植物繁育系统研究的最新进展和评述

 植物繁育系统是当今进化生物学研究中最为活跃的领域。繁育系统是指代表所有影响后代遗传组成的有性特征的总和,主要包括花形态特征、花的开放式样、花各部位的寿命、传粉者种类和频率、自交亲和程度和交配系统,其中交配系统是核心。我们重点综述了植物有性繁育系统研究中1）传粉模式的多样性,2）从历史发生角度利用系统发育方法检验花性状的演化和繁育系统的生态转变过程,3）近交衰退对植物生殖史的影响及其机制和4）混和交配系统的时空动态、维持机理以及进化趋势的最新研究结果。总结了繁育系统在研究花适应性、物种形成机制和濒危植物     

澳古茨藻传粉生物学和繁育系统的初步研究

澳古茨藻（ＮａｊａｓｏｇｕｒａｅｎｓｉｓＭｉｋｉ）是典型的水下水媒传粉植物。雄花在花粉释放前２—４ｈ花梗迅速伸长,突破膜质鞘状外被,并且向外弯曲,至花粉释放盛期几乎是水平状态,有利于释放后的花粉直接进入水流以求传播。花部组成与结构极为简化,花粉中富含淀粉粒,花粉落置柱头前常萌发出长的花粉管,形成宜为柱头捕获的花粉笺,表现出对水下水媒传粉的高度适应。有性繁殖十分发达,自交、异交和混交的结实率都在８５％以上;花粉／胚珠（Ｐ／Ｏ）为２６９０±３００,指示兼性自交的繁育系统。无性繁殖较弱,仅以易长不定根的植株片段形式存在,但仍对该种的扩散具有重要意义。作者对澳古茨藻的花生物学特征、传粉机制以及繁育系统进行了探讨,对澳古茨藻表现出的许多沉水植物所特有的特征特性：花被的简化、花粉外壁的简化作了解释,讨论了繁育系统中自交与异交的关系。     

疏花水柏枝残存居群开花特性及繁育系统

通过野外调查及人工授粉实验,对三峡大坝下游宜昌点军胭脂坝残存疏花水柏枝（Myricaria laxiflora (Franch.) P. Y. Zhang et Y. J. Zhang）居群开花特性及繁育系统进行观测和研究。结果显示：（1）疏花水柏枝残存居群花期较长（9月至次年4月）,群体盛花期为10-11月,单花花期2~7 d,单花雌雄蕊在时间和空间上有一定重叠,有利于自花授粉;（2）杂交指数（OCI）为2,花粉胚珠比（P/O）为329,均显示疏花水柏枝为兼性自交（异交）系统;（3）人工控制授粉实验结果表明,疏花水柏枝具有部分自交亲和性,但异交处理的结实率显著高于自交处理。推测该残存居群存在自交成分偏高的现象,保护措施应以减少人为干扰和保护生境为主,并加强对残存居群遗传多样性水平的监测。     

受威胁植物大喇叭杜鹃的传粉生物学研究

【目的】本研究皆在探讨大喇叭杜鹃野外自然种群的传粉及繁殖生物学特征,为小种群物种的保护提供一定的理论依据。【方法】在野外条件下,通过对大喇叭杜鹃花部特征、传粉昆虫及访花特性、花气味、繁育系统的研究来揭示其传粉及繁殖生物学特性。【结果】(1)相比已经报道的杜鹃花属广布物种,大喇叭杜鹃花粉活力较低,而柱头活力强,持续时间较长;(2)大喇叭杜鹃白天的主要传粉昆虫为中华蜜蜂;花朵主要挥发物1,8-按叶素推测可能夜间吸引蛾类传粉;(3)繁育系统检测表明,大喇叭杜鹃自花授粉可结实,自花的补充授粉坐果率均低于异花授粉的坐果率。人工补充授粉处理与自然对照相比能够极大的提高坐果率,说明大喇叭杜鹃在种子形成过程中存在着花粉限制。。【结论】大喇叭杜鹃的花部形态有避免主动自交的趋势,同时低的花粉活力,但持续强的柱头可授性可能是植物适应传粉效率较低的一种策略。传粉昆虫白天以中华蜜蜂为主,夜间可能有蛾类传粉,其繁育系统为自交亲和,在向兼性混合交配模式发展。     

动物求偶场交配制度及其发生机制

求偶场是动物在繁殖期的集群求偶交配的场所, 是动物求偶与繁殖行为的表达空间。为探索求偶场的发生及其进化机制, 研究者们在短短20 年中提出了近10 种关于求偶场发生与进化机制的假说与模型。在鸟类、哺乳类、两栖爬行类和鱼类中已广泛地展开有关求偶场的研究, 但目前国内却还鲜见相关研究报道。本文介绍了求偶场的特征、类型及其进化假说与模型。结合保护生物学理论, 简单阐述了求偶场研究的保护生物学及行为生态学意义。     

