Palynoflora of the Liushagang formation (Eocene-Early Oligocene) in the northern part of South China Sea

In the northern part of South China Sea, including Tonkin Gulf, Hainan lsland, Leizhon Peninsula and some basin of Guangdong Province, Paleogene deposits are composed of three formations: the Weizhon, the Liushagang and the Changliu formations arranged in descending order. The paper on the palynoflora of the Weizhon Formation (early and middle Oligocene) is in press^[2]. This paper deals only with the palynoflora of the Liushagang Formation, with may be divided into four main stages: The first stage is represented by Monocolpollenites tranquillus and Crassoretitriletes sp., assigned to early Eocene The second stage is characterized by Salixipollenites, Momipites triletipollenites and Operculumpollis. Its age is middle Eocene. The third stage is dominated by some species of Quercoidites and Ulmipollenites and also characterized by the presence of Platycaryapollenites and Prominangularia dogyingensis, This sporo-pollen assemblage suggests a late Eocene in age. The fouth stage is marked by profusion of some alga of brockish water, such as Rugasphera corrugia, Granodiscus gronulatus and some pollen types of Liquidambarpollenites minutus, Multiporopollenites puctatus and Tricolporopollenites minutus. The age of the last stage is assigned to early oliocene. In generaly, the palynoflora of the Liushagang Formation is quite different from that of the Weizhou Formation. The main types of spores and pollen are common with those found in Europe and North America of the same age, while the Weizhou Formation has many elements common both in this region and Borneo. During Eocene and early Oligocene this area was of continental phase with brackish basins. At the beginning the climate was rather moist and hot, but then itbecame moist and warmtemperate.     

红树科植物的化石记录及植物地理史

红树科植物化石种类有红树属Rhizophora、秋茄属K andelia、角果木属Ceriops和木榄属Bruguiera等4属,主要分布于亚洲、欧洲、非洲、大洋洲和美洲的古新世至全新世地层中。红树科植物化石记录显示:该科植物很可能于古新世至始新世早期起源于环特提斯海沿岸,中始新世开始从这一起源中心迅速向世界其它地方包括亚洲、欧洲、非洲、大洋洲和美洲等地扩散;渐新世在上述地区继续这一扩散历程,但在欧洲的化石记录消失;中新世时在亚洲、非洲、大洋洲和美洲达到了极盛期;上新世开始分布范围有所缩小,更新世则进一步缩小;一直到全新世才又重新繁盛起来。红树科植物的这一分布格局和地史演变是与地质时期大陆漂移、洋底扩张、第四纪冰川活动、古气候和古地理的变迁紧密相连的     

海南岛宽额鳢(Channa gachua)群体遗传变异与生物地理过程

为了解海南岛宽额鳢(Channa gachua)的群体遗传分化和亲缘生物地理过程,采集了云南元江和海南岛5个水系(昌化江、陵水河、藤桥河、万泉河及南渡江)共6个种群168个宽额鳢个体,基于线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列(1142 bp)对其遗传多样性和遗传分化程度进行了评估,并探讨了地质和气候等因素如何塑造了这一物种的亲缘地理结构及演化历史。基于Cyt b序列构建的系统树结果将所有个体分成两个主要谱系(A和B),谱系A包括海南岛所有种群,其中,部分昌化江个体形成独立的亚支(A2),其余个体聚为另一亚支(A1),谱系B为云南元江的全部个体,各谱系间的遗传分化指数均较高。种群历史动态分析表明,各谱系均没有发生种群扩张,但A1亚支与谱系B曾在约1万年前发生过有效种群数量减小的事件。根据研究结果推测,更新世冰期期间,北部湾因海平面下降而暴露,大陆和海南岛的水系发生接触,越南北部水系(包括元江/红河)通过一条联系雷州半岛和海南岛的古河道流入南海,因而冰期期间宽额鳢有机会从元江(红河)扩散至海南岛西南部,随后在海南岛内部,宽额鳢进一步扩散,并以五指山为种群间基因交流的重要地理障碍,各水系间种群发生基因交流和遗传分化。     

