中国菊科植物的系统分类与区系的初步研究

为1993年"菊科植物的系统分类与区系地理的初步探讨"(世界)一文的姊妹篇,重点论述我国菊科的系统分类及其区系地理成分。文中介绍了分布我国的菊科240属隶于2亚科、5超族、11族中的系统位置。论述了我国菊科植物区系地理成分的特点是:1.大洲间共同分布或洲际间断分布的属多,且具明显的热带亲缘;2.与亚洲国家,包括中亚国家或亚洲热带国家共同分布的属多,尤其是成"中亚-青藏高原-喜马拉雅山"地区分布的属多;3.中国特有属多,其中我国西南省区特有属最多。文中还讨论了分布我国菊科各族祖先种的起源、迁移以及我国区系地理热带亲缘和"横断山脉-喜马拉雅山脉(东)森林植物亚区"菊科植物分布的特点。     

第四纪地层中常见的菊科植物花粉及其起源与分布

文中描述近年来在不同地区第四纪地层中发现的20多种类型菊科植物花粉形态特征,主要有3大类型:外壁具刺型、外壁内部具基柱型和大网胞型。并对它们的植物亲缘关系进行分类探讨。这些类型的化石花粉的植物关系都可归属到相应的现代菊科植物的族或属。据记载,早始新世古地中海至美国西北部亚热带略干旱温暖环境中出现的菊科祖先,可能是菊科植物的起源中心。根据现代植物属(或族)的相关资料,文中讨论了主要类型花粉的起源或分布。绝大多数类型分布于欧亚大陆及北美,在亚洲主要集中于喜马拉雅山及中国西南部。     

西双版纳石灰岩森林的植物区系地理研究

西双版纳石灰岩森林植物区系经调查有维管束植物１５３科,６４０属,１３９４种及变种,其中,种子植物占１２９科５５８属１２６９种及变种。种子植物的分布区类型组成是热带和主产热带的科占总科数的７１．３％;热带分布属占总属数的９０．１％;热带分布种超过总种数的９０％。热带分布属中又以热带亚洲分布属最多,占总数的３５．３％;热带分布种中则以热带亚洲分布及其变型的种类占总种数的６４．５％为特点。这表明该石灰岩森林植物区系是热带性质的植物区系,属于热带亚洲区系的一部分。由于特殊的地理位置,西双版纳地区是许多典型热带植物的分布北界,同时又是几种地理成分的交汇地带,这又使该石灰岩区系带有明显热带边缘性质和多种地理成分交汇的特点。     

The Floristic Characteristics and Geographical Distribution of the Rosaceae in Xizang

The Rosaceae is one of the five largest families of Xizang flora, consisting of 30 genera with 242 species, the total number of species is slightly less than those of Compositae, Graminae, Leguminosae and Ericaceae in Xizang, amounting to 62.5% of the total number of genera and 28% of the total number of species of the rosaceous flora in China. The four subfamilies of Rosaceae including primitive, intermediate and advanced groups have been found in Xizang. These groups consist of 11 types of floristic elements, i.e. 4 genera belong to cosmopolitan, 9 genera belong to North Temperate, 3, E. Asian-N. American, 3 Sino-Himalayan, 3 Sino-Japanesa, 2 Old World Temperate, 1 Temperate Asian, 2 Mediterranean-W. and O. Asian, 1 C. Asian, I Tropical Asian and 1 endemic to China. It is obvious that Rosaceae in Xizang comprises holarctic, Ancient Mediterranean and paleotropical elements, among which the temperate components are the most dominant. The characteristics of the floristic composition of Rosaceae in Xizang may be summarized as follows: (1) Xizang abounds in both genera and species of the family which are diverse in forms, including the primitive, intermediate and advanced groups, (2) The geographical elements are rather complex, mostly belonging to the temperate, among which the Sino- Himalayan components and the elements endemic to China are dominant, (3) The proportion of plants endemic to China and distributed in Xizang is much higher than those endemic to Xizang itself, but there exist newly arisen species and infraspecific forms or varieties which show that the speciation is apparently still active in Xizang. The rosaceous flora of Xizang is a combination of old and new floristic elements, based on the old floristic components, affected by the upheaval of the Himalayas, the differentiation and speciation have been taking place in the long history. The geographical distribution of Rosaceae in Xizang may be divided into 5 regions, i.e. the northeastern, southeastern, southern, northwestern and northern. The rosaceous plants are most abundant in the southeastern area, next in southern area, fewer in the northeastern and very rare in the northwestern and northern regions. The general tendency of the distribution of Rosaceae in Xizang is that the number of species gradually decreases from the southeast to the northwest and the habit gradually changes from trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in the southeast to cushion-like scrubs and dwarf perennial herbs in the northwest. These facts clearly show that the uplift of the Himalayas has deeply affected the phytogeographical distribution of Xizang Rosaceae. The rosaceous flora of Xizang has close relationships with those of the adjoring regions, i.e. Yunnan and Sichuan. Besides, it is connected with floras of Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan nothern Buram and nothern India, but silghtly influenced by the Ancient Mediterranean flora.     

