广西亚热带山地针阔混交林的群落学特点

亚热带山地针阔混交林是我国湿润亚热带山地一个独特的垂直带类型。本文对广西境内这类森林的群落学特点作了较详尽的分析,说明它的形成和发展与环境是相适应的。它是处在一个发展到成熟阶段的相对稳定的类型,在涵养水源上起重要作用,应加强保护。群落中有许多珍贵、速生树种可选为发展山地林业之用。     

The Phytoeoenological Features of Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest on Yellow-brown Soil Mountain in Guangxi

The mixed evergreen and deciduons broadleaf forest on yeIlow-brown soil mountain belongs to climax vegetation type in humid subtropics. Analysis of its phytocoenological features shows that its physiognomy is characterized by leathery and herbaceous, simpie-leaved, microphyllous and mesophyllous types of evergreen broadleaf phanerophytes and deciduous broadleaf phanerophytes. As the structure of the community, from the aerial top to the forest floor, there are three distinct layers, namely, the tree layer, the shrub layer and the herbaceous layer. Moreover, the tree layer can be subdivided into three sublayers. Synusia structure is considerably complex, and there are different dominant synusia in each layer. The epiphytes and liana are not as abundant as that of seasonal rain forest. Floristic composition of the community is dominanted by endamic chinese subtropical plant species and East Asian elements. This condition indicates that it can be considered as a special vegetational type of humid chinese subtropics. Analysis of population in the community shows that most of the edificators have different age groups indicating normal reproduction of saplings and seedlings. This means that the habitat is suitable for their growth and reproduction during a certain duration of time. The community will be able to maintain its relative stable status. However, such a forest area is not large, and it is necessary to be protected intensively. Many kinds of rare plants in this forest, for example, Fagus lucida, Fagus longipetiolata, Cyclobalanopsis multinervis, Pseudosassafras tsumu, Manglietia fordiana, Manglietia chingii, Michelia maudiae, Castanopsis lamontii, Schima argentea, Pterostyrax leveillei etc. are worth mentioning.     

江西亚热带常绿阔叶林的生态学特征

笔者对江西亚热带常绿阔叶林进行了广泛的实地考察,并对其有关的生态学特征进行了分析,得出如下结果: 1.外貌是由革质,单叶,小型叶为主的常绿中高位芽植物决定的; 2.具有明显的成层现象和复杂的层片结构。常绿高位芽植物层片占优势,也有少量落叶高位芽植物层片; 3.区系成分丰富而复杂,计有维管束植物110余科、370余属、2000余种,具有与澳洲、热带美洲、热带非洲、东南亚、北美所共有的植物区系100余属,与世界各地区联系广泛且密切; 4.种群多样性指数为2—4之间; 5.群落最小面积为900米~2,最少样点为12个; 6.群落类型多,被划分为7个群系组,26个群系。     

Seed dispersal mechanisms and the vegetation of forest islands in a West African forest-savanna mosaic (Comoé National Park,Ivory Coast)

The transition zone between forest and savanna is typically characterized by a dynamic patchwork of forest and savanna. We studied the woody plant species composition of 49 forest islands, 18 savanna, and 3 gallery forest plots in the Comoé National Park (Ivory Coast), West Africa's largest savanna reserve. TWINSPAN makes a clear distinction in vegetational composition between these three major habitat types but, nevertheless, more than 50% of the 292 species occur in at least 2 of them. The gallery forest is dominated by Cynometra megalophylla (Caesalpiniaceae), a genus known to dominate humid forests in other afrotropical regions. Ordination reveals four distinct categories of forest islands, (1) humid forests comparable to the gallery forest in their species composition, (2) dry disturbed and (3) dry undisturbed forests and (4) forests formerly inhabited by humans. Disturbed forests harbor more savanna species but also a distinct group of disturbance-tolerant forest species. Compared to other forest species, in this latter group we found an exceptionally high fraction of animal dispersed species (80% vs. 58%), while wind dispersed species or species lacking long distance seed dispersal mechanisms were correspondingly rare. This pattern occurs in spite of the fact that the frequency of wind dispersed species in general increases from dense humid forests to open dry forests and savanna. Species lacking long distance dispersal mechanisms are most abundant among those specialized on humid forests. These observations suggest that the species composition of forest islands is to some extent determined by the seed dispersal abilities of the different species.     