(山弄)岗植物区系考察报告

<正> 前言 一、鼻岗植物区系的组成 (一)科、属、种的统计 (二)10种以上的科的统计 (三)含10种以上的科在世界区系中的比重 (四)含10种以上的科在广西区系中的比重 (五)木本植物统计。 二、鼻岗植物区系的特点 (一)热带边缘性质 (二)特有性 (三)岩溶特性 三、鼻岗植物区系的地形分布特点及生态变化 (一)谷地、山坡、崖顶的分布概况 (二)水平分布的差异 (三)生态变化 四、鼻岗植物区系与邻近地区植物区系的关系 (一)与中印半岛的关系 (二)与海南岛的关系 (三)与广西阳朔的关系 (四)与花坪的关系 (五)与马来半岛岩溶植物区系的关系 (六)总的比校     

南海北部湾涠洲油田原油中的孢子花粉

记述了南海北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲油田流沙港组下部储油层所储原油中萃取出的孢子花粉化石２８属５８种及藻类化石２属３种。通过对比孢子花粉及藻类化石的油源,确定了含油区的油源岩;并根据各类孢型母体植物的古生态特征探讨了油源岩的形成环境。结果表明,中始新统至下渐新统流沙港组暗色泥质岩是北部湾盆地的主力油源岩,中上渐新统涠洲组暗色泥质岩也是该区的油源岩;该区油源岩形成于亚热带温暖潮湿气候下的湖泊沉积环境。     

俄罗斯阿穆尔河东部上泽亚坳陷始新统孢粉

报道一个产于上泽亚(Uupper Zeya)坳陷(东经129-130°,北纬54-55°)东南部,保存良好的化石孢粉植物群.孢粉组合中裸子植物花粉居统治地位,占总数的53.4%,其中Taxodiaceae占36.3%,松科仅占5%.被子植物花粉占39.9%,多为葇荑花序类,如胡桃科、桦木科、山毛榉科等;同时还有不少反映温暖气候的分子,如Liquidambar,Balsaminaceae,Magnoliaceae,Nyssaceae等.孢子植物占21%.这样的孢粉植物群代表了潮湿温暖的温带气候.孢粉学至今在坳陷区内仍是人们用以确定地层时代的唯一依据.Pistillipollenites macgregorii,Anacolosiditessuplingensis,Ulmoideipites tricostatus及U. crempii等的出现可以确定含孢粉地层的地质时代属于中-晚始新世.斯涅日诺戈斯克产煤区中晚始新世沉积中的孢粉层位与普里阿姆尔耶,雅库提亚和亚洲东北部的同期沉积相当.     

Phylogeographic structure of the dwarf snakehead (Channa gachua) around Gulf of Tonkin: Historical biogeography and pronounced effects of sea‐level changes

Geological events, landscape features, and climate fluctuations have shaped the distribution of genetic diversity and evolutionary history in freshwater fish, but little attention has been paid to that around the Gulf of Tonkin; therefore, we investigated the phylogeographic structure of the dwarf snakehead (Channa gachua) on Hainan Island and mainland China, as well as two populations in Vietnam. We attempted to elucidate the origins of freshwater fish in South Hainan by incorporating genetic data from DNA markers on both the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) and the nuclear recombination‐activating gene 1 (RAG‐1). Mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis identified two major lineages (lineages A and B), which may represent separate species. Divergence data suggested that C. gachua populations diverged between 0.516 and 2.376 myr. The divergence of the two cryptic species is congruent with sea‐level rise, which subsequently isolated Hainan from the mainland. During the Pleistocene glaciations, the entire region of the Gulf of Tonkin and the Qiongzhou Strait became part of the coastal plain of the Asian continent, which might have resulted in the current distribution patterns and dispersal routes of C. gachua populations. The formation of three sublineages in lineage A indicated that the Gulf of Tonkin was a geographical barrier between Hainan Island and mainland China but not between Vietnam and Hainan Island. The results of this study may help to elucidate the origins of freshwater fish in South Hainan and the phylogeographic structure of C. gachua.     