杭州西湖风景区种子植物区系分析

统计分析了杭州西湖风景区野生种子植物区系,该区共有野生种子植物143科,572属,1111种（含种下分类群）。科的分布区类型以泛热带占优势,达48.9%,热带成分的科远多于温带成分的科（64∶28）;从属的分布区类型看,温带成分的属多于热带成分的属（268∶220）;种的分布区类型中,温带成分的种数远比热带成分的种数多（502∶234）;说明该区亚热带北部区系特征显著。另一方面,本区以单种属和寡种属为主,种的分布区类型中,东亚分布（33.7%）与中国特有分布（32.2%）相当,东亚分布中绝大部分属于中国-日本共有。以中国区系分区标准,将中国特有分布种划分成9个分布亚型,其中以华东-华中-华南分布最多（46.0%）。结果表明该区种子植物丰富、地理成分多样,具有明显的华东东部植物区系特征。     

云南植物区系的起源与演化

云南是生物多样性高度富集的地区,其植物种类占中国植物种类的一半以上,几乎包含了欧亚大陆的各种主要植被类型,其错综复杂的生物区系是如何形成与演化的,这个基本问题目前尚未得到解决。本文结合云南的历史地质事件,从植物区系地理学研究上对云南植物区系的起源与演化研究进行了介绍。研究发现,云南植物区系具有一个远古的热带起源背景,在第三纪热带、亚热带性质的东亚植物区系基础上,随着喜马拉雅的隆升,世界性和北温带植物区系成分在北部地区渗透、迅速形成大量物种,使北部地区演化成为现今以世界性和北温带分布的科、属占优势的温带植物区系;在南部地区,因印度支那地质板块向东南亚逃逸,热带亚洲成分渗透、发展,演化成为以热带亚洲成分为主的热带植物区系;云南中部地区第三纪东亚植物区系成分有更多的保持与承袭。对云南南部、中部和北部植物区系系统发育关系(系统发育结构和β多样性格局)的研究支持了植物区系地理学上的推论。此外,思茅-兰坪(印度支那)地质板块自晚始新世以来发生顺时针旋转可能导致了云南西北部与云南东南部一些物种对应分布格局的形成;云南南部与东南部热带地区的植物区系可能因具有不同的地质背景和演化历程而发生了显著的生物地理分异。在晚第三纪各地质事件的影响下,云南植物区系在一个热带、亚热带性质的第三纪东亚植物区系基础上发生了歧化,演化成为现今的南-北、东-西生物地理分异明显的植物区系。     

