薯蓣属植物人工杂交后代的检测

以湖北武当山的盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright)为主要亲本,与重庆金佛山的盾叶薯蓣、小花盾叶薯蓣(D.parviflora C.T.Ting)及黄独(D.bulbifera L.)进行种内和种间杂交,并获得部分杂交组合的F1代植株。将F0代种子与F1代植株进行结实率及种子萌发率比较,并与亲本进行过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酯酶(EST)同工酶比较。结果表明,不同亲本及其杂交后代的结实率、种子萌发率和实生苗存活率均存在明显差异;亲本和F1代的同工酶酶谱较丰富,部分杂种与亲本的相似度较高,并出现各自的特征酶带。运用同工酶技术可以鉴别杂种的真伪。     

应用过氧化物酶同工酶鉴定山茶属植物杂种F1代的研究

对4个杂交组合的12个杂种F1代植株与亲本进行了形态学比较和过氧化物酶同工酶分析,结果表明以金花茶为父本,云南山茶或云南野山茶为母本杂交产生的11个杂种的幼枝、叶的特征均与母本相似,H-86-1-1的花与母本一致,H-87-2-2的花兼有父母本的特征;H-78-1-1的幼枝、叶的特征与父本相似,其花也兼有父母本的特征。有9株的酶谱为“互补型酶带”,且都出现了杂种带,为真正的杂种;其余2株的酶谱与母本一致,与其形态特征表现出一定的相关性,可能为非真正的杂种。同一个杂交组合产生的杂种,酶谱却有差异,金花茶最为特征的一条带(Rf=0.813)在其所有11个杂种F1代植株中都未表达。     

Influence of D Genome on the Esterase Isozymes in Wheat

Esterase isozyme zymograms of endosperms at milk stage were analyzed by polyacrylamide vertical slab gel electrophoresis. It was shown that Aegilops squarrosa, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. crassa with D genomes all had E1-1 band with the same migration rate. In zymograms, the two bands E1-1, E1-2 of common wheat (AABBDD) and emmer wheat (AABB) were actually each compossed of two closely adjacent bands. Zone E3 of the two species had five bands each. There were no difference in migration rate of these bands between the two species, but the activities of these enzymes were different and they showed regular change. Zymograms of the hybrids of reciprocal crosses between emmer and common wheat are mainly tended to maternal types and it is representing the dosage effect of D genome.     

Esterase Isozyme analyses of the Species and Their Varieties of the Genus Gossypium

The isozyme make up of esterases of the seeds from fifteen species and twenty-three cultivar of Gossypium was analyzed by isoelectrofocusing. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. Differeces were observed in the number of esterase isozyme bands among the species of different genome groups. The cultivated species, G. hirsutum (AD)1 gave rise to 46 isozyme bands, the most among the species of the genus Gossypium. G. barba- dense (AD)2, G. arboreum (A2) and G. herbaceum (A1) gave rise to 42, 40 and 38 bands, respectively. In wild species, G. australe (C3) had 20 esterase bands, the least in all species of Gossypium. The bands given rise from other wild species ranged from 26 to 40. 2. Each species of every genome groups had its marker bands. The results were in agreement with the traditional classification and provided some biochemical evidence for modern classification of Gossypium. 3. It was clear that all cotton species of different genome groups contain 5 main isozyme bands, viz. PI=3.85, 4.61, 5.48, 5.73 and 5.91 in the zymograms. In other words, these zymograms are common characters of Gossypium. 4. The esterase of 23 cultivers in four cultivated species studied showed that no variation in isozyme patterns existed within one species, except the disease-resistant variety Hea-7124 which differs from other 4 cultivars of G. barbadense.     

不同类型杂交水稻组合及其亲本苗期同工酶位点分析

对6个杂交水稻组合及其亲本苗期14种酶的同工酶进行检测,并对其中较为清晰稳定的酶带进行了位点分析,以探讨杂种优势遗传基础。共获得了28个位点的相关资料,包括每个位点的性质、表型多态性和每个位点所编码的酶活性及酶带平均迁移率。所有供试材料在其中25个位点上均未表现出多态性,只有部分组合与其亲本在Est-4、Amy-1、Aat-2等3个位点上存在多态性,其中有81．8％的差异组合其酶带表现出共显性特征。对共显性与杂种优势的关系进行了探讨。     

元江芦荟与皂质芦荟的杂交育种及POD同工酶比较

以元江芦荟(AloeyuanjiangensisXiong,ZhengetLiu)和皂质芦荟(A.saponaria(Ait.)Haw.)为亲本进行了远缘有性杂交试验,获得了19株F1代植株。对F1代植株与亲本进行了外部形态比较;同时与亲本种及同属的华芦荟(中国芦荟)(A.chinensis(Haw.)Baker)和库拉索芦荟(A.veraL.)进行了过氧化物酶同工酶(POD)比较。其结果表明,F1代与亲本在外部形态上存在明显差异;POD同工酶酶谱显示,F1代与各个种间具有较高的相似程度,且各个种又具有各自特征酶带。这证实了F1是元江芦荟与皂质芦荟的杂种(A.yuanjiangensis×A.saponaria)。     