西藏新生代秋乌组孢粉化石的发现及其初步研究

本文首次报道西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带附近秋乌组含煤沉积中的孢粉化石。孢粉植物群主要由Quercoidifes,具孔类及三孔沟类花粉组成,包括12科26属及一些未定类群。组合中产有少量的Graminidites及Tsugaepollenites。植物群的总体特征显示其时代可能为渐新世至早中新世。秋乌组沉积早期的环境比较温暖。     

海南岛第三纪沉积环境与古植物群落的多样性及其变迁

海南岛第三纪沉积类型及古植物群落复杂多样,早第三纪主要为河湖泊,湖泊相和湖沼相等沉积,晚期发生海侵,开始出现海陆交相沉积;古植物群落主要有：温带山地针叶林和落叶阔叶林,亚热带常绿和落叶阔叶林,晚晚开始出现红树林,总体属温暖湿珠亚热带气候,晚第三纪海侵加大,沉积为型为滨海相,滨海－浅海相,浅海相及深水广海相等海相沉积,在滨海地区红树林面积大大增加,盆地中心平原地上展为低地热带雨林,总体属炎热潮湿的热带气候,但在海南岛西部和西北部仍发育有山地雪松和云杉林,上新世时植被类型逐渐接近现今当地的面貌,深入研究本区第三纪古环境与古植物群落的变迁对海南岛现代生物多样性形成机制的研究具有重要意义。     

朝鲜安州盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

报道朝鲜安州盆地下白垩统龙盘组孢子花粉３４ 属５９ 种（包括２ 新种）,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征。龙盘组孢粉组合以裸子植物花粉为主,蕨类植物孢子次之,出现少许原始被子植物花粉。松柏纲花粉在组合中占绝对优势;海金沙科和莎草蕨科孢子则在蕨类中占优势。根据孢粉组合,龙盘组的时代应属早白垩世巴列姆期至阿普第期;安州盆地当时气候温暖偏干,属亚热带半干旱型     

滇西保山地区丁家寨组生物群的时代

首次系统描述保山地区丁家寨组的类化石,详细讨论丁家寨组所产类和腕足类动物群及孢粉植物群的时代和性质,提出丁家寨组的时代应与华南早二叠世的紫松阶相当,即相当于国际上的Ａｓｓｅｌｉａｎ阶至Ｓａｋｍａｒｉａｎ阶。确认丁家寨组不存在不同时代化石的再沉积混杂或大量化石时代倒置的异常现象。丁家寨组出现特提斯型Ｅｏｐａｒａｆｕｓｕｌｉｎａ动物类;腕足类组合属介于西澳区和泰马区之间的过渡动物群,西澳区的色彩较浓;     

黑翅鸢在华南的分布

自1997年1月至2000年3月,在自海南经雷州半岛向东直达汕头地区的沿海区域内8次近距离在红树林和田野见到黑翅鸢,总数达20只之多,证实了海南省和广东南部沿海地区为黑翅鸢在华南的分布区。     

Cave Stedocys spitting spiders illuminate the history of the Himalayas and southeast Asia

Stedocys spitting spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae) inhabit subterranean environments and have poor dispersal abilities. The Cenozoic Indian–Eurasian collision affected the regional biota of this genus, which occurs in parts of Indochina. Phylogeographical pattern of Stedocys based on multigene DNA sequence datasets reveals how tectonic history drove four biological splits. The first split dates to the late Paleocene–Eocene and involves the Truong Son Mountain Range and Mekong River. The other splits associate with the Eocene–Oligocene transition, including the Tonkin (Beibu) Gulf, the Ma River, and the Red River. These events indicate four early uplifts of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Our results cannot reject the hypothesis that uplifting of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau region due to crustal thickening and the lateral extrusion of Indochina occurred synchronously during the Paleocene–Oligocene transition in reaction to the Indian–Eurasian collision. Species of Stedocys cluster into groups I and II. Their evolution involves one dispersal and four vicariance events, which formed the following five Indochinese clades: Hainan clade (I‐1); western Yunnan and central Laos clade (I‐2); central Vietnam clade (I‐3); northern Vietnam and southwestern China clade (I‐4); and Thailand clade (II‐1). The lateral extrusion of Indochina is the driver of these events. The drifting of Hainan Island to its present location owes to its southeastern movement from continental Vietnam and Guangxi, China around the Eocene–Oligocene boundary. This biogeographical pattern highlights the significant role geography plays in shaping evolutionary history in southeastern Asia. It also illuminates how the timing of geological events drives the distributions of species.     

