On the nomenclature of Chinese drug “Cangzhu”

This paper is the documentation of specimens and literature reffered to Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. etc. As a result, it is found that, in taxonomy of the genus Atractylodes, what represcents by four long-established names, i. e. Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., A. ovata (Thunb.) DC., A. chinensis (Bunge) Koidz. and A. lyrata Sieb. et Zucc., in fact, is the one and same species. According to the law of priority in nomenclature, the first name should be given to Chinese drug “Cangzhu”, while theother three names have to be treated as its synonyms.     

不同产地苍术药材化学成分的比较

江苏、安徽及湖北５个产地苍术（Ａｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｌａｎｃｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）ＤＣ．）商品药材的化学分析结果表明：它们在某些药材性状、一些常规化学成分、挥发油成分和含量上存在显著差异。江苏茅苍术根茎挥发油的化学成分复杂,由此探讨了它作为地道药材的特殊性。同时对苍术的“断面暴露稍久可析出结晶”的性状和《药典》（１９９０年版）规定的“层析谱上应显有苍术素斑点”的鉴别实验进行讨论。     

5种苍术属药用植物的trnL-F序列测定及种间遗传关系分析

采用PCR技术对5种苍术属(Atractylodes DC.)药用植物的trnL-F序列进行测定及比较分析。结果表明,扩增获得的序列长886~902 bp,经排序并两端切平后,序列长816 bp,G C含量为34.4%;当空位始终做缺失处理时,产物有5个变异位点。利用trnL-F序列可准确鉴别出朝鲜苍术〔A.koreana(Nakai)Kitam.〕、北苍术〔A. chinensis(DC.)Koidz.〕和白术(A.macrocephalaKoidz.);而茅苍术〔A.lancea(Thunb.)DC.〕与关苍术(A.japonicaKoidz.ex Kitam.)的trnL-F序列则完全一致,相互之间无法区分。采用邻接法和UPGMA法得到的5种苍术属药用植物的分子系统树有一定的差异,表明这5种苍术属药用植物的物种分化不完全,序列进化不一致。     

城口产“平术”的品种鉴别

目的:城口产"平术"具有悠久的历史,一直以来作为白术的一个品种在当地收购流通使用,但从其植物形态和长期临床应用发现其更接近苍术,故对其品种进行鉴别,以便更加合理指导用药。方法:通过产地追踪调查、标本对照、显微观察、薄层色谱等方法对其品种进行鉴别。结果:平术在原植物植物形态和显微特征与白术差异较大,且与苍术接近,同时含苍术素。结论:城口产"平术"为苍术Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.     

Impacts of domestication on population genetics of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb,Atractylodes macrocephala (Asteraceae)

As a medicinal herb, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. experienced centuries of cultivation in China, and germplasm resources of all cultivated populations have degraded over time as a consequence of domestication processes. This study used chloroplast DNA and microsatellites to clarify not only the effects of domestication on population genetics, but also determine the geographic origins of landraces. The results revealed that cultivated populations (except the “Pingzhu” landrace) showed higher genetic diversity than their wild counterparts and low levels of genetic differentiation occurred between cultivated and wild groups. Furthermore, STRUCTURE and UPGMA analyses grouped all wild populations into three genotypic clusters, two of which (in Shaanxi and Hunan Province) shared the same gene pool with cultivated A. macrocephala, suggesting that wild populations in Central China have been involved in the origin of cultivated A. macrocephala. Moreover, the wild population from Qimen, Anhui Province and the cultivated “Pingzhu” landrace harbor unique gene pools and rare alleles that could be useful in future breeding efforts. This large‐scale analysis of population genetics on a medicinal herb that has a centuries‐long history of human‐mediated selection will facilitate utilization and conservation of the valuable genetic resources of medicinal species.     

水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响

通过控制茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea（Thunb．）DC．]不同生长期的土壤含水量,研究了轻度和重度干旱胁迫与涝渍胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响。结果表明,在不同生长期,茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油成分含量对不同土壤水分条件的反应不同,其中生殖生长期对水分胁迫较敏感,干旱和涝渍胁迫均会导致根茎生长量和挥发油含量下降。水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长量和挥发油含量的影响效应是一致的,导致根茎生长量显著下降的水分条件可使挥发油含量下降,对根茎生长量影响不显著的水分条件则有利于挥发油成分的积累。在果后期进行适当的涝渍胁迫（土壤含水量35．5％～38．5％）有利于茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油含量的提高。     

安徽白术资源调查

目的：了解安徽省内白术资源情况。方法：实地调查。结果：安徽省内有野生白术品种“舒州术”、“歙州术”和“祁术”,但都濒临灭绝;皖南山区和亳州地区有栽培白术并作为药材商品供应市场。结论：野生白术资源濒危,殛待保护;皖南栽培白术产量少,分散;亳州栽培白术面积大,产量高。发展白术栽培,有利于地方经济的发展。     

Species Differentiation and Quality Evaluation for Atractylodes Medicinal Plants by GC/MS Coupled with Chemometric Analysis