Studies on the Molecular Weights of Esterase and Peroxidase Isozymes of Maize

The molecular weights of esterase and peroxidase isozymes of maize seedlings were directly determined by improved polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. The different isozyme bands developed in polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis (uniform gel) were identified in polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis by means of isozyme variants. The molecular weights of esterase isozymes E1, E2, E3F, E3S, a, b, c, named according to isozyme patterns in uniform gel, are <20000, 35200, 33000, 38500, 29900, 28500, 34000 doltons respectively. The molecular weights of peroxidase isozymes PX4F and PX4S are 131000 and 149000 doltons respectively. According to the band location in uniform gel and in gradient gel, some biochemical properties of the isozyme bands and relationships between the isozyme bands were analyzed. The possible errors in the determination of smaller molecular weight isozymes are discussed.     

Distorted segregation of the esterase isozyme genotypes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Distorted segregation of the esterase isozyme genotypes was observed in F2 population which was produced from a cross combination between 'Ko A' and 'Mokusekko 3' of barley varieties. After examining the segregation of esterase isozyme genotypes in B1F1 hybrids derived from the reciprocal backcrosses, it was made clear that the distorted segregation was caused by certation between pollens of different genotypes, independent of the female genotypes. Furthermore, the certation was controlled by a newly designated gene, Ga2, at the locus which was linked with the multiocus, Est1, Est2 and Est4, for esterase isozymes at the long arm of chromosome 3. The distorted segregation ratios did not significantly vary among F2 populations derived from F1 hybrids of the same combination which were grown in different years. Mechanically mixed pollens of the parents, however, could not induce the certation.     

九株根霉可溶性蛋白和三种酶的电泳图谱比较研究

本文报导了根霉属(Rhizopus) 9个菌株天然态及解聚态可溶性蛋白、酯酶同工酶、葡萄糖淀粉酶和SOD电泳图谱的比较研究。结果表明：可溶性蛋白图谱和酯酶同工酶谱能显示五种已知供试菌种间的差异,尤其酯酶同工酶谱还能显示米根霉两个供试菌株之间的微小差异。经综合分析全部试验结果后得出的系统树图显示了9个供试菌株间的亲缘关系,并为未知菌株F1(BR12)和Q303提供了鉴定和命名依据。文中首次报导了根霉的SOD同工酶,并对蛋白质和酶电泳图谱用于根霉分类研究进行了讨论。     

木耳栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对木耳（Ａｕｒｉｃｕｌａｒｉａａｕｒｉｃｕｌａ（Ｈｏｏｋ）Ｕｎｄｅｒｗ）１０个栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性进行了研究。１０个供试菌株的幼龄菌丝（７ｄ）中仅检测到２５条酶带,各个菌株分别具有２～３条酶带,１０个菌株仅有２种酶谱类型;老龄菌丝（７２ｄ）中共检测到４４条酶带,各个菌株分别具有３～６条酶带,１０菌株共有８种酶谱类型。研究表明,木耳双核体菌丝中某些酯酶同工酶基因位点在一定的发育时期才开始表达,老龄菌丝酯酶同工酶酶谱在木耳菌株鉴别和遗传育种研究中具有更大的应用价值。     

Autosomal determination of erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in domestic chickens and ring-necked pheasants

Erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes of domestic chickens, ring-necked pheasants, and their hybrids were studied, using the starch gel zone electrophoresis technique. In domestic chickens G6PD isozymes were represented by two fast-moving bands and an indistinct third band, whereas in ring-necked pheasants a slow-moving broad band which seemed to consist of two closely apposed G6PD isozymes was observed. The F₁ hybrids showed three distinct bands combining the characteristic mobility pattern of the two parents, which seemed to indicate that both parental alleles are expressed in F₁ hybrids. Since both male and female hybrids exhibited strikingly similar isozyme patterns representing both sire and dam, it was assumed that the genes controlling the production of G6PD in chicken and pheasant red blood cells are located on the autosomes.This study was supported in part by a research grant from the National Research Council of Canada.     

