应用同工酶进行沙拐枣属植物亲缘关系和分类的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术．对沙拐枣属(Calligonum L．)19个种的3种酶：过氧化物酶(PER)、酯酶(EST)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的同工酶进行了测定分析．结果表明3种酶的同工酶在19个沙拐枣种间表现出明显差异。通过对酶谱特征进行数量化分级,根据种间欧氏距离,应用类平均法(UPGMA)对l9个沙拐枣种进行系统聚类。结果表明：所有种明显聚为4组,第1组包括泡果沙拐枣(C．junceum);第2组包括心形沙拐枣(C．cordatum)、密刺沙拐枣(C．densum)、昆仑沙拐枣(C．roborowskii)、白皮沙拐枣(C．1eucotladum)、红皮沙拐枣(C．rubicundum)和奇台沙拐枣(C．klementzii);第3组包括头状沙拐枣(C．caput-medusae)、乔木状沙拐枣(C．arborescens)、艾比湖沙拐枣(C．ebi-nuricum)、三列沙拐枣(C．trifarium)、蒙古沙拐枣(C．mongolicum)和小果沙拐枣(C．pumilum);第4组包括柴达木沙拐枣(C．zaidamense)、若羌沙拐枣(C．rouqiangense)、阿拉善沙拐枣(C．alaschanicum)、河西沙拐枣(C．potaninii)、戈壁沙拐枣(C．gobicum)和甘肃沙拐枣(C．chinense)。同工酶资料聚类结果与传统的形态学分类结果相比,有一定的差异。     

The Classification and Distribution of the Genus Calligonum L. in China

The genus Calligonum L. includes a total number of 35 species in the world, of which 24 are in China. They are grouped into four sections, of which Sect. Calliphysae (Fisch. et Mey.) Borszcz. is the most primitive and Sect. Medusae Sosk. et Alexender. is the most progressive. The Calligonum L. is an ancient genus in the arid desert flora, and central Asia is the place of its origin. Some species migrated to the Middle Asia and Iran, developing into a second center there. Also, some newly occurred species of the Middle Asia emigrated eastwards to central Asia, so the genus Calligonum L. in China comprises components of both central Asia and the Middle Asia. The genus Calligonum L. is distributed in North Africa, south Europa and Asia, and China is the eastmost part of the distribution range. They grow in Nei Monggol, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. There are 12 species in the Zhuengar Basin, covering 50 percent of the total number of species in China, amd thus the genus is the most abundant there.     

Anatomical Observation of Assimilating Branches of Nine Xerophytes in Gansu

The nine xerophytes grown in Gansu, i.e. Haloxylon persicum Bge., H. ammodendron Bge., Calligonum junceum Litw., C. arborescens Litw., C. leucocladum Bge., C. mongolicum Turcz., C. caput-medusae Schrenk, Hedysarum scoparium Fisch. et Mey. and Limonium aureum Hill., all, especially Haloxylon persicum, possessed distinct structural features of xeromorphism. Generally their leaves were extremely degenerated or exist as basal leaves. Photosynthesis was carried out by the young green twigs. The epidermis of which had thickened cell walls and were overlaid with thick cuticle. Underneath the epidermis it was the hypodermis. Inner to the hypodermis, the well developed palisade layer was shown to have cells containing abundant chloroplasts. Water-storing tissues with large cells were seen central to the palisade tissue. In tran- sverse section, the ratio of the cortex width and stem diameter was greater than that of mesophytes. In contrast, the ratio of cortex width and root diameter was smaller. Crystal cells or mucilage cells probably of xeromorphic charateristics were generally present in these xerophyes.     

5种沙拐枣的水分生理特征比较

在野外和室内观测5种沙拐枣的生物生态特征及其水分生理指标。结果表明:白皮沙拐枣和新疆沙拐枣以大蒸腾,较强的持水力,保持较高的束缚水来抵抗干旱;乔木状沙拐枣则以较强持水力,最低限度的蒸腾强度抵抗干旱。综合指标分析表明:白皮沙拐枣和乔木状沙拐枣的耐旱性较强,新疆沙拐枣和红皮沙拐枣次之,小果沙拐枣的耐旱性最弱;抗风蚀能力由强至弱为:红皮沙拐枣>新疆沙拐枣>小果沙拐枣>白皮沙拐枣>乔木状沙拐枣。4h为5种沙拐枣失水的拐点,因此,在进行植苗造林中,最好在起苗后4h内栽植,以提高造林成活率。     