广西亚热带中山针阔混交林

广西亚热带地区没有很高大的山体,植被的垂直分布不出现亚高山常绿针叶林带,但在比较高大的山体,海拔1300米以上的地带,有中山针阔混交林的分布。这种类型有自己固有的群落学特点,在高级分类单位上应作为一种类型并在垂直带谱中给予应有的位置。广西中山针阔混交林有冷杉(Abies)混交林,铁杉(Tsuga)混交林、罗汉松(Podocarpus)混交林、银杉(cathaya)混交林四个群系组和七个群系。     

广西常绿阔叶林的分类和地理分布研究

常绿阔叶林是东亚湿润亚热带地区特有的地带性植被类型,群落类型多种多样。作者研究制定了广西常绿阔叶林的分类系统,包括１３个群系组、５２个群系,列举有代表性的１０３个群丛。扼要地阐述了它们的地理分布生境特点,为其保护和科学的管理提供基本材料。     

广西环江县石灰岩山地广东松林群落学特点的研究

广东松分布范围比较广阔, 生态适应性较强, 主要见于山顶和山脊恶劣的生境中。广西环江县石灰岩山地有小片森林的分布。本文对其群落外貌、结构、种类组成、演替和主要群落类型等, 作了较详尽的分析, 说明它的发展与石灰岩常绿落叶阔叶混交林有一定的联系。广东松是一种优良材用树种, 值得在适宜地区作为造林树种加以发展。     

广西栲树林分类的研究

以栲树为主的常绿阔叶林,在广西广泛分布于东部中亚热带地区海拔700 m以下红、黄壤丘陵山地,而且是这个区域最有代表性的地带性群落类型;在南亚热带和北热带山地也有小片分布。本文描述了广西常见的13个群丛,扼要地阐述了它们的地理分布、生境特点和种类组成。所有这些材料可作为其保护和科学管理的基础。     

广西栲树林分类的研究

以栲树为主的常绿阔叶林,在广西广泛分布于东部中亚热带地区海拔700 m以下红、黄壤丘陵山地,而且是这个区域最有代表性的地带性群落类型;在南亚热带和北热带山地也有小片分布。描述了广西常见的13个群丛,扼要地阐述了它们的地理分布、生境特点和种类组成。所有这些材料可作为其保护和科学管理的基础。     

广西栲树林分类的研究

以栲树为主的常绿阔叶林,在广西广泛分布于东部中亚热带地区海拔700 m以下红、黄壤丘陵山地,而且是这个区域最有代表性的地带性群落类型;在南亚热带和北热带山地也有小片分布。本文描述了广西常见的13个群丛,扼要地阐述了它们的地理分布、生境特点和种类组成。所有这些材料可作为其保护和科学管理的基础。     

广西栲树林分类的研究

以栲树为主的常绿阔叶林,在广西广泛分布于东部中亚热带地区海拔700 m以下红、黄壤丘陵山地,而且是这个区域最有代表性的地带性群落类型;在南亚热带和北热带山地也有小片分布。本文描述了广西常见的13个群丛,扼要地阐述了它们的地理分布、生境特点和种类组成。所有这些材料可作为其保护和科学管理的基础。     

广西拟赤杨林分类和演替的研究

拟赤杨林是亚热带落叶阔叶林的一个群落类型 ,属于常绿阔叶林演替系列的一个演替阶段 ,主要见于东部中亚热带地区海拔 1 30 0m以下的红壤和黄壤山地山坡中下部环境比较湿润的地方 ,本文研究划分出 3个群丛纲和 1 3个群丛。它向常绿阔叶林恢复的演替趋向 ,从 1 3个群丛之间的群落外貌 ,结构和种类组成变化的分析可以得到充分的证明。     