蓖麻蚕不同组织脂酶同工酶的研究

本工作为蚕类同工酶研究中的一部分,研究了蓖麻蚕五龄幼虫不同组织器官酯酶的分布情况,试图逐渐建立酶谱化。目的在于利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,检验家蚕的DNA对蓖麻蚕的诱变作用（陈元霖等,1981）,以期供体、受体与转化体之间几种酶谱的异同,从分子生物学的角度对蚕类DNA诱导遗传性变异加以阐述。     

黑木耳种内杂交子的鉴定技术*

采用原生质体技术,获得黑木耳(Auricularia auricula)栽培菌株He-1的单核化菌株H1、H2、H3和栽培菌株Ju-1的单核化菌株J1、J2、J3,将H1、H2、H3分别与J1、J2、J3配对杂交,核相观察确认H2J1、H2J2和H2J3均为双核体。酯酶同工酶分析表明,H2J1、H2J2和H2J3不仅具有相应的亲本单核体共有的酶带,而且具有两个亲本各自的特异性标记酶带。RAPD分析表明,引物S30和S62对杂交子H2J1、H2J2和H2J3的扩增图谱中不仅包含相应的亲本单核体所共有的DNA带,而且包含亲本单核体各自的特异性DNA带。拮抗和栽培试验表明,杂交子H2J1、H2J2、H2J3与双核体亲本He-1和Ju-1的菌落之间有窄细的黑色拮抗线,子实体形态上有较明显差异。     

Seed esterases,leucine aminopeptidases and catalases of species of the genus Gossypium

Summary Polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis were used to analyze the isozyme makeup of three enzyme systems (esterases, leucine aminopeptidases and catalases) from the dormant seeds of twenty-nine species within the genus Gossypium.Isozyme variation was observed for all three enzymes between the species of the different genome groups. The within species polymorphism noted for the esterases was not observed for the leucine aminopeptidase and catalase patterns. In general, only minor qualitative banding pattern differences distinguished the A and B genome species, whereas, band variations were greatest between the more distantly related species in the C, D and E genomes. Gossypium longicalyx (F genome) showed an overall banding pattern unique to itself. The species of the genomes (C, D, E and F) removed from the postulated area of genetic origin (Southern Africa) also exhibited greater isozyme variability than that of the wild species of the A and B genomes, both located in Southern Africa.Synthetic mixtures of seed extracts from parent species of recently formed synthetic allopolyploids produced additive isozyme patterns for esterase, leucine aminopeptidase and catalase that were closely comparable to the zymograms produced by their hybrids. In contrast all three enzyme systems showed significant qualitative isozyme variations between the three natural allotetraploids, G. tomentosum, G. barbadense and G. hirsutum when compared to the zymograms of the synthetic mixtures of their alleged parental forms.This paper is part of a dissertation by the first author for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics. Journal paper 1763 of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate.     

甘蓝型油菜Ogura 雄性不育×白菜的回交杂种后代与亲本之间蕾期基因表达差异比较研究*

以甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L, AACC,2n＝38）Ogura细胞质雄性不育材料为母本,以不同白菜（B campestris ssp. chinensis Makino, AA, 2n＝20） 自交系‘新选一号’和‘矮脚黄’为父本进行杂交,获得了杂种F1、BC1、BC2代。利用cDNA-AFLP技术对两种材料的不同回交世代BC1、BC2代与其亲本在蕾期的基因表达进行分析。结果表明,两种白菜回交世代与其亲本的基因表达有明显差异,在质和量上都存在差异。基因表达模式有5类共7种：（1）单亲沉默型（2种）,（2）单亲一致型（2种）,（3）双亲共沉默型,（4）杂种特异型,（5）表达一致型。随着回交世代的增加,回交杂种和亲本的基因表达在单亲沉默型、双亲共沉默型呈增加趋势。而在母本一致型、父本一致型、杂交种特异型、表达一致型呈下降的趋势。两种白菜在F1、BC1、BC2 3个世代与回交亲本花蕾间的基因差异表达有15种类型,其中以在轮回亲本、F1、BC1、BC2中共同出现表达的带的比例最高。Abstract: Crosses between female parent of Ogura male sterility Brassica napus L. and male parents of B. campestris ssp. chinensis Makino were made and F1, BC1 and BC2 generations produced. Gene expression of two Chinese cabbage backcross hybrid BC1, BC2 and their parents at bud stage was analyzed by means of cDNA-AFLP technique. The results indicated that the patterns of gene expression differ significantly between BC1 and BC2 generations and their parents. There were many patterns of gene expression, including gene overexpression and gene silencing. Five patterns (seven kinds) of gene expression were observed, which include: (1) bands occurring in only one parent (two kinds); (2) bands observed in hybrids and one parent (two kinds); (3) bands occurring in only parents (one kind); (4) bands visualized in only hybrids (one kind); (5) bands observed in parents and hybrids (one kind). In accompany with the addition of backcross, the increase trend in backcross hybrids and their parents were described in the aspects of differential gene expression, bands expressed only in one parent and bands expressed only in both parents. The declined trend in backcross hybrids and their parents were observed in the aspects of bands expressed in both hybrids and one parent (two kinds), bands visualized in only hybrids and bands observed in parents and hybrid. Fifteen patterns of gene expression were observed in F1、BC1、BC2 and backcross parents. The percent of bands expressed in F1、BC1、BC2 and backcross was highest.     