On Genera Endemic to China and Occurring in Xizang Plateau Flora

The Xizang (Tibetan) flora with numerous endemics is of importance in Chinese flora. According to recent statistics there are in Xizang 27 genera of spermatophytes endemic to China, being only 2.25% percent of the total number of genera in the Xizang flora. Four of them are regarded as palaeoendemics (14.81%) and the others as neoendemics (85.19%). These endemic genera, of 30 species and 3 varieties, belong to 17 families, of which, Umbelliferae contains 6 genera, 7 species and 3 varieties; Compositae has 6 genera and 7 species, and Gentianaceae 1 genus and 2 species. All the other families each comprises one genus with a single species. The cosmopolitan families together comprising 14 genera with 15 species have the highest perecentage (52.92%) and the tropical ones (5 families, 5 genera with 5 species) come to the next (29.42%), followed by the temperate ones (3 families, 10 genera with 10 species) (17.66%). It shows that these endemic genera are obviously related to the tropical flora and temperate one in essence. According to the number of species, the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xizang flora may be grouped as fallows. Monotypic endemic ones 14 (51.85%) Ditypic endemic ones 6 (22.22%) Oligotypic endemic ones 4 (14.81%) Small endemic ones 3 (11.11%) The formation of the endemic genera is correlated with the topography, climate and environmental conditions, and they may have resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence for a long time. The southeastern part of Xizang Plateau is of very diverse ecological conditions, with the adequate precipitation, which may explain the concentration of these endemic genera in this region. The largest similarity coefficient (38.30%) of the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xizang is with those in Qinghai Plateau, next, with those in Yunnan and in Sichuan provinces (both 27.60%), which shows that these endemic genera are related to the floras of the regions mentioned above. The difference in the horizontal distribution of these endemic genera is obviously between the southern and northern parts of Xizang Plateau. The vertical distribution of the genera is also rather obvious, from 800 m to 5200 m above sea level, but concentrated in the zone of 3000 m to 4500 mm. Therefore their occurrence in Xizang is not only affected by the historical environmental conditions but also controlled by the horizontal and vertical distribution. The origin and evolution of some endemic genera, such as Psammosilene, Parateropyrum, Sphaerotylos, Salweenia, Ajaniopsis, Xizangia, Sinoleontopodium, are discussed in this paper. Parateropyrum, a monotypic palaeotropic endemic, belongs to the tribe Atraphaxideae including Atraphaxis, Calligonum and Pteropyrum. It may be a comparatively advanced group in the tribe, and is closely related to the genus Pteropyrum which is distributed in western Asia. The genus Parapteropyrum has possibly survived as a palaetropic-tertiary relic in this region. Sphaerotylos, a member of the subtribe Sphaerotylinae, the tribe Boehmerieae in the family Urticaceae, is a comparatively primitive genus in the tribe Boehmerieae so far known. As the other subtribes, such as Boehmerinae, Sarconchlamydinae, Orecnidinae and Maoutinae, are distributed in the tropics, rarely in the subtropics, the genus is no doubt a palaetropic -tertiary relic. Sinoleontopodium, belonging to the tribe lnuleae in Compositae, is also related to the genus Leontopodium. It is probable that the genus Sinoleontopodium arised later than the other. We come to the conclusion that the southern part of Xizang Plateau is also one of thecentres of the origin and differentiation of genera endemic to China.     

云南省小黑山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

小黑山自然保护区有野生种子植物170科787属2195种。分析表明该区种子植物区系的地理成分复杂,联系广泛。热带性质的属有506属,占总属数的68.6%,温带性质的属有224属,占总属数的30.4%。热带性质的种890种,占总种数的40.9%,温带性质的种有1267种,占总种数的58.3%。表明该地区植物区系具有明显的亚热带性质,同时深受热带植物区系的影响。植物区系来源主要由东亚成分、热带亚洲成分(印度—马来西亚成分)、中国特有成分三部分融合而成。特有现象明显,有东亚特有科5科,中国特有属6属,中国特有种778种,占种总数的35.8%,而云南特有种有355种,占中国特有种的45.6%。保护区还拥有众多的珍稀濒危植物。     

云南德宏州种子植物区系研究(Ⅰ)--科和属的地理成分分析

德宏地区野生种子植物共记录有 2 2 7科 ,1 43 2属 ,493 7种。按种数以禾本科 (2 69种 ) ,菊科 (2 67种 ) ,兰科 (2 5 9种 ) ,蝶形花科 (2 2 9种 ) ,茜草科 (1 66种 ) ,蔷薇科 (1 5 3种 ) ,大戟科 (1 1 0种 ) ,樟科 (1 0 1种 ) ,莎草科 (97种 ) ,荨麻科 (90种 ) ,桑科 (89种 ) ,爵床科 (77种 )等为优势科。在属的分布区类型构成上 ,以热带亚洲成分为最多 ,占总属数的 2 5 .1 % ,其次是泛热带成分 ,占总属数的 1 8.4% ,旧世界热带成分占 1 0 .3 % ,北温带成分占 1 1 .6% ,东亚成分占 9.2 % ,中国特有成分占 1 .8%。所有热带成分合计共 92 5属 ,占总属数的 68.2 % ,构成该植物区系的主体 ,温带成分 (类型 8～ 1 4)共有 40 6属 ,约占总属数的 3 0 % ,故认为该植物区系仍属于热带性质的植物区系 ,受热带亚洲植物区系的渗透和强烈影响 ,在世界植物区系分区上属于古热带植物区 ,马来西亚亚区 (热带亚洲植物区系区 )中的滇—缅—泰地区。     