The utilization of rhizomes from the genus Atractylodes has been challenging due to their closely related origins. In this study, we developed an analytical strategy to differentiate Atractylodes lancea (A. lancea), Atractylodes chinensis (A. chinensis), Atractylodes japonica (A. japonica), and Atractylodes macrocephala (A. macrocephala), and compared their volatile compositions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyze the volatile profiles of essential oils extracted from 59 batches of samples. Chemometric methods enabled a better understanding of the differences in volatile oils between the four species and identified significant components affecting their classification and quality. A total of 50 volatile components were identified from the essential oils by GC/MS. Unsupervised and supervised chemometric analyses accurately distinguished A. lancea, A. chinensis, A. japonica, and A. macrocephala. Furthermore, five characteristic chemical markers, namely hinesol, β-eudesmol, atractylon, atractylodin and atractylenolide I, were obtained, and their respective percentage contents in individual species and samples were determined. This study provides a valuable reference for the quality evaluation of medicinal plants with essential oils and holds significance for species differentiation and the rational clinical application of Atractylodes herbs.     

Influence of a plant biostimulant on the uptake,distribution and speciation of Se in Se-enriched wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pinzón)

Plant and Soil - Plant volatiles serve as airborne semiochemicals, bridging the interactions between the plant and environment. Intercropping of a Chinese medicinal herb, Atractylodes lancea, with...     

The Comparison of the Chemical Composition from Natural Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz and Its Tissue Culture

The essential oils of the rhizomes from natural A. macrocephala and its tissus culture have been extracted. The chemical components of these essential oils have been determined and compared by TLC and GC-MSD. Their chemical components are identical and thirteen components have been identified as β-humulene, ρ-elemol, α-humulene, α-curcumene, 3β-ace-toxyatractylon and isobutenolide, A, selina-4(14)-7(ll) diene-8-one, atractylon, anhydrobutenolide, palmitic acid, butenolid A, eudesmol and hydroxybutenolide. Six compounds are first reported containing in A. macrocephala.     

东北产苍术属植物的细胞学研究

报导了中国东北产三种苍术属植物的核型资料,核型公式分别为;北苍术「Ａｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（ＤＣ．）Ｋｏｉｄｚ．」Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝１２ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ（４ＳＡＴ）,关苍术「Ａ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ Ｋｏｉｄｚ．」（２ｎ）＝２４＝１４ｍ＋１０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）朝鲜苍术「Ａ．ｋｏｒｅａｎａ（Ｎａｋａｉ）Ｋｉｔａｍ．」Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝１０ｍ＋１４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,三者核型对称性均为２Ｂ     

茅山地区南苍术的特异性分子标记研究

以中国野生南苍术〔Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.〕全部分布区9个居群(包括江苏句容的茅山居群、射乌山居群和小九华山居群,安徽金寨的燕子河居群和天堂寨居群,河南嵩县的五马寺居群和纸坊居群,湖北的保康后坪居群和红安七里坪居群)为研究对象,进行rbcL、matK、psbA-trnH、ITS和nadF片段序列比对及SRAP指纹图谱比较来筛选江苏句容茅山居群南苍术的特异性分子标记.结果表明:通过5个DNA片段的序列比对,江苏句容茅山居群南苍术在nadF片段的第581位点处碱基为T,其余8个居群为A,可以将江苏句容茅山居群与其余8个居群区分开.利用SRAP随机引物筛选出1条江苏句容茅山居群南苍术特有的长度为323 bp的条带,根据该条带序列设计1对SCAR引物,正向引物序列为5′-ATCTTTGCTATTAACTATTAAGCTATTCTTCGCTATTCA-3′,反向引物序列为5′-CGATGTTGAAATTGCTGTCTCTGCTTTCTATTC-3′,该引物可在江苏句容茅山居群所有南苍术单株中扩增得到长度为268 bp的特异性条带,而在其他居群中均不能扩增出该条带.本研究筛选出的2种特异性标记可以为鉴定南苍术的道地性提供可靠的技术支持.     

苍术（Atractybeslancea（Thunb．）DC．）种内遗传多样性分析

分析了苍术（Ａｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｌａｎｄｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）ＤＣ．）５种等位酶（ＭＤＨ,ＧＤＨ,ＰＰＯ,ＳＯＤ,ＰＥＲ）１２个位点上２５个等位基因的分化特征。结果表明：群体内多态位点比例平均为０．６１,每个位点的平均杂合率为０．２６,每个位点发现的平均等位基因数为１．７８。苍术种内基因多样性的８６％产生在群体内,群体间分化的明显效果为１４％。所有配对组合,群体间的平均遗传距离是０．１１,遗传同一性是０．９０。说明苍术种内变异很大。同时探讨茅苍术的分类位置,认为茅苍术不是苍术和白术的杂交种。     

Sesquiterpenoids from Atractylodes macrocephala act as farnesoid X receptor and progesterone receptor modulators

Two sesquiterpenoids, atractylenolide II and III, were isolated and identified from Atractylodes macrocephala (Asteraceae) to be subsequently evaluated for their activity against farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and progesterone receptor (PR) by transient transfection reporter assays. These sesquiterpenoids did not exert significant agonistic effect but antagonized the activity of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), an endogenous FXR agonist, for FXR driven SHP promoter transactivation. Additionally, they transactivated CYP7A1 gene promoter activity by antagonizing FXR. Apart from acting as a FXR antagonist, atractylenolide III also showed agonistic activity against PR. All these results demonstrated that atractylenolide II and III are the active components of Atractylodes macrocephala to exert specific pharmacologic effects.     