栽培黄瓜与野黄瓜正反杂交的几种同工酶分析

运用天冬氨酸转氨酶(AAT)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)以及酯酶(EST)3种同工酶对栽培黄瓜"长春密刺"Cucumis sativus cv. Changchunmici (2n=14)与野黄瓜C. hystrix (2n=24)的正反交种间杂种F1 (正交: 野黄瓜×栽培黄瓜"长春密刺", 反交: 栽培黄瓜"长春密刺"×野黄瓜)及其双亲进行鉴定和比较研究。结果表明: 正反交种间杂种F1主要表现为双亲酶带的互补, 同时还形成4个杂合带(Aat-1-94、Aat-2-104、Mdh-3-102和Est-5-102)。上述3种酶均能准确地鉴定种间杂种的真实性。研究还发现正反交杂种F1的AAT和MDH的酶谱分别在酶带数目和强弱上表现出一定的差异, 进一步证实了野黄瓜与栽培黄瓜杂交存在正反交差异。     

Prolein polymorphism in a randombred chicken population

Polymorphism in plasma amylase, plasma alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and red cell esterase-D of the Athens-Canadian randombred (ACRB) population of chickens was determined by polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis. Amylase alleles Amy-1^A and Amy-1^B were segregating in the ACRB population with frequencies of 0.45 and 0.55 respectively. For the plasma alkaline phosphatase the F and S bands, the B band and a new isozyme migrating at a faster rate than the previously reported F band were detected. A genetic nomenclature for plasma alkaline phosphatase is suggested which considers the difference between the F and S bands as the presence or absence of sialic acid attached to a primary protein.
Plasma esterase activity was observed in all four of the regions previously reported, but there was no polymorphism found in any of the loci. All birds in this population showed the same red-cell esterase-D phenotype which consisted of a main band with sub-bands on each side.     

两个雌核发育白鲢群体同工酶分析及遗传标记的确定

取源于武汉两个不同渔场两尾白鲢的卵子,经紫外照射遗传物质失活的鲤鱼精子刺激雌核发育和热休克诱导第二极体保留的基因组操作技术,获得了两个不同的人工雌核发育白鲢群体。采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板电泳技术,分析了这两个不同人工雌核发育白鲢群体(分别称为Hy-G1和Hy-G2)内不同个体的肝脏、肌肉组织以及红细胞中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、酯酶(EST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等几种同工酶的表达谱式,并与普通繁殖的同龄白鲢进行了比较。结果表明,各个雌核发育白鲢群体内不同个体间的酶谱表现出很大程度的一致性,具较高的纯合度,而两个不同雌核发育群体Hy-G1和Hy-G2之间表现有明显差异。特别是肝脏和肌肉组织迁移率较快的酯酶谱带等以其稳定的差异,建议作为区分这两个人工雌核发育白鲢群体的生化遗传标记。       

Polymorphism at the esterase isozyme locus Est10 associated with phylogenetic differentiation in rice

A new esterase isozyme locus, Est10, with 6 alleles including the null form, has been found in rice by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thirty F(2) populations of all possible combinations between 5 different band morphs were studied. The segregation pattern indicated that bands 1, 2, 3, 4, and the null form (0) were allelic with each other. The alleles of Est10 were distributed at different frequencies among different varietal groups of rice and also between cultivated rice and its wild relatives (Oryza rufipogon Griff.). Alleles 1 and 2 were frequently found in Japonica and Indica types, respectively. Allele 3 showed a high frequency in Aus and Boro, both Indica types cultivated in South Asia. Allele 4 was frequent in wild rice O. rufipogon. Judging from the linkage between Est10 and RFLP marker RG220 and isozyme marker Est5, Est10 is located on chromosome 1. The importance of this locus in evolutionary studies of rice is discussed.     

普通烟草和黄花烟草及体细胞杂种过氧化物酶同工酶等电聚焦电泳

日本学者长尾照义(1978)用原生质体融合获得普通烟草与黄花烟草的体细胞杂种植株。1980年陈家玉等在国内首先获得普通烟草(Copus Yeusuku No.4)和黄花烟草(Yellow Flower)的体细胞杂种植株。之后,中国农科院烟草所(1981)也得到相同的结果。陈家玉等(1983)对上述杂种进行了形态学、细胞学和同工酶的分析并取得一定的结果。Dlineee等(1975)分析比较了用等电聚焦技术分离的过氧