Multilocus analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of rainforest bird populations in Southeast Asia

Sundaland has a dynamic geographic history because its landmasses were periodically interconnected when sea levels fell during glacial periods. Superimposed on this geographic dynamism were environmental changes related to climatic oscillations. To investigate how tropical taxa responded to such changes, we studied the divergence and demographic history of two co-distributed rainforest passerine species, Arachnothera longirostra and Malacocincla malaccensis. We sampled birds primarily from Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, which straddle the now-submerged Sunda shelf, and analysed multilocus DNA data with a variety of coalescent and gene genealogy methods. Cross-shelf divergence in both species occurred well before the last glacial maximum, i.e., before the most recent land connection. However, post-divergence gene flow occurred, and it was more pronounced in A. longirostra (a highly vagile nectarivore/insectivore) than in M. malaccensis (an understory insectivore). Despite current habitat continuity on Borneo, the population of M. malaccensis in northeastern Borneo is substantially divergent from that on the rest of the island. The NE population experienced dramatic demographic fluctuations, probably because of competition with the other population, which expanded from western Borneo after the mid-Pleistocene. In contrast, the Borneo population of A. longirostra has little structure and appears to have experienced demographic expansion 16 kya, long after it had diverged from the Malay Peninsula population (630-690 kya). Malay Peninsula populations of both species have remained relatively stable. Overall, the most recent glacial period was not the chief determinant of the evolutionary dynamics of our study species, and in this respect, they are different from temperate species.     

Palynofloristical investigation on the late Cretaceous and Paleocene of China

As late cretaceous and Paleocene was an important stage in the evolution of angiosperms, so studies on flora of this periiod are of great significance. In recent years many palynological data of late Cretaceous and Paleocene have been recorded from different parts of China, especially the Southeastern China. An attempt is made here to allow deductions regarding the problem of existence of some palynological provinces during this period in China. Three provinces may be divided as follows. I. The wet subtropical and warm-temperate palynofioristical province of northeastern China. During late Cretaceous, this palynoflora was marked by occurrence of Aquilapollenites, Mancieorpus, Fibrapollis and Wodehouseia. Aquilapollenites amplus, A. crassus, A. megaprojeetus, A. asper, A. affenatus A. alatus, Mancieorpus andaensis, FiburapaUis mirifieus and Wodehouseia oeulata ...... are noted. Besides these eharacteriestic elements, there are many species of Proteaeiites and some species of Beaupreaidites, Loranthacites, Quereoidites, Salixipollenites, Gothanipollis, Plicapollis, Utmoideipites, Cranwellia, Alnipollenites and Trieolporopollenites. Gymnosperms pollen comprise Abietineaepollenites, Pinuspollenites, Cedripites, Taxodiaceaepollenites and Araueariacites. Sehizaeoisporites are very rich in species and numbers. Polypodiaceoisporites, Osmundacidites and Cyathidites are rarely Maud. Paleocene palynoflora is characterized by scantiness or absence of Aquilapollenites and Wodehouseia. Paraalnipollenites eonfusus, P. orthoeostatus, BetulaepoUenites pli eoides and some species of Myricipites, Comptonia and Momipites are predominant. These pollen may be related to Betulaceae, Juglandaceae and Myricaseae. Taxodiaceaepollenites, Cedripites and Podoearpidites are commen, It reflects that during late Cretaceous the flora was wet and subtropical, but in Paleocene, it turned to be wet and warm-temperate. According to the abundanee of Aquilapollenites and Wodehouseia, this palynoflora may belong to the Eastern AsianWestern North American Paly-nofioristical Province. II. Arid subtropical palynofioristieal province of South China. During late-Cretaceous this palynofiora comprises Morinopollenites Wang & Zhao (M. normalis, M. minor, M. polyprojeetus, M. rhombiformis) and Janhangpollis Wang & Zhao (J. radiatus, J. arciformis, J. sayaxngensis, J. ringes, J. mikros). Besides this, species of Proteacidites, Beaupreaidites, Myoporumpollenites, Crassimarginpollenites, Cranwellia, Magnolipollis, Rutaceoipollenites, Ilexpollenites, Symplocospollenites, Nyssapollenites, Palmaepollenites and Chenopodipollis were recorded. Classopollis, Exessipollenites and Rugubivesieulites were abundant in this assemblage. Aquilapollenites is rarely recorded, except along the coast region of eastern China. In paleocene some species of Nanlingpollis Sun & He, Pentapollenites jiangsiensis, Tricolporopollenites rombicus and Sapotaceoidaepollenitess trieoloporatus are recorded, but Morinopollenites and Janhanpollis were unknown. Ulmoideipites, Ulmipollenites, Ephedripites and some verrucate spores (Pterisispora) were very abundant. According to the feature of the pouch assemblages, the flora of South China during that time was of arid subtropical in nature. It seems to be nothing to do with other palynofloristical provinces in the world. III. Arid subtropical palynofloristical province of Northwestern China. Palynofiora of this period has been recorded from a few localities throughout this area. Normapolles group (Atlantopollis, Pseudoatlantopollis, Chaonopollenites, BasopoUis and ExtratriporopoUenites), Proteacigites microverrucatus, Eehitriporites magnus and Triatriapollenites echinatus were present. Besides that, Beaupreaidites, Rutaceoipollenites, Lonicerapollis and Engelhardtioipollenits were also occurred. In gymnosperms Ephedripites and some disaccate pollen were abundant. The percentage of Normapolles is increasing from east to west, while Proteaeidites is decreasing. In Paleocene Nudopollis and Trudopollis of Normapolles group were present, while Proteacidites 8issappeared. The palynoflora of this province was of an arid and subtropical in nature, which is somewhat in connection with the European-Eastern American Palynofloristical Province by the presence of Normapolles.     

