inhibition was not due to its acidity.

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Tolérance de Lentinus edodes aux ajouts de tannin

Résumé Le tannin à la concentration de 1% (p/v) n'inhibe pas la croissance deLentinus edodes, mais inhibe celle dePleurotus florida, P. sajor-caju, P. cystidosus, Agaricus bisporus, etVolvariella volvacea. L'inhibition n'est pas due à son acidité.

     

重金属在食用菌中的富集及对其生长代谢的影响

本文报导食用菌对重金属的吸收积累性能及重金属对食用菌生长代谢的影响。从供试的香菇、凤尾菇、金针菇及木耳等食用菌研究表明:对Hg、Pb、As、Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn等重金属均有不同程度的富集作用,其中对Hg的富集是极显著的,但对Pb则不明显。从福建省食用菌生产点采样测定结果看,子实体中的重金属含量均不超标。上述重金属对食用菌生长均有不同程度的不良影响,尤其以Hg和As为突出。对产量影响的顺序以香菇最大、凤尾菇次之、金针菇较弱。重金属在一定范围内对香菇抗坏血酸氧化酶活性有激活作用,对纤维素酶有抑制作用。     

银合欢叶作氮源栽培食用菌研究

以银合欢叶作氮源全部或部分取代基质中米糠或麸皮,栽培毛木耳、凤尾菇、金针菇、黑木耳、香菇和佛罗里达侧耳6种食用菌。结果表明,银合欢叶能促进菌丝生长。栽培中发现,含10%银合欢叶和17%麸皮的基质能使金针菇获得增产,而含10%或20%银合欢叶的基质可使其它5种食用菌产量提高11.4%~39.1%。     

四川大型真菌资源调查研究

本文介绍了四川大型真菌资源348种,包括药用真菌163种、食用真菌123种、有毒真菌41种、菌根真菌101种等。全国新记录26种。其中冬虫夏草(cordyceps sinensis)、凉山虫草(c.liangshanensis)、松口蘑(Tricholoma matsutake)、银耳(Tremella fuciformis)、短裙竹荪(Dictyophora duplicata)猴头(Hericium erinaceus)、鸡(土从)(Termitomyces albuminosus)、木耳(Auricuiaria auricula)、灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)等尤为著名。并对四川大型真菌中部分重要种类的分布、资源及用途进行了分析和评价。为合理开发利用及有关教学科研提供了资料。     

香菇柄、平菇柄多糖的提取与测定

以香菇柄、平菇柄作为原料,用蒸馏水、0.5%的草酸铵溶液两种提取剂分别提取香菇柄、平菇柄粗多糖,并用硫酸-苯酚定糖法测定多糖的含量.结果表明,香菇柄、平菇柄多糖含量蒸馏水提取分别是0.103%、0.133%;用草酸铵溶液提取分别是0.164%、0.263%,证明香菇柄、平菇柄有一定的开发前景.     

Isolation of high quality and yield of RNA from Agaricus bisporus with a simple, inexpensive and reliable method

A method for isolating high purity and quantity RNA from Agaricus bisporus which is rich in proteins, carbohydrate, fiber and secondary metabolites, is described. RNA was extracted from mycelium, primordia, sporophores at two development stages and two post-harvest storage stages as well as from pileipellis, inner cap, gill and stipe of the mature sporophore. The A(260)/A(230) and A(260)/A(280) ratios of isolated RNA from fruiting bodies were both ~2 and the yield was about 200 μg/g fresh wt (FW). The yield of RNA from mycelium was approx. 100 μg/g FW. High quality RNA was also extracted from fruiting body tissues of Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and Pleurotus eryngii with yields from 130 to 225 μg/g FW. RNA extracted from all samples was intact, as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis and was suitable for downstream molecular applications, including RT-PCR and qPCR.     

平菇与香菇属间原生质体融合的研究

通过分离和出菇试验,获得了纯化的平菇(Pleurotus sapidus)和香菇(Lentinus edodes)单孢系。用溶壁酶去细胞壁制备成原生质体。以PEG为融合诱导剂,诱导两者原生质体融合。1988年获得了可以出菇的融合子。这些融合子形成的子实体,从形态、生长习性和菌伞的颜色特征上都与双亲有明显的差异。大部分氨基酸含量介于双亲之间。同功酶分析也显示出融合子呈现与双亲不同的酶带。融合子出现的上述新性状,可能是平菇与香菇的原生质体基因重组的结果。     

Isolation of protoplasts from edible fungi

Summary Mycelium from the periphery of actively growing colonies on cellophane and from shake flask cultures was used for the isolation of protoplasts from strains ofAgaricus bisporus,Auricularia auricula, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Volvariella bombycina andV. volvacea. The mycelial cells were treated with two mycolytic enzymes, Novozym 234 or lywallzyme. Protoplasts were produced from all the edible fungi tested.Pleurotus sajor-caju gave the highest yield (3.84×10⁷/ml), followed byAu. auricula (7.46×10⁶/ml),Ag. bisporus (2.16×10⁶/ml) andV. volvacea (1.92×10⁶/ml), when treated with lywallzyme.Agaricus bisporus gave the smallest yield of protoplasts when Novozym 234 was used. The effects of different molarities of osmotic stabilizers were also studied. The cellophane method is simple and quick and can be used as a screening procedure. The yields of protoplasts obtained from liquid cultures were usually higher than those from cellophane cultures.