Origin,Differentiation, and Geographic Distribution of the Chenopodiaceae

Numbers of species and genera,endemic genera,extant primitive genera,relationship and distribution patterns of presently living Chenopodiaceae(two subfamilies,12 tribes,and 118 genera)are analyzed and compared for eight distributional areas,namely central Asia,Europe,the Mediterranean region,Africa,North America,South America, Australia and East Asia． The Central Asia,where the number of genera and diversity of taxa are greater than in other areas,appears to be the center of distribution of extant Chenopodiaceae．North America and Australia are two secondary centers of distribution． Eurasia has 11 tribes out of the 12,a total of 70 genera of extant chenopodiaceous plants,and it contains the most primitive genera of every tribe． Archiatriplex of Atripliceae,Hablitzia of Hablitzeae,Corispermum of Corispermeae,Camphorosma of Camphorosmaea,Kalidium of Salicornieae,Polecnemum of Polycnemeae,Alexandra of Suaedeae,and Nanophyton of Salsoleae,are all found in Eurasia,The Beteae is an Eurasian endemic tribe,demonstrating the antiquity of the Chenopodiaceae flora of Eurasia．Hence,Eurasia is likely the place of origin of chenopodiaceous plants． The presence of chenopodiaceous plants is correlated with an arid climate．During the Cretaceous Period,most places of the continent of Eurasia were occupied by the ancient precursor to the Mediterranean,the Tethys Sea．At that time the area of the Tethys Sea had a dry and warm climate．Therefore,primitive Chenopodiaceae were likely present on the beaches of this ancient land．This arid climatic condition resulted in differentiation of the tribes Chenopodieae,Atripliceae,Comphorosmeae,Salicornieae,etc．,the main primitive tribes of the subfamily Cyclolobeae. Then following continental drift and the Laurasian and Gondwanan disintegration, the Chenopodiaceae were brought to every continent to propagate and develop, and experience the vicissitudes of climates, forming the main characteristics and distribution patterns of recent continental floras. The tribes Atripliceae, Chenopodieae, Camphorosmeae, and Salicornieae of recent Chenopodiaceae in Eurasia, North America, South America, southern Africa, and Australia all became strongly differentiated. However, Australia and South America, have no genera of Spirolobeae except for a few maritime Suaeda species. The Salsoleae and Suaedeae have not arrived in Australia and South America, which indicates that the subfamily Spirolobeae developed in Eurasia after Australia separated from the ancient South America-Africa continent, and South America had left Africa. The endemic tribe of North America, the tribe Sarcobateae, has a origin different from the tribes Salsoleae and Suaedeae of the subfamily Spirolobeae. Sarcobateae flowers diverged into unisexuality and absence of bractlets. Clearly they originated in North America after North America had left the Eurasian continent. North America and southern Africa have a few species of Salsola, but none of them have become very much differentiated or developed, so they must have arrived through overland migration across ancient continental connections. India has no southern African Chenopodiaceae floristic components except for a few maritime taxa, which shows that when the Indian subcontinent left Africa in the Triassic period, the Chenopodiaceae had not yet developed in Africa. Therefore, the early Cretaceous Period about 120 million years ago, when the ancient Gondwanan and Laurasian continents disintegrated, could have been the time of origin of Chenopodiaceae plants.The Chinese flora of Chenopodiaceae is a part of Chenopodiaceae flora of central Asia. Cornulaca alaschnica was discovered from Gansu, China, showing that the Chinese Chenopodiaceae flora certainly has contact with the Mediterranean Chenopodiaceae flora. The contact of southeastern China with the Australia Chenopodiaceae flora, however, is very weak.     

Laccaria (Agaricomycetes,Basidiomycota) from Tibet (Xizang Autonomous Region,China)

Species of Laccaria are described from the eastern Himalayas, in the Xizang Autonomous Region of China, more commonly known as Tibet. Specimens were collected during several expeditions over a 12-year time span. Nuclear ribosomal internally transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 including and 5.8S (ITS) as well as the 5' end of the large subunit (28S) sequence data were generated for 22 specimens from Tibet and analyzed in a dataset of 115 Laccaria samples. The results documented seven species from this region, five of which represent currently undescribed species. The taxonomy of Tibetan Laccaria is discussed, five new species are proposed, and an artificial key that includes extralimital species from Asia is provided.     

