Studies on the Fine Structure of the Scutellum of the Oat Seed During Germination

Structural changes in the seutellar parenchyma and epithelial cells of oats during the first 3 days of germination were followed by electron microscopy. The seutellar parenchyma cells contain more protein bodies than the epithelial cells, otherwise the general fine structures of the two types of cells arc quite similar: When the seed starts to germinate the protein bodies change into vacuoles and the proteins inside the protein bodies gradually disappear. Spherosomes are in abundance ill the seutcllar cells of the dry seed. Few disappeared during germination. Other cellular organelles, such as the mitochondria, endoplasmie reticulum, plastids, Golgi apparatus and glyoxysomes are scarcely seen in the seutellar cells of the dry seed. They become more obvious and easily recognizable after germination. In the dry seed, the walls of the epithelial cell that abut the endospernl show a two layered structure, consisted of an inner and outer layer. The outer layer becomes hydrolysed during seed germination, but the inner layer remains intact. The scutetlar epithelial cells are known for their ability to secret enzymes ute and absorb nutrients from the endosperm. But in the fine structural studies we have not been able to locate any specific strurcture that could be related to their known functions of enzyme secretion and nutrient absorption.     

Biochemical and Histochemical Localization of Invertase in Neurospora crassa During Conidial Germination and Hyphal Growth

The intracellular localization of Neurospora invertase, an enzyme partially secreted and partially retained by Neurospora at the cell periphery, was investigated. A cell wall fraction was isolated, to which 24% of the cell-bound invertase was firmly attached. A sensitive osmiophilic stain for invertase was developed and used in conjunction with the technique of indirect immunofluorescence to follow the pattern of invertase localization during the development of Neurospora from the germination of conidia to the mature hypha. These studies revealed that: (i) conidial invertase was uniformly distributed along the cell periphery; (ii) growing hyphal tips of germinating conidia showed pronounced invertase activity as the rest of the conidial cell wall lost its peripheral activity; (iii) hyphae in early log-phase growth had strong enzyme activity associated with the cell wall, and in late log phase the activity became associated with the plasma membrane and points where new hyphal branches were being formed; and (iv) hyphae in early stationary phase had strong fluorescence at incipient branching points, in "dots" close to the plasma membrane, and in the cytoplasm.     

燕麦发芽过程中三大营养素的变化

为了丰富燕麦相关产品、充分利用中国现有稀缺的燕麦资源以及最大限度的挖掘裸燕麦的可利用性,对来自陕西的一个裸燕麦品种进行发芽六天的试验,并分析燕麦籽粒在发芽过程中三大营养素和β-葡聚糖含量的变化得出以下结果:在裸燕麦发芽过程中总氮含量和脂肪含量变化不明显,分别下降了0.2%和0.1%,发芽六天后淀粉含量从原种子的63.04%降至52.8%。但是游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和还原糖含量则增加很明显,β-葡聚糖含量相对于原燕麦种子本身含量来说在发芽过后下降幅度也较大,下降了约3%。这一结果说明燕麦发芽后其营养价值增加,但是基于β-葡聚糖功能特性的利用会有所降低。     

Light Penetration and Light-induced Seed Germination in Soil

Light penetration through a Drummer silty clay loam and a Broomfield sand was measured spectrophotometrically and biologically. The spectrophotometric measurements showed that less than 1% of the incident light penetrated 2.2 millimeters at any wavelength between 350 and 780 nanometers for ped sizes up to 1 millimeter. Biological measurements with light-sensitive lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds in soil showed that an exposure to light equivalent to about 1 sunny day induced some germination of seeds which were 2 millimeters below the surface, but did not affect seeds 6 millimeters below the surface.     

