不同光质对稻苗生长的效应*

不同光质对高等植物生长的影响，曾有过不少报道（1,2,3,4）。植田(5,6)用不同颜色的玻璃对稻苗生长作过实验观察，发现在单色光中以橙色光对稻苗最有效，其次是蓝光；而红光、绿光和紫色光对稻苗生长没有效果。近来，原城隆·西川(7,8,9) 采用红、绿、蓝、紫和无色等不同颜色的塑料薄膜，在保持透过单色光能量一致的条件下培育稻苗，结果表明：在红色薄膜下能促进稻苗伸长生长，而在绿色、紫色或在蓝色薄膜下伸长被抑制。作为稻苗素质指标之一的茎叶重／株高比，在蓝薄膜下生长的稻苗比值高，红薄膜下生长的稻苗比值低。他们在室外生长箱内培育稻苗13天后揭掉薄膜解除光处理后测定稻苗的表观光合强度以蓝薄膜下生长的稻苗为高。但是，这里必须指出：他们的光处理实验是保持在平均光的辐射量为363卡/厘米2 ·日下进行的，而且又是透过各色薄膜内的辐射量保持大致相等的条件下得出的结果。至于在昆明自然光照条件下，水稻育苗期间太阳辐射量平均有447卡/厘米2 ·日的条件下其效果如何呢？尤其当阳光透过各种有色薄膜辐射量很不一致的情况下其结果又如何？ 针对上述问题，结合自然特点和我国当前薄膜育秧的实际，在前人研究的基础上，探讨了自然光照透过不同颜色薄膜，光质对稻苗生长的影响，并分析了稻苗的素质及其光合生理性状。     

Interaction of (Na+,K+)-ATPases and digitalis genins. A general model for inhibitory activity

Previous models of digitalis genin interaction with the (Na+,K+)-ATPase system (the putative receptor for such drugs) were deficient in explaining the (Na+,K+)-ATPase inhibitory activity of a number of digitalis genin analogues. With rat brain (Na+,K+)-ATPase we observed that the C-17 side chain carbonyl (C = O) oxygen distance of a given genin in relation to its position in the reference compound digitoxigenin was the primary determinant of its biological activity. With a number of genin analogues, we observed a strict correlation of this structural parameter with its binding site compatibility as well as inhibitory potency with respect to the (Na+,K+)-ATPase. In every case the correlation to inhibition data was obtained using a minimum energy conformation for the genin structure. The general applicability of that model is now proposed based on the following observations. The carbonyl oxygen position versus the biological activity relationship fully holds with (Na+,K+)-ATPase preparations from other tissues and species and also when different binding conditions are used for the enzyme genin interaction. The relationship is equally valid for the K+-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity. Correlations of the data obtained under these various conditions provide further support for this relationship and for the concept that altered affinities of the enzyme for a given genin under different binding conditions reflect conformational variations of a single binding site.     

Gastrodin relieves inflammation injury induced by lipopolysaccharides in MRC‐5 cells by up‐regulation of miR‐103

The beneficial function of gastrodin towards many inflammatory diseases has been identified. This study designed to see the influence of gastrodin in a cell model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MRC‐5 cells were treated by LPS, before which gastrodin was administrated. The effects of gastrodin were evaluated by conducting CCK‐8, FITC‐PI double staining, Western blot, qRT‐PCR and ELISA. Besides this, the downstream effector and signalling were studied to decode how gastrodin exerted its function. And dual‐luciferase assay was used to detect the targeting link between miR‐103 and lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1). LPS induced apoptosis and the release of MCP‐1, IL‐6 and TNF‐α in MRC‐5 cells. Pre‐treating MRC‐5 cells with gastrodin attenuated LPS‐induced cell damage. Meanwhile, p38/JNK and NF‐κB pathways induced by LPS were repressed by gastrodin. miR‐103 expression was elevated by gastrodin. Further, the protective functions of gastrodin were attenuated by miR‐103 silencing. And LRP1 was a target of miR‐103 and negatively regulated by miR‐103. The in vitro data illustrated the protective function of gastrodin in LPS‐injured MRC‐5 cells. Gastrodin exerted its function possibly by up‐regulating miR‐103 and modulating p38/JNK and NF‐κB pathways.     