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Aislamiento de protoplastos a partir de setas comestibles

Resumen Para el aislamiento de protoplastos de cepas deAgaricus bisporus, Auricularia auricula,Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Volvariella bombycina, y V. volvacea se utilizo micelio periferico de colonias que estaban en crecimiento activo en celofan y en frascos de agitación. Las celulas del micelio se tratarón con dos enzymas mycoliticos: Novozym 234 y lywallzyme. Todas las setas comestibles ensayadas produjerón protoplastos. Mediante tratamiento con lywallzyme la mejor cosecha de protoplastos la proporcionoP. sajor-caju (3.84×10⁷/ml) seguido porAu. auricula (7.46×10⁶/ml),Ag. bisporus (2.16×10⁶/ml) yV. volvacea (1.92×10⁶/ml). Con Novozym 234Ag. bisporus fué la de menor rendimiento. También se estudiarón los efectos de distintos estabilizadores osmoticos a diferentes molaridades.

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Isolement de protoplastes à partir de champignons comestibles

Résumé Du mycélium prélevé à la périphérie de colonies dévoloppées sur cellophane ou à partir de cultures liquides agitées a été utilizé pour la préparation de protoplastes d'Agaricusbisporus,Auricularia auricula, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Volvariella bombycina etV. volvacea. Les cellules mycéliales ont été traitées par deux enzymes mycolytiques, Novozym 234 et lywallzyme. Par traitement avec le lywallzyme, des protoplastes ont été obtenus avec tous les champignons comestibles étudiés,P. sajor-caju donnant le rendement le plus élevé (3.84×10⁷/ml), suivi parAu. auricula (7.46×10⁶/ml,Ag. bisporus (2.16×10⁶/ml etV. volvacea 1.92×10⁶/ml). Avec le Novozym 234,Ag. bisporus a donné le rendement en protoplastes le moins élevé. Les effets de différentes molarités de stabilisateurs osmotiques ont également été étudiés. La méthode de la cellophane est simple et rapide et peut être employée comme procédé de degrossissage. Les rendements en protoplastes obtenus à partir des cultures liquides sont habituellement plus élevés que ceux à partir des cultures sur cellophane.

     

食药用菌酸乳制作中深层发酵滤液添加量的比较

利用深层发酵培养基对两种食药用菌（香菇、猴头菌）进行深层发酵培养,然后分别将香菇（猴头菌）发酵滤液、奶粉、无菌水按不同比例配制成相应的复原奶,并接种乳酸菌制成酸乳。同时检测不同比例发酵滤液添加量所制得的酸乳的营养和理化特性,选择出了最佳比例的滤液添加量,即香菇滤液添加量以3份较好,而猴头菌则以4份滤液添加量最佳。     

杨树菇凝集素AAVP具有抗病毒和促进菌丝分化功能

杨树菇凝集素 (AAVP)是一种新的真菌凝集素 .用半叶法检测证明 ,AAVP具有抑制烟草花叶病毒 (TMV)侵染的活性 .等电聚焦法证实了AAVP可以与TMV的外壳蛋白结合 .用滤纸圆片法检测 ,AAVP对 3种植物病原真菌没有抑制作用 .AAVP滴加在菌丝的表面 ,显著地促进了杨树菇和毛木耳的菌丝分化 ,促进子实体的形成 .Western印迹表明 ,AAVP存在于菌丝、菌柄和菌盖等组织中 ;假猴头 ,香菇 ,草菇 ,杏孢菇 ,灵芝等大型真菌的子实体中存在着多种与AAVP的抗血清有交叉反应的蛋白质 .大多数大型真菌中可能存在着与AAVP具有相似血清学特征的蛋白质家族 ,在防御反应及菌丝分化等多种生理过程中发挥重要的作用     

强力安对食用菌生产中杂菌的毒力测定

试验利用滤纸片、管碟抑菌圈法测定了强力安杀菌剂对木霉TrichodermaviridePers.exFr、链孢霉MoniliasitophilaMont等食用菌生产上的杂菌的毒力,结果表明强力安具有明显的抑菌、杀菌作用。试验还测定了强力安对食用菌的作用,结果表明强力安对平菇Pleurotusostreatus(JacexFr)Quel、金针菇Flammulinavelutipes（Fr）Sing具抑制力,而对黑木耳Auriculariaauricula(l.exHook)Underw、香菇Lentinulaedodes(Berk)Pegler则未发现抑制作用。根据强力安对供试菌的最低抑制浓度,作者提出了生产实际上的用药浓度,以供参考。     

The cultivation and nutritional value of Pleurotus sajor-caju

Summary A method for the cultivation of Pleurotus sajorcaju on a relatively large scale using cotton waste as substrate has been developed, and the mushroom so obtained has higher protein content than and comparable carbohydrate content to Agaricus bisporus, Volvariella volvacea, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus. The crude fats, ash, energy value, vitamin and mineral contents are lower and yet the differences are not great. The biological efficiency from cotton waste compost is lower than that from straw compost, however, the former has the advantage of giving rather even yield over successive flushes. This mushroom has a high potential to be produced economically on a large scale in Hong Kong.     

Isolation of a new ribonuclease from fruiting bodies of the silver plate mushroom Clitocybe maxima

A ribonuclease, with an N-terminal sequence exhibiting some homology to ribonuclease from Pleurotus ostreatus (Family Pleurotaceae), has been purified from fruiting bodies of the silver plate mushroom Clitocybe maxima (Family Tricholomataceae). However, there is little resemblance between the N-terminal sequences of ribonucleases from various Pleurotus species, and a lesser extent of resemblance between ribonucleases from C. maxima and Pleurotus tuber-regium. No structural relationship exists between ribonuclease from C. maxima, and those from Volvariella volvacea, Lentinus edodes and Irpex lacteus. The purification protocol involved ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose, and fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. The ribonuclease was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-Sepharose. It exhibited a molecular mass of 17.5 kDa in both gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It manifested roughly the same ribonucleolytic potency toward poly A and poly G followed by poly U. Its activity toward poly C was, by comparison, meager. The temperature and pH required for its optimal activity were, respectively, 70 degrees C and 6.5-7.0.