中国红原泥炭沼泽植物区系研究

沼泽植物是形成泥炭物质来源的重要资源植物。我国省西北部高原的红原县是我国沼泽最发达的地区之一,沼泽植物约有１５５种,隶属于３９科,８７属,包括世界分布属２０属,泛热带分布属５１属,旧世界温带分带属７属,温带亚洲分布属２属,地中海,西亚至中亚分布属１属和东亚分布属５属,在泥炭沼泽植物中,莎草科是种数最多的科,其次是菊科、毛茛科、玄参数、禾本科和龙胆科,它们的种数约占全部泥炭沼泽植物种数的５３．５４％     

藜科植物的起源、分化和地理分布

全球藜科植物共约130属1500余种,广泛分布于欧亚大陆、南北美洲、非洲和大洋洲的半干旱及盐碱地区。它基本上是一个温带科,对亚热带和寒温带也有一定的适应性。本文分析了该科包含的1l族的系统位置和分布式样,以及各个属的分布区,提出中亚区是现存藜科植物的分布中心,原始的藜科植物在古地中海的东岸即华夏陆台(或中国的西南部)发生,然后向干旱的古地中海沿岸迁移、分化,产生了环胚亚科主要族的原始类群;起源的时间可能在白垩纪初,冈瓦纳古陆和劳亚古陆进一步解体的时期。文章对其迁移途径及现代分布式样形成的原因进行了讨论。     

罗霄山脉种子植物区系的特有现象与残遗现象

罗霄山脉种子植物区系非常丰富, 是连接华东、华南、华中植物区系的重要通道, 区系组成具有明显的古老性和过渡性特征。本文针对该区域种子植物的特有现象和残遗现象, 分析了其组成特点及形成原因。结果表明: (1)罗霄山脉共有中国特有科3科, 特有属55属, 特有种1,624种, 罗霄山脉区域特有种43种7变种; 特有属中以古特有属为主, 并以温带成分占优势(达55.91%), 体现出明显的古老性和孑遗性。(2)罗霄山脉共有孑遗属165属, 以热带亚洲分布、东亚-北美间断分布、东亚特有及中国特有成分为主, 包括木本属132属。(3)受中新世气候波动以及第四纪冰期的影响, 许多北方热带植物群的常绿成分、北极-第三纪的落叶成分, 在罗霄山脉得以保存下来成为古特有和孑遗成分。特有现象、残遗现象的分析结果表明罗霄山脉是一个重要的生物避难所, 其对中国东部植物区系的保存和重新扩散具有重要意义。     

南海岛屿种子植物区系地理的研究

本文通过实地考察,广泛收集前人的研究资料,概述了南海岛屿地区的自然条件和植被,对南海岛屿种子植物的区系组成、特点、分布区类型、特有现象和替代现象等进行了较详细的分析,并与邻近植物区系进行了比较研究。同时,根据区内植物分布的特点和自然条件特征划分为５个植物区系小区,最后对南海岛屿地区植物区系的起源与演化进行了讨论。     

西双版纳植物区系的特点与亲缘

西双版纳植物区系经初步资料整理统计有种子植物 3336种 ,隶属于 1 1 4 0个属 ,大约 1 97个科。植物区系成分构成是热带分布的科和属分别占总科和属数的 60 .1 %和 83.5% ,在热带分布属中 ,又以热带亚洲成分占优势 (占 32 .8% )。通过植物区系组成和地理成分分析 ,认为该植物区系是热带性质的 ,属于热带亚洲区系的一部分 ,并带有明显热带边缘性质和几种地理成分交汇的特点。西双版纳植物区系与广西热带植物区系和海南热带植物区系在发生上同源 ,主要来自于古南大陆与古北大陆区系成分的融合 ,在发展上受热带亚洲植物区系的渗透和强烈影响。     