Relationships Among Genetic Makeup, Active Ingredient Content, and Place of Origin of the Medicinal Plant Gastrodia Tuber

Gastrodia tuber and its component gastrodin have many pharmacological effects. The chemical fingerprints and gastrodin contents of eight Gastrodia populations were determined, and the genomic DNA polymorphism of the populations was investigated. Genetic distance coefficients among the populations were calculated using the DNA polymorphism data. A dendrogram of the genetic similarities between the populations was constructed using the genetic distance coefficients. The results indicated that the genomic DNA of Gastrodia tubers was highly polymorphic; the eight populations clustered into three major groups, and the gastrodin content varied greatly among these groups. There were obvious correlations among genetic makeup, gastrodin content, and place of origin. The ecological environments in Guizhou and Shanxi may be conducive to evolution and to gastrodin biosynthesis, and more suitable for cultivation of Gastrodia tubers. These findings may provide a scientific basis for overall genetic resource management and for the selection of locations for cultivating Gastrodia tubers.     

Gastrodin prevents homocysteine-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells injury via PI3K/Akt/eNOS and Nrf2/ARE pathway

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of gastrodin (Gas) against homocysteine-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury and the role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/threonine kinase 1 (Akt)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathways. We stimulated cells with homocysteine (1 mmol/L, 24 hours) and tested the effects of gastrodin (200-800 μg/mL) on cell viability and the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Then, Nrf2 distribution in the cytoplasm and nucleus as well as the expression of enzymes downstream of Nrf2 was determined. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of bax, bcl-2 and cleaved caspase3, and assessed the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway by Western blots. Finally, we tested the vasoactive effect of gastrodin in thoracic aortic rings. The results showed that gastrodin decreased MDA, LDH and ROS production and increased cell viability, NO production and relaxation of thoracic aortic rings. Moreover, the protective effects of Gas on NO production and relaxation of thoracic aortic rings were blocked by L-NAME but enhanced by Cav-1 knockdown, and MK-2206 treatment abolished the effect of Gas on the ROS. In addition, treatment with gastrodin increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation, thus enhancing the expression of downstream enzymes. Finally, gastrodin increased the expression of PI3K, p-Akt, and eNOS and decreased Cav-1 protein expression. In conclusion, our study suggested that gastrodin may protect HUVECs from homocysteine-induced injury, and the PI3K/Akt/eNOS and Nrf2/ARE pathways may be responsible for the efficacy of gastrodin.     

Formulation and Evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Gelling Systems for Intranasal Administration of Gastrodin

Gastrodin is the major bioactive constituent of the traditional Chinese drug “Tianma.” It is used in the treatment of some nervous system diseases and can be transported to the brain via intranasal administration. In the current paper, the development of a novel ion-activated in situ gelling system for the nasal delivery of gastrodin is discussed. An in situ perfusion model was used to determine the absorption-rate constant of gastrodin through rat nasal mucosa. The optimal formulation was determined by measuring the critical cation concentration, anti-dilution capacity, gel expansion coefficient, water-holding capacity, and adhesive capacity. The best formulation consisted of 10% gastrodin, 0.5% deacetylated gellan gum as the gelatinizer, and 0.03% ethylparaben as the preservative. The rheological properties of gastrodin nasal in situ gels were also investigated. The viscosity and elasticity sharply increased at temperatures below 25°C. When physiological concentrations of cations were added into the preparation, the mixture gelled into a semi-solid. The results of an accelerated stability test show that gastrodin nasal in situ gels can be stable for more than 2 years. Mucociliary toxicity was evaluated using the in situ toad palate model and the rat nasal mucociliary method; both models demonstrated no measurable ciliotoxicity. Pharmacodynamic studies suggest that similar acesodyne and sedative effects were induced following intranasal administration of 50 mg/kg gastrodin nasal in situ gels or oral administration of 100 mg/kg gastrodin solution. The in situ gel preparation is a safe and effective nasal delivery system for gastrodin.     