花生种子萌发早期胚轴DNA合成与种子活力的关系

随着花生种子萌发率和活力指数的下降,胚轴DNA开始合成的时间推迟,其合成水平也降低。但DNA合成都是先于吸胀的12h(高活力胚)或18h(低活力胚)出现一个峰,然后再持续上升。腐胺预处理明显地促进老化胚轴萌发早期(12～2dh)的DNA合成。钙离子预处理则有一定抑制作用,但两种预处理均能提高种子的活力指数,并能促进吸胀30h以后的DNA合成。     

山羊精子发生不同阶段的显微与超微结构观察

应用光镜和透射电镜技术研究山羊精子发生不同阶段各级生精细胞显微、超微结构及山羊精子分化成熟过程。结果表明：山羊精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞及变态精子阶段发育成成熟的精子。精原细胞期核呈椭圆形,染色质凝集成团分布于核质中,线粒体开始出现;精母细胞期有高尔基体分布;精子细胞经过核质浓缩、线粒体迁移等过程发育成成熟精子,成熟的山羊精子头部细长,核质高度浓缩,中段膨大,线粒体丰富。线粒体、中心粒对精子变态发生起重要作用,同时观察到头部与中段脱落的畸形精子。     

Growth Retardants and the Germination of Light Sensitive Lettuce Seed

The effect of the dwarfing compounds chlormequat, B995, and Phosphon D on the germination of lettuce seed in darkness was found to be a depression which could be overcome in part by red light, GA, and kinetin. There was a marked statistical interaction between the growth retardants and all the mitigating treatments except B995 and GA, and light, at 30°C and GA and Phosphon D at 20°C and this implies a biological interaction at the site of action of the growth retardant. It is suggested that the action of the compounds considered is in the establishment of an ordered system since it is unlikely that there would be a common binding site for kinetin and GA.     

北方山溪鲵精子发生不同阶段的显微与超微结构

用光镜和电镜观察了北方山溪鲵(Batrachuperus tibetanus)精子发生过程中各种类型生精细胞的显微与超微结构变化。结果显示,北方山溪鲵在4~8月时处于精子发生期,精子形成在7~8月。成熟精子的结构具有小鲵科精子的一些共同特征,如顶体前端呈三叶草状,尾部由轴纤维、波动膜、轴丝及轴丝旁纤维构成,轴纤维粗大呈圆柱形,尾部无线粒体等。比较分析认为,在两栖类的系统发育中,轴纤维、波动膜和轴丝旁纤维的消失为近裔性状。     

光温对3种醉鱼草属植物种子萌发的影响

密蒙花、七里香和大序醉鱼草3种醉鱼草的种子细小,千粒重仅12～58 mg,但形态有差异,可以进行种类区分.种子充分吸水后,在20～25℃条件下于5～10 d内就能迅速萌发,15 d时发芽率达到75%以上.光照强度21.6～32.4μmol·m-2·s-1和光照时间12～16 h·d-1均可显著提高七里香种子的发芽率,但光照抑制密蒙花种子萌发,而对大序醉鱼草种子萌发没有明显影响.种子苗移栽后3～5 d,真叶转绿,90%的幼苗可形成健壮植株.     

土壤水分亏缺对水蔗草兼性无融合生殖的影响

无融合生殖是植物界中普遍存在的一种不经过精卵结合而产生种子的特殊生殖方式.水蔗草是禾本科水蔗草属的一种多年生草本植物,我国西南、华南等地均有分布,是广东、云南、海南等稀树草原常见的伴生植物.常生于海拔2 000 m以下的田边、水旁湿地及山坡草丛中.营养期草质柔嫩,可作饲料;根可治疗毒蛇咬伤.我们曾报道过水蔗草进行兼性无融合生殖,胚囊发育分为有性生殖的蓼型和无孢子生殖的大黍型两种类型     

光照和温度对毛茛铁线莲种子萌发的影响

采集毛茛铁线莲(Clematis ranunculoides)野生植株种子,观察其外观形态,检测种子千粒重,研究光照和温度对种子萌发的影响。通过室内发芽试验,测定不同光照和温度条件下毛茛铁线莲种子发芽率和发芽势。结果表明,毛茛铁线莲种子的千粒重为(1.6624±0.0006)g;种子萌发最适温度为20～25℃,在此温度下,8 d开始萌发,3～4周萌发完全,萌发率达90.33%,温度升高或降低都会导致毛茛铁线莲种子萌发率降低;光照和黑暗对毛茛铁线莲种子萌发无显著影响。     