喜马拉雅地区藤本植物多样性及其地理格局

喜马拉雅山地是生物地理学研究的热点地区之一。本文对喜马拉雅地区的藤本植物多样性及其与毗邻地区的联系进行了统计分析, 并对该地区与印度河-恒河平原地区藤本植物多样性的地理格局及其成因进行了研究。结果显示: (1)喜马拉雅地区总计有1,083种藤本植物, 分属72科309属; 其中木质藤本725种, 草质藤本358种; 攀援方式主要为缠绕攀援(51.3%)。(2)该区域的藤本植物组成受相邻区域植物区系的显著影响, 其1,083种藤本植物中有74.1% (802种)在东南亚地区有分布, 50.6% (548种)在南亚有分布, 48.9% (530种)在中国西南地区有分布。本区藤本植物缺乏特有性, 仅125种(11.5%)为本区所特有, 没有特有含藤属。(3)藤本植物多样性及其在植物区系中的比例均自东向西逐渐降低; 木质藤本比例和缠绕攀援藤本比例均自东向西略呈上升趋势; 大多数含藤属的藤本多样性由东往西递减, 仅极少数含藤属由东往西逐渐增加, 如野豌豆属(Vicia)和菟丝子属(Cuscuta)。(4)藤本植物多样性在喜马拉雅和印度河-恒河平原地区呈现出自东向西递减的相似格局, 由东往西方向上含藤属递减率分别为8.4属/100 km和6.3属/100 km, 但喜马拉雅地区藤本植物多样性更高。喜马拉雅和印度河-恒河平原地区均有分布的272个含藤属中有196属在中亚及伊朗高原不再有分布, 其中31.1% (61属)在喜马拉雅地区的分布显著更偏西, 仅4.1% (8属)在印度河-恒河平原的分布显著更偏西。综合分析表明, 喜马拉雅地区藤本植物的多样性及其地理格局的特点与其特殊的地理位置、气候条件和生境的梯度变化以及毗邻地区植物区系的多元化有关; 水分条件的东西向梯度变化可能是藤本植物在喜马拉雅和印度河-恒河平原地区形成相似格局的主要原因。     

The formation and differentiation of the Leguminosae flora in Xizang (Tibet)

Xizang (Tibet) is rich in Leguminosae flora, comprising 41 genera and 254 species so far known, exclusive of the commonly cultivated taxa (including 11 genera and 16 species). There are 4 endemic genera (with 8 species), 10 temperate genera (with 175 species) and 19 tropical genera (with 46 species) as well as the representatives of those genera whose distribution centers are in East Asia-North America, Mediterranean and Central Asia. 1. There are altogether 4 endemic genera of Leguminosae in this region. According to their morphological characters, systematic position and geographical distribution, it would appear that Salweenia and Piptanthus are Tertiary paleo-endemics, while Straceya and Cochlianths are neo-endemics. Salweenia and Piptanthus may be some of more primitive members in the subfamily Papilionasae and their allies are largely distributed in the southern Hemisphere. The other two genera might have been derived from the northern temperate genus Hedysarum and the East Asian-North American genus Apios respectively, because of their morphological resemblance. They probably came into existanc during the uplifting of the Himalayas. 2. An analysis of temperate genera There are twelve temperate genera of Leguminosae in the region, of which the more important elements in composition of flora, is Astragalus, Oxytropis and Caragana. Astragalus is a cosmopolitan genus comprising 2000 species, with its center distribution in Central Asia. 250 species, are from China so far known, in alpine zone of Southwest and Northwest, with 70 species extending farther to the Himalayas and Xizang Plateau. Among them, there are 7 species (10%) common to Central Asia, 12 species (15.7%) to Southwest China and 40 species (60%) are endemic, it indicates that the differentiation of the species of the genus in the region is very active, especially in the subgenus Pogonophace with beards in stigma. 27 species amounting to 78.5% of the total species of the subgenus, are distributed in this region. The species in the region mainly occur in alpine zone between altitude of 3500—300 m. above sea-level. They have developed into a member of representative of arid and cold alpine regions. The endemic species of Astragalus in Xizang might be formed by specialization of the alien and native elements. It will be proved by a series of horizontal and vertical vicarism of endemic species. For example, Astragalus bomiensis and A. englerianus are horizontal and vertical vicarism species, the former being distributed in southeast part of Xizang and the latter in Yunnan; also A. arnoldii and A. chomutovii, the former being an endemic on Xizang Plateau and latter in Central Asia. The genus Oxytropis comprises 300 species which are mainly distributed in the north temperate zone. About 100 species are from China so far known, with 40 species extending to Himalayas and Xizang Plateau. The distribution, formation and differentiation of the genus in this region are resembled to Astragalus. These two genera are usually growing together, composing the main accompanying elements of alpine meadow and steppe. Caragana is an endemic genus in Eurasian temperate zone and one of constructive elements of alpine bush-wood. About 100 species are from China, with 16 species in Xizang. According to the elements of composition, 4 species are common to Inner Mongolia and Kausu, 4 species to Southwest of China, the others are endemic. This not only indicates that the species of Caragana in Xizang is closely related to those species of above mentioned regions, but the differentiation of the genus in the region is obviously effected by the uplifting of Himalayas, thus leading to the formations of endemic species reaching up to 50%. 3. An Analysis of Tropical Genera There are 19 tropical genera in the region. They concentrate in southeast of Xizang and southern flank of the Himalayas. All of them but Indigofera and Desmodium are represented by a few species, especially the endemic species. Thus, it can be seen that they are less differentiated than the temperate genera. However, the genus Desmodium which extends from tropical southeast and northeast Asia to Mexio is more active in differentiation than the other genera. According to OhaShi_,s system about the genus in 1973, the species of Desmodium distributed in Sino-Himalaya region mostly belong to the subgenus Dollinera and subgenus Podocarpium. The subgenus Dollinera concentrates in both Sino-Himalaya region and Indo-China with 14 species, of which 7 species are endemic in Sino-Himalaya. They are closely related to species of Indo-China, southern Yunnan and Assam and shows tha tthey have close connections in origin and that the former might be derived from the latter. Another subgenus extending from subtropical to temperate zone is Podocarpium. Five out of the total eight species belonging to the subgenus are distributed in Sino-Himalaya and three of them are endemic. An investigation on interspecific evolutionary relationship and geographic distribution of the subgenus shows that the primary center of differentiation of Podocarpium is in the Sino-Himalaya region. Finally, our survey shows that owing to the uplifting of the Himalayas which has brought about complicated geographic and climatic situations, the favorable conditions have been provided not only for the formation of the species but also for the genus in cer-tain degree.     