3种荒漠盐生植物根系及根毛形态特征的比较研究

在水培条件下,针对梭梭、囊果碱蓬和钠猪毛菜3种荒漠盐生植物,研究它们苗期在不同盐浓度条件下根系和根毛形态的差异。结果表明：一定浓度的盐分可以促进3种盐生植物生长,但较高浓度的盐抑制其生长,特别是对根系生长的抑制作用更大。在同样盐浓度下,钠猪毛菜的生长最快,生物量也最大。在盐分浓度较低时,3种盐生植物的主根长和总根长都有所增加,与对照相比,囊果碱蓬增加的幅度较大,但高浓度的盐会抑制根系总长度的增加,其中囊果碱蓬较梭梭和钠猪毛菜抑制的程度轻。盐分对3种植物的根系平均直径没有显著的影响,但有减小的趋势。在水培条件下,梭梭和囊果碱蓬的根系上、中、下部分布的较均匀,而钠猪毛菜的根系中部比上部和下部有显著的增加,盐分对每种植物的根系的分布没有显著的影响。3种植物的根毛与根系生长环境中的盐浓度没有明显相关性;3种植物之间,根毛的长度和密度有显著差异。从根系和根毛的形态特征可以推断：囊果碱蓬比梭梭和钠猪毛菜具有较强的抗旱性和耐极薄能力;梭梭的耐盐能力较其它2种植物差,囊果碱蓬的耐盐性最强。     

A Karyological Study on Fritillaria from Xinjiang

Fritillary is a precious Chinese medicinal herb. Those native to Xinjiang Northwest China, are even more distinguished from other sources for their purity and effectiveness. Fritillaria in Xinjiang comprises 8 native species and one (F. thunbergii Miq.) introduced from Zhejiang, East China. In this paper the authors describe the karyotypes of 6 species native to Xinjiang and F. thunbergii Miq., of which five, i.e.F. olgae Vved., F. walujewii Regel, F. yuminensis X. Z. Duan, F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker and F. thunbergii Miq. were studied for the first time. Detail observation and measurment of chromosomes in each of them were made. The data obtained may be summarized as follows: scietific name karyotype formula (2n=) F. pallidiflora Schrenk 2m + 2sm + 6st + 14t F. olgae Vved. 4m + 6st + 14t F. walujewii Regel 2m + 2sm + 8st+ 12t F. yuminensis X. Z. Duan 4m + 8st + 12t F. verticillata Willd 4m + 8st + 12t F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker 4m + 4sm + 4st + 12t F. thunbergii Miq. 2m + 2sm + 4st + 16t The karyotype of the native species are, on the whole, similar to each other except that of F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker, a species inhabiting desert areas. The number of m-sm chromosomes has increased from 2 to 4 and the number of st-t chromosomes decreased correspondently. So is the karyotype of F. thunbergii Miq. which is noted for its high ratio of long chromosome/short chromosome and the more t-chromosomes. These two peculiar karyotypes coincide amazingly with their specific natural habitats.     

四种荒漠植物保色浸渍标本实验研究

利用浸制标本能较长时间地保持原植物的形态、色泽、质地。以CuSO₄溶液浓度的不同梯度,选用L₉(3⁴)表进行4种荒漠植物保色浸渍标本正交试验研究,结果表明梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bge.）在15%CuSO₄、沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.）在10%CuSO₄溶液、中麻黄（Ephedra intermedia Schrenk）在5%CuSO₄溶液、多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.）在5%CuSO₄溶液中浸渍效果最佳,推导出的最优配方与试验结果有很好的拟合性,有一定的实验价值。     

新疆猪毛菜属4种植物核型分析及进化研究

采用常规压片法,对钠猪毛菜、准噶尔猪毛菜、小药猪毛菜和薄翅猪毛菜等4种新疆猪毛菜属植物的染色体核型进行了分析,并对已报道的12种新疆猪毛菜属植物核型进行了比较.结果表明:(1)钠猪毛菜体细胞染色体数2n=2x=18=12m+6sm,准噶尔猪毛菜、小药猪毛菜体细胞染色体数为2n=2x=18=18m,该3种均属于1A型;薄翅猪毛菜体细胞染色体数为2n=2x=54=50m+2sm+2st,属2A型;(2)12种新疆猪毛菜属植物核型比较结果证明,猪毛菜属植物的染色体基数为9,钠猪毛菜、准噶尔猪毛菜和小药猪毛菜均为二倍体,薄翅猪毛菜为六倍体,钠猪毛菜和准噶尔猪毛菜具有随体.准噶尔猪毛菜、小药猪毛菜、薄翅猪毛菜属植物的核型均属于首次报道.     