蒺藜和白刺的染色体研究

本文对山东蒺藜科（Ｚｙｇｏｐｈｙｌｌａｃｅａｅ）蒺藜属（ＴｒｉｂｕｌｕｓＬ．）植物蒺藜（Ｔ、ｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉｓＬ．）和白刺属（ＮｉｔｒａｒｉａＬ．）植物白刺（Ｎ．ｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａ　Ｐａｌｌ．）进行了染色体研究。结果表明：蒺藜的染色体数目为２ｎ＝３０,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝３０＝３０ｍ,核型“１Ｂ”型：白刺的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２２ｍ＋２ｓｍ,核型“１Ａ”型。     

Pregnane glycosides from Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata

Eleven novel pregnane glycosides, 2-7 and 9-13, of which four, i.e., 10-13, comprised a new pregnane-type genin exhibiting a hydroxymethylene instead of a Me group at C(19), and the known pregnane glycoside stalagmoside V (8) were isolated from whole plants of Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata, a native Indian succulent plant. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 2D-NMR spectroscopic studies.     

Gastrodin inhibits allodynia and hyperalgesia in painful diabetic neuropathy rats by decreasing excitability of nociceptive primary sensory neurons

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and adversely affects the patients' quality of life. Evidence has accumulated that PDN is associated with hyperexcitability of peripheral nociceptive primary sensory neurons. However, the precise cellular mechanism underlying PDN remains elusive. This may result in the lacking of effective therapies for the treatment of PDN. The phenolic glucoside, gastrodin, which is a main constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Gastrodia elata Blume, has been widely used as an anticonvulsant, sedative, and analgesic since ancient times. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying its analgesic actions are not well understood. By utilizing a combination of behavioral surveys and electrophysiological recordings, the present study investigated the role of gastrodin in an experimental rat model of STZ-induced PDN and to further explore the underlying cellular mechanisms. Intraperitoneal administration of gastrodin effectively attenuated both the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by STZ injection. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained from nociceptive, capsaicin-sensitive small diameter neurons of the intact dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Recordings from diabetic rats revealed that the abnormal hyperexcitability of neurons was greatly abolished by application of GAS. To determine which currents were involved in the antinociceptive action of gastrodin, we examined the effects of gastrodin on transient sodium currents (I(NaT)) and potassium currents in diabetic small DRG neurons. Diabetes caused a prominent enhancement of I(NaT) and a decrease of potassium currents, especially slowly inactivating potassium currents (I(AS)); these effects were completely reversed by GAS in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, changes in activation and inactivation kinetics of I(NaT) and total potassium current as well as I(AS) currents induced by STZ were normalized by GAS. This study provides a clear cellular basis for the peripheral analgesic action of gastrodin for the treatment of chronic pain, including PDN.     

紫花曼陀罗悬浮培养细胞转化对羟基苯甲醛生产天麻素

利用紫花曼陀罗细胞悬浮培养转化外源对羟基苯甲醛合成天麻素,并应用多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据转化产物的理化性质和光谱数据分析鉴定结构。实验表明,紫花曼陀罗细胞成功将对羟基苯甲醛转化为天麻素(Ⅱ),同时也得到了由对羟基苯甲醛生成天麻素的转化中间体对羟基苯甲醇(Ⅰ)。在培养基中添加0.1mg/L的水杨酸能显著提高细胞对外源对羟基苯甲醛的糖基化率,而保持气升式发酵罐(25-L)罐内压力为低压(0.001MPa)也能提高细胞对外源对羟基苯甲醛的糖基化率。实验证明,紫花曼陀罗细胞悬浮培养能有效转化对羟基苯甲醛合成天麻素。     