西北地区木本植物区系多样性研究

西北地区在中国植物区系上属于泛北极植物区,其南部基本上控制在中国-日本植物亚区的华中地区内,区系成分以北亚热带成分占优势,中、东部主要控制在中国-日本植物亚区内的华北地区中的黄土高原地区内,以华北区系成分占优势,西南部主要属青藏高原植物亚区和中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区,区系成分以唐古特和横断山区系成分占优势,北部主要是亚洲荒漠植物亚区,区系成分是以古地中海成分占优势。本区有木本植物(不包括栽培植物)103科338属1729种(含种下等级),其中裸子植物6科17属57种,被子植物97科321属1672种,另外,具有中国特有属26个,土著特有种173个(含种下等级)。大科、大属在区系组成中起着非常重要的作用,该区木本植物区系包含有15个分布区类型及其17个变型,其中北温带分布、泛热带分布、东亚至北美间断分布、东亚分布等成分占有重要地位。其木本植物区系的主要特征为:种类比较丰富;分布不均,区域差异大;地理成分复杂,具有明显的温带性质;起源古老;土著特有种较多;区系联系广泛,多种区系成分的汇集、混杂和过渡。     

西双版纳季风常绿阔叶林植物区系初步分析

基于西双版纳地区季风常绿阔叶林的植被调查资料,统计西双版纳季风常绿阔叶林种子植物区系组成,记录有种子植物95科223属351种(包括变种和亚种)。种子植物科的分布区类型中以泛热带分布科最多,达41个,占总科数的43.16%。属的分布类型中,热带分布属共计187个,占总属数的83.86%。在热带分布属中,又以泛热带分布属最多,达61个,占总属数的27.35%;其次为热带亚洲分布属,计有47个,占总属数的21.08%。种的分布类型中,各类热带分布的种最多,占总种数的70.37%,其中又以热带亚洲成分占优势。分布区类型的分析表明西双版纳季风常绿阔叶林种子植物区系具热带亚洲植物区系的特点,属马来西亚植物区系的一部分。进一步分析表明此区系具热带北缘的性质,但同时也呈现出向亚热带植物区系的过渡。