The effective size of bryophyte populations

Bryophytes with their dominant haploid stage conform poorly to the life cycles generally treated in population genetical models. Here we make a detailed analysis of what effective sizes bryophyte model populations have as a function of their breeding system. It is found that the effective size is rarely much smaller than the scored number of haploid gametophytic individuals, even when the limited number of diploids (sporophytes) formed is taken into account. The most severe decrease in effective size occurs when unisexual gametophytic females produce only a small number of fertile diploid sporophytes in male biased populations; this effect is due to the restricted sampling of male gametophytic individuals that then occurs. It is shown that the harmonic mean of diploid sporophytes formed per haploid gametophytic individuals is the relevant measure in these calculations and not the standard (and generally larger) arithmetic mean.     

植物分类学中的繁殖生物学问题

繁殖生物学的知识有助于对分类学上复杂性问题的理解,从而大大地有利于我们作出明智的分类估价,但它不一定为我们提供解决问题的钥匙。异体受精增加群体的杂合性和变异性。互交繁育的程度限定了表型变异的式样;互交繁育受阻往往造成分类群表型上的间断。异形不亲和性系统(如花柱异长、雌雄异株等等)给分类学家提供可鉴别的形态差异来划分密切近缘的分类群,但也有由此而造成分类实践上混乱的情况。自体受精增加群体的纯合性;相继世代持续的自体受精使群体变成纯系或同形小种。但对自体受精植物的分类处理并不存在既定的原则,而现在大多数学者不支持把每一个纯系或小种(或约当种)都定为种的做法仅仅反映了当前分类学的时流。但普遍认为,对自体受精类群的分类处理应不同于异体受精类群。无融合生殖是自体受精的一种极端的形式,包括营养生殖和无融合结籽(包括不定胚生殖、无孢子生殖、双倍孢子生殖、假受精)两大类。在任何情况下,胚总是完全由母体组织形成,因此后代在遗传上与它的母体完全相同。由于许多无融合类群都是兼性的,即既能产生无性的种子,又能产生受精的种子,而且又常与杂交和多倍化密切相关,因此具有特别复杂的变异式样。这三套过程同时存在的类群,称为无融合种综,分类学上称为“困难属”,种的划     

The role of spontaneous selfing in the pioneer species Saxifraga aizoides

A large variety of reproductive patterns is present among alpine plants to ensure the persistence of populations in such harsh environments. In the present study, the role of spontaneous selfing and its contribution to the actual reproductive success of an alpine pioneer plant was investigated. The results showed that Saxifraga aizoides is clearly self-compatible. Open-pollinated flowers exhibited higher seed numbers per capsules than selfing flowers, albeit the difference was not significant. Although seed weight seemed to be independent from the kind of pollination, open-pollinated flowers had a significantly higher proportion of germinated seeds than selfed ones. Furthermore, the ability of fast germination found in S. aizoides enables the seeds to take advantage of all possible opportunities for germination. In summary, S. aizoides exhibits a successful recruitment strategy for an alpine pioneer species.     

入侵植物凤眼蓝繁育系统在中国境内的地理变异

 对中国境内的凤眼蓝（Eichhornia crassipes）进行了大规模地理范围的调查,分析了24个地点40个种群的克隆繁殖与有性繁殖的相对水平、三型花柱的花型变化以及花部综合特征的变异。40个种群都以克隆繁殖为主要更新方式。其中36个种群只有三型花柱中的M花型;南宁、重庆的种群中出现了频率极低的L花型;南宁、重庆、福州和海口种群内,出现了具有促进花内自交潜能的半同长花柱花型（柱头与花药相靠拢的M花型变异体或L花型变异体）。与其它地方种群相比,西南和海南岛的种群表现出较多样化的繁育系统。M和L花型个体的结实个体率都约为4％,没有显著差异,种子产量在两花型个体之间也没有差异。由于种群内花型的残缺,作为促进花型之间异交传粉适应机制的三型花柱繁育系统已经解体,部分种群中出现了可以促进花内自交的半同长花柱变异体。克隆繁殖是凤眼蓝适应入侵生境的一种形式,花内自交是凤眼蓝繁育系统在入侵过程中可能的进化方向,这些繁育系统上的变化对该植物的入侵机制和途径产生了深远影响。     

Breeding site fidelity in penduline tit Remiz pendulinus in Southern Hungary

Birds move between breeding locations to gain a better territory, avoid competition or reduce the deleterious effect of inbreeding. We investigated breeding site fidelity in a small European passerine, the penduline tit (Remiz pendulinus). This species has an exceptionally diverse breeding system, in which both males and females may have up to 5–7 mates in a single breeding season, and the eggs are incubated by a single parent: either the male or the female. We investigated the movements of males and females within three breeding seasons in Southern Hungary (2002–2004). Males moved for shorter distances between breeding sites (116 m, 63–333 m; median, lower quartile–upper quartile) than females (942 m, 415–2,382 m). Movements of males and females were consistent between years, and they were repeatable between subsequent nests of males, but not of females. Taken together, our results suggest that adult male penduline tits are more site-faithful than adult females. We suggest that this difference has an implication on their breeding ecology since male parental behaviour (desert/care) is expected to be influenced by local mating opportunities, whilst female parental behaviour is likely to depend on the mating opportunities in a large area around their breeding site.     