中国蛇床属植物研究

经研究整理,我国蛇床属(Cnidium Cuss.)植物有4种,2变种:蛇床(C.monnieri(L.)Cuss.),碱蛇床(C.salinum Turcz.),兴安蛇床(C.dahuricum(Jacq.)Turcz.ex Fisch.et Mey.),滨蛇床(C.japonicum Miq.),台湾蛇床(C.monnieri var.formosana(Yabe)Kitag.)和根茎碱蛇床(C.salinum var.rhizomaticum Ma),对原属蛇床属的两个种做了名称新组合:辛家山亮蛇床(Selinum sinchianum(Fu)Yuan et Li),无油管亮蛇床(Selinum nullivittatum(Fu)Yuan et Li)。对上述种类进行了分类研究、果实显微及扫描电镜观察和花粉粒扫描电镜观察。     

The Larvae of Three Species of Jewel Beetles of the Subgenus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysoblemma</Emphasis> Jakovlev, 1889, Genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphenoptera</Emphasis> Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera,Buprestidae), from Turkmenistan

The larvae of three species of jewel beetles of the subgenus Chrysoblemma Jakovlev of the genus Sphenoptera Dejean are described: Sphenoptera (Ch.) tamarisci beckeri Dohrn reared from Horaninovia ulicina Fisch. et Mey., Atriplex tatarica L. and Salsola arbuscula Pall.; Sphenoptera (Ch.) tomentosa Jakovlev from Salsola arbuscula; Sphenoptera (Ch.) amplicollis Jakovlev from Salsola orientalis S.G. Gmel. and Halothamnus glaucus (Bieb.) Botsch. Differential diagnoses to distinguish them from the previously described sphenopterine larvae are given.     

新疆植物区系新资料

报道了采自新疆阿尔泰山地区的1个中国新记录属假糖芥属Rhammatophyllum O. E. Schulz, 6个中国新记录种--渐尖岩蕨Woodsia acuminata (Fomin) Sipl.、短命繁缕Stellaria alsinoides Boiss. &; Buhse、假糖芥Rh. erysimoides (Kar. &; Kir.) Al-Shehbaz &; O. Appel、克氏鹤虱Lappula krylovii Ovczinnikova, A. I. Pjak &; A. L. Ebel、肝色柳穿鱼Linaria hepatica Bunge和佐氏新缬草Valerianella szovitsiana Fisch. &; Mey.。     

古尔班通古特沙漠四种草本植物不同生长期C、N、P化学计量比的动态变化分析

以古尔班通古特沙漠地区广泛分布的4种荒漠草本植物沙蓬（Agriophyllum squarrosum（L.） Moq.）、雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla（Fisch.et Mey.） O.Kuntze）、角果藜（Ceratocarpus arenarius L.）和碱蓬（Suaeda glauca（Bge.） Bge.）为对象,对他们在不同生长期的C、N、P含量及计量比的动态变化进行研究。结果显示：4种植物的C、N、P含量以及C：N、C：P、N：P在整个生长期的变化趋势不同,不同生长期各个指标的变异系数在物种间存在明显差异;4种植物的C、N、P含量及计量比的季节性变异分析结果表明,N、P含量及C：N、N：P的季节性变异幅度较大,相反,C含量和C：P的变异幅度较小;4种植物C含量和C：P由季节变化所引起的变异系数范围分别为2.43%~15.80%和6.77%~18.67%,而N、P含量和C：N、N：P的变异系数范围分别为21.26%~34.38%、11.18%~30.26%、18.52%~27.11%、14.90%~25.91%;整个生长季内,4种植物C、N、P含量及计量比的变异系数依次为：N（30.00%） > C：N（22.87%） > N：P （20.12%） > P（17.76%） > C：P（11.72%） > C（9.02%）。研究结果表明4种植物在不同生长周期的C、N、P含量及计量比的变化规律与他们的生长周期和植物种类存在显著相关性。     

Intra-annual radial growth of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey) and its response to climate on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains

Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.) is widely distributed in the Tianshan Mountains. In this study, four Schrenk spruce trees were continuously monitored with dendrometers from 27 April to 30 September 2014 on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China. The goal of this monitoring study was to determine the main growing season of Schrenk spruce and to analyze intra-annual radial growth variability and its relation to daily meteorological factors. Our studies have shown that the critical growing season of Schrenk spruce is from late May to late July and that the rapid growth stage is from mid-June to early July. Meanwhile, in the growing season, changes in the radial growth of Schrenk spruce were negatively correlated with daily temperature, evaporation, sunshine hours and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and were positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity (RH). The correlation coefficient between radial growth and RH can be as high as 0.750 (Pearson, p < 0.0001, n = 60). Dates in which precipitation occurred corresponded to periods of rapid growth. The results of the climate-growth analysis show that changes in radial growth reflect the effect of water stress on tree growth, whether or not the changes are positively or negatively correlated with the above climatic factors. This indicates that moisture plays a major role in the growth of Schrenk spruce. We suggest that precipitation between late May to late June is a limiting factor for radial growth of Schrenk spruce on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains.     

新疆独尾草属植物的核型分析

对新疆独尾草属（Eremurus）植物的核型进行了研究。核型公式如下：阿尔泰独尾草[E.altaicus（Pall.）Stev.]2n=2x=14=4m＋8sm＋2st;异翅独尾草[E.anisopterus（Kar.et Kit）Regel]2n=4x=28=4m＋4sm＋20st;粗柄独尾草[E.inderiensis （M.Bieb）Regel]2n=2x=14=10sm＋4st,首次发现古尔班通古特沙漠南缘所产的异翅独尾草2n=4x=28,与前人报道其为二倍体2n=2x=14的结果不一致。     

Karyotypical Study of Chinese Species of the Genus Glycyrrhiza

Seven species of Glycyrrhiza in China are karyologically analyzed in this paper. The results are as follows: G. uralensis Fisch. 2n=16=6m+10sm; G. eurycarpa P.C. Li 2n=16=8m+6sm+2st; G. glabra L. 2n=16=14m+2sm; G. inflata Bat. 2n=16=6m+10 sm; G. aspera Pall. 2n=16=12m+4sm; G. yunnanensis Cheng f. et L. K. Tai ex P. C. Li 2n =16=12m+4sm; G. pallidiflora Maxim. 2n=16=12m+4sm. From this work and the previous reports, it is presumed that the basic chromosome number of Glycyrrhiza is x=8. Based on the characters of karyotype so far realed, the authors consider that the genus Glycyrrhiza is a relatively primitive group in Leguminosae and G. pallidiflora is the most primitive one among the species dealt with in this paper, and G. eurycar-pa is the most advanced one.     

沙漠-绿洲过渡带四种多年生植物水分关系特征

沙漠一绿洲过渡带地区植被的可持续性在防止绿洲沙漠化的过程中非常重要。对过渡带主要植物种骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Lebed．)、胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv．)和头状沙拐枣(Calligonum caputmedusae Schrenk．)水分关系的研究表明：4种植物的水分恢复状况良好,清晨水势一直较高,水分亏缺并不严重。渗透势和正午水势的降低幅度不大,变化比较平稳,更像是一种生长过程中的结果．植物的水分胁迫状况并不明显。4种植物的水势和渗透势都高于典型的荒漠植物,属于中生植物的范围。水分参数的变化显示在同样的环境节律下,四种植物在水分生理的变化特征上有一致性。一直很高的RWCp值表明植物不能适应剧烈的水分损失和较低的水分含量,植物需要稳定充足的水分供应来适应塔克拉玛干极端气候条件下的生长环境。植物对环境胁迫也有各自不同的生理适应特点,胡杨的△Ⅱ值大,能忍受较多的水分损失维持气孔的开放;骆驼刺的ψp值最高,水分亏缺的平衡与恢复效果明显;C4植物头状沙拐枣能维持较高的水势和渗透势,而盐土植物多枝柽柳能忍受水势的很大降低。夏季一次性灌溉对骆驼刺、多枝柽柳和胡杨水分状况的改善基本没有影响,对头状沙拐枣有一定的帮助。植物群落和地下水关系密切,过渡带地区地下水位稳定在植物可接触的范围内是保证植物长期存活的关键。4种植物对干旱胁迫的适应为躲避型。     