马麝的麝香腺囊、麝香、数量与狩猎

马麝(Moschus sifanicus Przewalski)系著名的药用动物。雄麝腹部有一麝香腺囊,其内分泌物叫麝香。麝香是医药工业和香料工业的重要原料。又是珍贵的出口物资。 1973-1974年作者在青海省尖扎县能科公社的青穆措沟对马麝的生态进行了观察(郑生武、皮南林,1979),同时对麝香腺囊做了解剖研究和麝的数量调查。     

基于HPLC—MS的西藏天麻的化学成分分析与品质鉴定

目的：天麻具有许多药理作用和重要开发价值,通过探索天麻的未知化学成分和鉴定西藏天麻种群的品质,为深入研究、开发和利用西藏优良天麻种群提供科学技术支持。方法：本研究采用HLPC．MS（液质联用）技术测定西藏天麻的化学成分;采用高效液相色谱技术测定西藏6个天麻种群的生化指纹图谱,利用天麻素峰面积、数学公式和SPSS软件,计算和比较西藏6个天麻种群的平均天麻素含量和各种化学成分分离峰的总面。结果：从天麻块茎中发现了33个未报道的化学物质;西藏天麻的生化指纹图谱具有7个较大的共有特征分离峰,分别位于1．854、2．759、7．279、7．591、8．500、9．557、10．753min;根据生化指纹图谱特征可将它们分为三个主要类型;凡是带有一型生化指纹图谱的天麻个体和种群往往舍有更高的天麻素和更大的分离峰总面积。品质更优良。结论：西藏天麻种群3和种群6以一型生化指纹图谱为主,其天麻素含量最高,分离峰总面积最大,品质最优良,具有重要研究、开发和保护价值。本研究成果对于天麻的化学成分分析与鉴定、天麻种群和品质鉴定与评价以及西藏天麻的品种选优、资源保护与利用具有重要指导意义和科学价值。     

Production of Gastrodin Through Biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde Using Cell Suspension Cultures of Datura tatula L.

The conversion of exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into p-hydroxy-methyl-phenol-β-D-glucoside (gastrodin) was studied using cell suspension cultures of Datura tatula L. The chemical structure of the synthesized gastrodin was identified on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence. The procedure of conversion of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into gastrodin by D. tatula L. cell suspension cultures was established. The synthesized gastrodin (II) was isolated from the ferment liquor and identified by spectral analysis. Simultaneously, the p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (I) that was converted through biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by cell suspension cultures of D. tatula L. was also isolated and identified. The efficiency of glucosylation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was remarkably enhanced by the addition of salicylic acid (0.1 mg/L) and the maintenance of low pressure (0.001 MPa) in a 25-L airlift loop bioreactor. The biotransformation of exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to gastrodin using cell suspension cultures of D. tatula L. is a promising approach.     

Gastrodin causes vasodilation by activating KATP channels in vascular smooth muscles via PKA-dependent signaling pathway

Gastrodin, one of the major components extracted from the Chinese herb Gastrodia elata Bl., has been widely used as an anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic and hypotensive. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of gastrodin on vascular K_ATP channels. Tension experiments were used on rat mesenteric artery rings without an endothelium. Patch clamp experiments were executed to investigate the influences of gastrodin on the membrane current in mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells. Gastrodin induced vasorelaxation in a concentration dependent manner when rat mesenteric artery rings were pre-contracted with Phenylephrine. The vasorelaxation effect was partially diminished by pre-treating with a K_ATP channel inhibitor, or a PKA inhibitor. With whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques, we found that gastrodin is a activator of K_ATP in rat mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells, and this effect was eliminate by pre-treating with H89or PKI, PKA inhibitor. In addition, when rat vascular smooth muscle cells were treated with 100?μM gastrodin for 24?h, maximum K_ATP current density increased by 28.1%. The results indicate that gastrodin exerts vasorelaxation effect through activation of PKA and subsequent opening of smooth muscle K_ATP channels.     