利用大样地平台研究种子植物区系

大型固定样地是研究生物多样性、群落系统演化和生态系统功能的重要平台.本文选取西双版纳、鼎湖山、古田山和长白山四个具有代表性的中国森林大样地,按照吴征镒等的方法,分析了不同大样地种子植物科、属和种三个层次的分布区类型.发现热带西双版纳大样地具热带北缘的地理性质;南亚热带鼎湖山大样地呈现出由热带向亚热带过度的特点;中亚热带古田山大样地各分布区类型所占的比率均与全国水平接近,显示出典型的亚热带特征;温带长白山大样地具温带性质.表明中国森林随着纬度的变迁,种子植物区系成分也随之发生显著的变化,这证实了前人有关中国种子植物区系的研究结果,同时也说明通过大样地平台进行植物区系跨区域和比较性研究,方法可行,结果可信.     

楚雄花椒园半湿润常绿阔叶林的群落生态学特征

基于20个样方(各样方面积为25 m× 20 m,总面积1 hm2)调查,研究了楚雄花椒园自然保护区元江栲-米饭花林的群落生态学特征.该群落以壳斗科、越桔科、山茶科八角科、山矾科植物为乔木层主要成分,并以壳斗科植物占绝对优势,群落的物种多样性不高.木本植物以非全缘、革质、常绿、小叶等为其特征,反映该群落生境偏干,为典型...     

A simulated map of the potential natural forest vegetation of Switzerland

Using empirical data (ca. 7500 phytosociological releves), a simple, probabilistic ‘vegetation-site’ model was developed, to simulate geographical distribution of 71 forest community types, representing the potential natural vegetation (PNV) of Switzerland. The model was interfaced to a geographic information system (GIS) and used to generate a numerical vegetation map, on the basis of digital maps of 12 environmental variables including climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation), topography (elevation, slope, aspect), and soil parameters (soil pH and physical soil parameters). The predicted distribution of forest communities was compared with several vegetation maps, prepared for some subregions of Switzerland by means of traditional field methods. Similarity ranged from 50 to 80 %, depending on the community type, level of vegetational hierarchy and the geographical region. The current resolution and accuracy of the simulated vegetation map allows us to study the vegetational patterns on the level of the entire country or its major geographical and climatic regions. The simulated vegetation map is potentially an important tool in ecological risk assessment studies concerning the possible impacts of climate change on the ecological potential of forest sites and biological diversity of forest communities.     

Multivariate analysis of vegetational changes in permanent woodland plots with different sewage sludge treatments

Vegetation data from an experiment on the impact of sewage sludge on woodland vegetation dynamics are analysed by ordination to examine the reaction of a forest community to sludge disturbance. Two different kinds of vegetational response are discussed in relation to horizontal patchiness of vegetation. It is suggested that the species-poor component of the vegetation mosaic observed reveals quicker recovery from sludge disturbance than the species-rich component, which is characterized by a more complicated network of interspecific relations. A high correlation between plot-scores on the first ordination axis and sludge dose is found, indicating that in the altered community the main vegetational gradient reflects the intensity of disturbance. An attempt is made to interpret the main gradients of vegetational variation in terms of ecological indicator values of species. It is concluded that the modified competitive ability of species in a changed environment plays the most important role in building up a new community structure.     

1992-2015年鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构动态

季风常绿阔叶林是中国南亚热带地区的地带性植被, 其群落结构及其动态变化直接影响着该森林能为该地区提供的生态系统服务功能质量。该文利用1992-2015年共24年的长期定点监测数据, 从群落种类组成、生物量、径级、密度等数量特征方面研究了鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构的动态变化。结果表明: 1)到2015年该森林群落林分个体密度增加了42.7%, 总生物量减少了5.1%; 24年间基于生物量的β多样性指数群落差异为37.4%, 基于个体数的差异则高达65.6%; 2)灌木和小乔木的个体数剧增, 生物量增大, 中乔木和大乔木的个体数变化虽不显著, 但生物量显著降低; 3)小径级(胸径<15 cm)个体数呈显著增加趋势, 其他径级个体数也有显著变化, 但各径级生物量变化基本不显著; 4)香楠(Aidia canthioides)、鼎湖血桐(Macaranga sampsonii)、柏拉木(Blastus cochinchinensis)等物种个体数急剧增加, 锥(Castanopsis chinensis)、木荷(Schima superba)、黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarya concinna)等树种生物量大量减少, 白颜树(Gironniera subaequalis)、窄叶半枫荷(Pterospermum lanceifolium)等树种生物量增加, 这些物种是群落结构变化的主要贡献者。鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构在1992-2015年发生了巨大变化, 与演替、虫害和气候变化等影响有关。     