Materials for Chinese Ainsliaea (Compositae)

The genus, Ainsliaea DC. from China is revised in this paper. Three species, A. nana Y. C. Tseng, A. pingbianensis Y. G. Tseng and A. trinervis Y. C. Tseng, are newly described; two species, A. chapaensis Merr. and A. angustifolia Hook. f. et Thoms. ex C. B. Clarke are new records for China and two new combinations, A. apteroides (Chang) Y. C. Tseng and A. macrocephala (Mattf.) Y. C. Tseng, are made. In addition, one species, A. hypoleuca Diels ex Limpr. and four varieties, A. bonatii Beauverd var. arachnoidea Beauverd, A. pteropoda DC. var. leiophylla Franch., A. elegans Hemsl. var. tomentosa Mattf. and A. glabra Hemsl. var. tenuiculis (Mattf.)Chang, are reduced to synonyms.     

射干和马蔺的花粉形态

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜 ,对射干和马蔺的花粉粒进行了观察与研究。二者的花粉粒均为长球形 ,左右对称 ,不等极 ,具单沟 (远极沟 ) ,射干花粉粒外壁网状饰纹较粗 ,网脊稍弯曲 ,网胞大 ,网眼中有颗粒 ;马蔺花粉粒外壁网状饰纹较细 ,网脊平滑 ,网胞小 ,网眼中无颗粒。     

角倍蚜在冬夏寄主上的分布规律

角倍由角倍蚜Schlechtendaliachinensis（Bell）寄生在盐肤木RhuschinensisMill和滨盐肤木R.chinensisvar．raxburghii（DC）Rehd．叶上致瘿而形成,约占五倍子总产量的80％。藓圃上越冬若蚜和盐肤木林中角倍的分布均属聚集分布。影响越冬若蚜和角倍聚集度的主要生态因子分别为藓长势、湿度、光照和树与藓的距离、风向、风速。于母和雏倍分布在盐肤木和滨肤木的第5～11片叶上,其中7～9片叶上干母数和雏倍数超过50％。干母数与雏倍数存在着显著的线性关系。盐肤木上：y1=3.3394＋0.7662x1,r1=0．9994**滨盐肤木上：y2=3.6707＋0.7431x2,r2=0.9894**     

雄性不育相关基因msLTP的反义RNA验证

根据普通白菜雄性不育相关的脂质转移蛋白基因(msLTP)的cDNA序列设计引物,从普通白菜花蕾的cDNA中扩增出312bp的片段,然后将该片段连接至双元载体pBI12l中,得到反义RNA植物表达载体并导入农杆菌LBA4404菌株中,通过农杆菌介导法转化菜心;利用PCR和Southern blot分析检测得到了25株转基因植株,转基因植株的花粉部分畸形或空瘪,花粉离体萌发率为38.56%,较未转化植株的萌发率(76.32%)降低了37.76个百分点.研究表明,反义RNA技术使msLTP基因沉默而导致了菜心转基因植株的部分花粉发育不良,说明msLTP基因在普通白菜和菜心等花粉发育中具有重要作用.     

茅苍术资源的保护和利用

根据对江苏省茅苍术地道产区的实地调查研究,结果表明如不采取保护措施,茅苍术商品药材资源耗尽的期限为10年,至多20年,因地而异。不同种源的植株常具有不同的外部形态特征,这些特征是遗传所决定的,然而并不是所有的不同种源的植株都存在明显的形态特征差异。甚至在同一形态相似的种群内,各单株根茎所含化学成分的种类与数量也有差异。江苏省的茅苍术至少可划分为两个变异类型,两个已研究确定的类型所占比例分别为总个体数的38.8％和9.7％。     

花生与药材套种对土壤微生物区系的影响

通过茅苍术、京大戟、黄姜（盾叶薯蓣）、半夏和阔叶麦冬5种药用植物与花生套种的盆栽试验,测定了不同时期花生土壤中的细菌、放线菌、霉菌和酵母菌数量,探讨利用药用植物套种花生缓解花生连作障碍的可行性.结果表明：茅苍术组和京大戟组抑制土壤霉菌效果最好,在花生花针期分别比对照组减少了53.87%和29.59%;在花生收获后的土壤中霉菌数量增加,有利于物质循环和养分还田.茅苍术、京大戟和半夏组土壤中细菌数量增加. 在花生花针期,5种药用植物套作组土壤中酵母菌数量均高于对照.霉菌形态鉴定结果表明,在茅苍术、京大戟和黄姜套作组中均未检测出花生常见病原菌.药用植物和花生套种可以有效调节土壤微生物区系.