Gastrodin Inhibits Glutamate-Induced Apoptosis of PC12 Cells via Inhibition of CaMKII/ASK-1/p38 MAPK/p53 Signaling Cascade

Previous research demonstrated that glutamate induces neuronal injury partially by increasing intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations ([Ca²⁺]_i), and inducing oxidative stress, leading to a neurodegenerative disorder. However, the mechanism of glutamate-induced injury remains elusive. Gastrodin, a major active component of the traditional herbal agent Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume, has been recognized as a potential neuroprotective drug. In the current study, a classical injury model based on glutamate-induced cell death of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells was used to investigate the neuroprotective effect of gastrodin, and its potential mechanisms involved. In this paper, the presence of gastrodin inhibits glutamate-induced oxidative stress as measured by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); gastrodin also prevents glutamate-induced [Ca²⁺]_i influx, blocks the activation of the calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and the apoptosis signaling-regulating kinase-1 (ASK-1), inhibits phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK). Additionally, gastrodin blocked the expression of p53 phosphorylation, caspase-3 and cytochrome C, reduced bax/bcl-2 ratio induced by glutamate in PC12 cells. All these findings indicate that gastrodin protects PC12 cells from the apoptosis induced by glutamate through a new mechanism of the CaMKII/ASK-1/p38 MAPK/p53-signaling pathway.     

条叶车前和小车前的核型报道

本文报道了车前属两种车前的核型。Ｐｌａｎｔａｇｏｌｅｓｉｎｇｉ为２ｎ＝１２,核型属于“２Ａ”,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝１０ｍ＋２ｓｍ;Ｐ．ｍｉｎｕｔａ为２ｎ＝１２,核型仍属“２Ａ”型,核型公式Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝８ｍ＋２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ。染色体相对长度组成,前者２ｎ＝２Ｌ＋４Ｍ２＋４Ｍ１＋２Ｓ１,后为２ｎ＝６Ｍ２＋６Ｍ１,染色体总长分别为３０．６０、２９．８０,由１２条染色体组成,还测量了这两种车前的染色体体积。     

天麻中天麻素含量的影响因子研究

应用高压液相色谱技术,对产地、品种、以及炮制方法等因素对天麻中天麻素含量的影响进行了比较分析.结果表明,炮制对天麻药材中天麻素的含量影响最大.对不同炮制方法的比较分析结果显示,蒸制法可显著提高天麻素的含量.本文还讨论了天麻素在炮制过程中形成的可能机理.     

正颤蚓的生长发育及繁殖生物学的研究

在实验室饲养的条件下,研究了正颤蚓在15℃、20℃、25℃水温的生长发育和繁殖过程。结果表明正颤蚓从其受精卵在蚓茧内发育,孵出生长到产卵,在15℃水温需100—123d,在20℃水温需70—90d,在25℃水温需48—64d。蚓自蚓茧内孵出后的165d生长期内,其15℃、20℃、25℃水温的体重生长回归方程分别是W=6.87/［1+136.48     

The conformational behaviour of the cardiac glycoside digoxin as indicated by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics calculations.

The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of digoxin in solution in Me2SO-d6 have been assigned completely. Measurement of the 3JC,H values has enabled estimation of the torsional angles involving the bonds linking the digitoxose residues, between the inner digitoxose and the genin unit, and for the unsaturated gamma-lactone ring. These values have been supplemented by 1H-1H NOE data. In general, there is good agreement between the conformations in solution (NMR data) and the solid state (X-ray data), and that derived from theoretical modelling which shows evidence of conformational flexibility. The major difference occurs for the torsion between the genin and the innermost digitoxose residue where molecular dynamics predict the presence of two conformations, one similar to that seen by NMR and the other similar to the X-ray structure.     

浙江海岛鸟兽地理生态学的初步研究

对浙江洞头岛及舟山五岛的鸟兽调查表明,海岛动物的种数较相邻大陆为低,但种群密度却高于大陆,岛上的某些种类出现生态位扩展的现象。舟山五岛兽类的种数和岛屿面积呈正相关,其关系式为S=2.12A~(0.29),但种群密度随着岛屿面积的增大而下降。文中据此提出了保护和发展岛屿动物资源的某些措施。