Long‐term effects of vegetational restoration on soil microbial communities on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil microbial communities are important indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of vegetational restoration. The ability of soil microbial communities to recover under six types of restoration was examined using Biolog, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Soil samples were collected from eroded loessial soils that had been restored for 30 years on the Loess Plateau with natural grass, black locust, korshinsk peashrub, Chinese pine, and mixed forest of Chinese pine‐indigo and black locust‐indigo. Part of sloped farmland that had not been restored represented pre‐restoration conditions. An 80‐year‐old forest of Chinese arborvitae represented the end point of restoration. Soils that were originally farmed but have been under restoration treatments for the past 30 years had significantly higher average well‐color development, total PLFAs, bacterial PLFAs, fungal PLFAs, and Shannon indices of catabolic diversity, structural diversity, and bacterial phylogenetic diversity. These indicators, though, were lower than those for the native forest. Principal component analysis significantly separated the sloped farmland, Chinese arborvitae, and the six types of restoration. Redundancy analysis indicated that pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus were the most important environment factors in affecting soil functional diversity, and C/N ratio and available nutrients were the main properties in determining microbial community structure. Vegetational restoration substantially increased microbial biomass and microbial physiological activity, and shifted microbial community structure, but the community structures and compositions did not recover to the status of the natural forest during the early stage (<30 years) of vegetational restoration.     

梵净山黔周林的结构和动态

(一)黔椆(Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana)林主要分布于梵净山上部回香坪以上,剪刀峡及三王殿一牛尾河一带。它是贵州省所特有的群落类型。对梵净山海拔较高地区的常绿阔叶林一一黔椆林的结构和动态的分析表明,黔椆处于一种稳定的状态中,并保持着一种相对稳定的种的组成和结构。大量的幼苗和强有力的根出条的更新方式,使黔椆在群落中保持其优势地位,从而使黔椆林成为这一地区的“顶极植物群落”。(二)黔椆在海拔1150米开始出现;在1400一1700米一带成为常绿、落叶阔叶混交林内常绿树中的优势种;在1800—2100米,黔椆优势群落成为“顶极植物群落”,以及黔椆林下存在着大量的、仅在山体上部才有分布的大箭竹,说明黔椆林是对于这一高度地带的天然生境长期适应的结果。(三)在黔椆林中的大箭竹周期性成批枯死,这可能有利于黔椆的更新,因为黔椆树苗只能生长在林冠间隙的竹杆中间。大箭竹在黔椆林中大量相继枯死,这对于树的更新十分重要。     

Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia (Transcaucasia)

Small-scale vegetational patterns of Georgian lowland and montane forests and wetlands are documented by species per vegetation unit, function of species in particular vegetation units and vegetational sketches. The humid warm-temperate climate of western Georgia contributes to a different spatial pattern than known for most of Europe. One characteristic feature of western Georgian relict vegetation is the co-occurrence of 'Mediterranean', 'Sub-mediterranean', temperate, and Tertiary relict species, as well as of species normally confined to either zonal or azonal vegetation, in the same or closely related vegetation units. The extant distribution of Tertiary relict taxa strongly depends on how they are niching into changing environments. Niching strategies are assumed crucial for extinction or survival in times of rapid climatic/environmental changes. For Tertiary relict plant taxa in western Georgia we found four different niching strategies which also hold true of other northern hemispheric Tertiary relict plant taxa. Some amphibians and reptiles display similar distribution patterns and niching strategies as do relict plant taxa. A number of relict taxa in the warm humid regions of western Georgia occupy niches in swamp forests which might represent 'primeval' environments of species which are at present also elements of meso-Mediterranean vegetation and of thermophilous forest edges and hedges in Central Europe.