光照和温度对大百合种子萌发的影响

研究了不同光照和温度条件对大百合种子萌发的影响。结果表明:光照对大百合种子的萌发有明显促进作用,可提高种子萌发率。种子萌发率以24 h光照20℃恒温最佳。避光条件下温度对大百合种子萌发有影响,其种子萌发最适温度为20℃,11 d开始萌动,3周左右萌发完全,随着温度的升高或降低其种子萌发率下降。萌发前经不同预处理的大百合种子的萌发率不同。同一果实内中部种子萌发最好,上部种子次之,下部种子最差,上、中、下三部分种子萌发率与其千粒重呈正相关。     

光温对皱叶醉鱼草种子萌发的影响

皱叶醉鱼草种子细小,千粒重仅0.023g。在湿度20-25℃下第15d,其发芽率达88%以上,在皱叶醉鱼草发芽适温20℃下,1200-3000lx的人工光照和每日光照12-16h促进种子发芽提前2-3d,在抑制皱叶醉鱼草种子发芽的30℃高温下,人工光照长短和不同光照度对皱叶醉鱼草种子发芽有明显的促进。     

光信号与激素调控种子休眠和萌发研究进展

休眠是种子植物在长期进化过程中产生的适应性性状, 通过抑制种子在不适宜的环境中萌发进而保证植物能够在逆境中生存。此外, 休眠有助于种子的长距离运输和扩散, 因此休眠对种子延续和物种保存具有重要意义。种子由休眠向萌发的发育转变不仅关系到物种的繁衍, 而且对保证农业生产中作物的产量和品质也具有重要作用。种子的休眠和萌发受到内源激素和外源光信号的共同调控。其中, 外源光信号主要通过调控内源ABA和GA的生物合成及信号转导进而调控种子休眠和萌发。该文系统综述了外源光信号和内源激素调控种子休眠和萌发的作用通路以及两类信号通路之间的交互作用, 旨在为农业生产中利用光和激素调控种子休眠与萌发提供参考。     

光信号与激素调控种子休眠和萌发研究进展

休眠是种子植物在长期进化过程中产生的适应性性状, 通过抑制种子在不适宜的环境中萌发进而保证植物能够在逆境中生存。此外, 休眠有助于种子的长距离运输和扩散, 因此休眠对种子延续和物种保存具有重要意义。种子由休眠向萌发的发育转变不仅关系到物种的繁衍, 而且对保证农业生产中作物的产量和品质也具有重要作用。种子的休眠和萌发受到内源激素和外源光信号的共同调控。其中, 外源光信号主要通过调控内源ABA和GA的生物合成及信号转导进而调控种子休眠和萌发。该文系统综述了外源光信号和内源激素调控种子休眠和萌发的作用通路以及两类信号通路之间的交互作用, 旨在为农业生产中利用光和激素调控种子休眠与萌发提供参考。     

脱落酸调控种子休眠和萌发的分子机制

脱落酸(ABA)是调控种子休眠和萌发过程的主要植物激素。种子内源ABA含量和种胚对ABA敏感性共同调控种子休眠和萌发过程, 确保植物种子以休眠状态在逆境中保持其自身繁衍能力, 并在适宜的环境下启动萌发程序。种子ABA合成代谢和ABA信号转导途径涉及许多重要基因家族, 它们通过复杂的调控网络精确地控制着种胚发生、种子成熟、休眠及萌发进程。该文对ABA调控种子休眠和萌发的分子机制最新研究进展进行综述, 并展望了今后的研究方向。     

Localization of a Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein by Immunoelectron Microscopy During and After Host Cell Penetration

ABSTRACT We immunolocalized a Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein (ROP1) before and after parasite host cell invasion of human fibroblasts and TG180 murine sarcoma cells by electron microscopy and immunogold labeling using either a monoclonal antibody (Tg49) or a monospecific rabbit antiserum (α249). At all stages of parasite growth ROP1 was found within the body but rarely within the peduncle of rhoptries, even in those that appeared empty. Immediately after host cell invasion ROP1 was associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Within hours after invasion the amount of ROP1 immunodetectable on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane was markedly decreased. The localization of ROP1 suggests a role in the early establishment of infection in host cells, consistent with previous work that has indicated that monoclonal antibodies to ROP1 (including the one used in these studies) interfere with the phenomenon of penetration enhancement.