7种绢蒿属植物染色体数目和核型研究

首次报道了中国绢蒿属[Seriphidium (Bess.) Poljak.]7种植物的染色体数目和核型,其核型公式分别为:西北绢蒿[S.nitrosum (Web.ex Stechm.) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=6m(2SAT)+8sm +2st+2T;沙漠绢蒿[S.santolinum (Schrenk) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=14m+4sm;博洛塔绢蒿[S.borotalense (Poljak.) Ling et Y.R.Ling]2n=2x=18=2M+14m+2sm;新疆绢蒿[S.kaschgaricum (Krasch.) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=8m(2SAT)+10sm(2SAT);纤细绢蒿[S.gracilescens (Krasch.et Iljin) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=4m+14sm(2SAT);三裂叶绢蒿[S.junceum (Kar.et Kir.) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=10m+4sm+4st;民勤绢蒿[S.minchünensa Y.R.Ling]2n=2x=18=12m+6sm.结果表明,7种绢蒿植物中,博洛塔绢蒿最原始,西北绢蒿最进化.     

Water-use strategy of three central Asian desert shrubs and their responses to rain pulse events

Plant water-use strategy is considered to be a function of the complex interactions between species of different functional types and the prevailing environmental conditions. The functional type of a plant’s root system is fundamental in determining the water-use strategy of desert shrubs and the physiological responses of the plant to an occasional rainfall event, or rain pulse. In this current study of Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Fl.Alt., Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., three dominant shrub species in the Gurbantonggut Desert (Central Asia), plant root systems were excavated in their native habitat to investigate their functional types and water-use strategies. We monitored leaf water potential, photosynthesis and transpiration rate during a 39-day interval between successive precipitation events during which time the upper soil water changed markedly. Plant apparent hydraulic conductance and water-use efficiency were calculated for the varying soil water conditions. Our results show that: 1) The three species of shrub belong to two functional groups: phreatophyte and non-phreatophyte; 2) The photosynthetic capacity and leaf-specific apparent hydraulic conductance of the three species was stable during the time that the water condition in the upper soil changed; 3) Transpiration, leaf water potential and water-use efficiency in Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Fl.Alt. were stable during the period of observation, but varied significantly for the other two species. Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Fl.Alt., as a phreatophyte, relies mostly on groundwater for survival; its physiological activity is not inhibited in any way by the deficiency in upper soil water. Non-phreatophyte Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. use precipitation-derived upper soil water for survival, and thus respond clearly to rain pulse events in terms of leaf water potential and transpiration. The observed similarity in leaf-specific photosynthesis capacity among all three species indicates that the two non-phreatophyte species are able to maintain normal photosynthesis within a wide range of plant water status. The observed stability in leaf-specific apparent hydraulic conductance indicates that the two non-phreatophyte species are able to maintain sufficient water supply to their foliage via, mostly likely, effective morphological adjustment at the scale of the individual plant.Section editor: H. Lambers     

Evaluation of seed and leaf epidermis characters in the taxonomy of some annual species of the genus Papaver (Papaveraceae)

To get a better understanding of their taxonomic importance, we examined morphological, leaf epidermal and seed micromorphological characters of 19 taxa of annual Papaver L. belonging to the sections Papaver, Carinatae Fedde and Rhoeadium Spach. Among the studied taxa, the pattern of the coat of the seed testa cells and seed epidermal cell showed large variation. The granulate type of testa sculpturing was most common, but other types were represented by one or two species. In contrast, most of the taxa have broadly similar leaf epidermal characteristics. We conclude that variation in seed characters are significant for the taxonomy at the specific and generic levels, whereas leaf epidermis morphology, with few exceptions, is mostly only useful for separation of taxa within species. Based on the results, P. lacerum Popov is regarded as a synonym of P. commutatum Fisch. & C. A. Mey, while P. piptostigma Bienert ex Fedde, P. halophilum (Fedde) Cullen and P. tubuliferum Fedde are regarded as synonyms of P. macrostomum Boiss. et Huet ex Boiss. var. macrostomum. Further, Papaver gaubae Cullen & Rech. f. and P. bipinnatum C. A. Mey. are included into the synonymy list of P. glaucum Boiss. et Hausskn. and P. arenarium M.‐Bieb., respectively. In contrast, Papaver chelidoniifolium Fisch. & C. A. Mey. var. pinnatum Tavakkoli & Assadi from Gilan province is described as a new variety, and P. rhoeas L. var. strigosum Boenn. and var. glabrum Fedde and P. commutatum subsp. euxinum Kadereit are introduced as new records to Iran. The evolutionary and phylogenetic implications of the observed variation in seed characteristics are also discussed.