Breeding and egg survival of a population of a salamander,Hynobius nebulosus tokyoensis Tago

1. A population of a salamander, Hynobius nebulosus tokyoensisTago was studied at Habu, Hinodemachi, in Tokyo during the breeding seasons from 1976 to 1978. Adults appeared in the pond were captured and marked individually by toe-clipping. Egg sacks were counted and tagged with vinyl tapes for the marking.
2. The annual egg production of this population was found to be constant, about 6500 eggs, and total number of breeding adults appeared in the pond also varied little during three years.
3. The appearance of breeding adults in the pond and oviposition seemed to be influenced by the rise of temperature and rainfall.
4. Males appeared earlier in the pond and stayed there for approximately 10 to 20 days. On the other hand, females appeared later in the pond and left there soon after laying eggs.
5. Mean clutch size and body length of breeding adults appeared in the pond showed a tendency to decrease as time proceeded, which seemed to show that the smaller and younger the salamander was, the later it appeared in the pond.
6. Owing to low temperature, the eggs laid earlier took more time to hatch than those laid later.
7. The survival rate of eggs was 67.2% in 1976, 86.4% in 1977 and 81.2% in 1978. The loss rate of eggs laid in the early and late periods of oviposition was higher than that of eggs laid in the middle period.

     

紫蓬山区三种鹭种群繁殖成效的研究

：作者１９９６年４～７月在紫蓬山区国家级森林公园,对白鹭、池鹭和夜鹭繁殖种群的数量和繁殖成效进行了研究。结果表明：三块样地中,夜鹭的种群平均密度最大,白鹭的种群平均密度最小;白鹭、池鹭和夜鹭的种群繁殖生产力分别为２３７４ｉｎｄ／ｈｍ２、１４４１ｉｎｄ／ｈｍ２和２０１２ｉｎｄ／ｈｍ２;繁殖成效分别为５２０％、５５１％和４５１％。繁殖成效与巢位高度有关,低位巢卵损失率高,高位巢雏丢失率高。     

黄花牛耳朵(苦苣苔科)的传粉生物学

通过野外观察和繁育系统的实验,对黄花牛耳朵(Chirita lutea Yan Liu et Y.G.wei)的传粉生物学进行了研究.结果表明,黄花牛耳朵的花期从7月初至8月底,单株花期约35～47 d,单花化期约6～10 d,花的开放无固定的时间.在花期内花粉活性约80%,柱头可授性约75%～90%.花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)为1 215.73±266.13.柱头在花药散粉时已生长至花筒口部,明显高于花药,便于接受异花花粉.黄花牛耳朵不存在无融合生殖,高度白交亲和,但较难发生自动的白花授粉,产生种子主要依靠传粉媒介.自然授粉的结实率明显低于人工授粉的结实率,存在传粉限制,蜜蜂(Apidae sp.)、方头泥蜂(Crabro sp.)、无垫蜂(Ameglla sp.)是主要的传粉者.     

Construction of a linkage map of Lentinula edodes (shiitake) with the HEGS (high-efficiency genome scanning) system: use of versatile AFLP and PCR-based gene markers

An improved linkage map of Lentinula edodes (shiitake) was constructed with an HEGS (high-efficiency genome scanning) system. Two hundred twenty-one HEGS-derived amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP-H) markers and 21 gene markers were developed and combined with 203 previously developed sequencer-derived AFLP markers (AFLP-S markers) and 3 mating factor loci (A, Bα, and Bβ) to construct a comprehensive linkage analysis. As a result, a novel linkage map with 166 markers including 2 mating factors (A and B), 10 HEGS-derived gene markers, 72 AFLP-H markers, and 82 AFLP-S markers was obtained. Of the total 448 markers, 273 could not be located on a linear map and thus were assigned to linkage groups as accessory markers. The map covers a total length of 1398.4 centimorgans (cM) with an average marker interval distance of 8.4 cM. The map consists of 11 linkage groups (LGs) in agreement with our previous map, and 7 LGs among them were found to contain branched linkages, which may be the result of reciprocal translocations representing dynamic reorganization of the shiitake genome. The previously reported linkage map was improved in terms of number of markers, marker density, linear order of markers, and total map length. Contribution no. 384 of the Tottori Mycological Institute