Reef-Building Corals and Reefs of Vietnam: 2. The Gulf of Tonkin

This paper deals with the history and results of the studies of reefs and coral communities of the Gulf of Tonkin based on published and unpublished materials, including the author's. The state of the art in the study of reef-building scleractinian corals and reefs of this region is reported. The peculiar nature of the reefs studied is caused by the monsoon climate in the region and river runoff waters cooled to 16–18°C, silted to 100 g/m2 per day, and freshened to 28‰ in the wintertime, i.e., conditions far from optimum for reef formation. The silting and eutrophication of the gulf waters resulted in a change in the composition and structure of the coral reef communities via the reduction or elimination of certain coral species. Instead of acroporids, typical for the majority of other reefs, reef communities of the Gulf of Tonkin are dominated by poritids and faviids, which form the framework of the reefs. These peculiarities make the reefs of the Gulf of Tonkin really unique.     

雷州半岛规模化畜禽养殖污染现状与对策

本文根据2001年畜禽养殖污染调查,结果表明雷州半岛现有规模化畜禽养殖场413个,畜禽类尿产生量及其污水产生量分别为3.29×10⁵t·a^-1和1.98×10⁶t·a^-1,其中猪场粪尿及其污水产生量分别为2.48×10⁵t·a^-1和1.22×10⁶t·a^-1万吨/年,分别占全半岛总量的75.35%和61.85%,是畜禽养殖主要污染源;全半岛畜禽养殖产污主要分布在雷州市、麻章区、遂溪县和吴川市,文中还就畜禽养殖的污染问题,提出相应的环境管理与防治对策。     

雷州半岛湿地水鸟区系组成及生态分布的初步研究

1998年10月至2000年6月,对雷州半岛湿地水鸟区系组成及生态分布进行了调查,结果表明,雷州半岛湿地水鸟56种,隶属7目9科,种类最多的是鹭类（Ardeidae)、鸭类（Antidae)和Xin鹬类（Charadriidae and Scolopacidae),共有41种,56种水鸟中,古北界成分35种,占绝对优势;东洋界、广布种分别只有13和8种。以冬候鸟为主,共有33种;留鸟、族鸟和夏候鸟分别占13、7和3种。冬候鸟主要是鸭类和Xin鹬种类,留鸟主要是鹭类,本地的鸥类（Laridae)几乎都是冬候鸟,受各种协定或法规保护的水鸟有38种。雷州半岛的水鸟主要人布在沿海滩涂湿地,共有49种,红树林是最重要的水鸟栖息地,分布在这里的水鸟有37种。     

南京北象山中侏罗世孢粉化石的发现

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