中国蜡梅属植物过氧化物同工酶的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳系统,进行了蜡梅属8种植物过氧化物同工酶的研究。结果发现：该属8种植物的酶谱差异显著,每个种均有其特征酶谱。根据其种的酶谱酶带数目、Rf、宽度及其活性强弱的不同,可将各个种加以区别,但不支持保康蜡梅和突托蜡梅作为独立种的存在,也不支持蜡梅属分为蜡梅组和新蜡梅组的观点。同时,采用排序方法对蜡梅属8种植物酶谱的相似程度进行排序结果发现：与该属8种植物酶谱分类相吻合,并从分子水平上论证了它们的亲缘关系,即保康蜡梅为蜡梅的种内变异,以作蜡梅栽培品种处理;突托蜡梅作为浙江蜡梅的变种为佳,从而为蜡梅属植物种群的合理划分,提出了新的依据和手段。     

Systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the South American genus Chlorus (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Melanoplinae)

The South American grasshopper genus Chlorus (Melanoplinae, Dichroplini) from Bolivia, southern Brazil and Paraguay is revised. Cladistic analysis of morphological characters indicates that Chlorus constitutes a monophyletic group whose generic relationships remain unsolved. If the external morphology is considered, Chlorus showed to be related to Dichromatos , while characters from the male genitalia support the relationship between Chlorus and Eurotettix. Seven species are recognised for Chlorus with three of them described as new: Chlorus spatulus, Ch. chiquitensis and Ch. attenuatus . Keys to the species of the genus and a review of the morphological characters defining the taxa are provided.     

5个澳洲野生棉种植株形态性状与叶片过氧化物同工酶谱研究

研究了斯特提棉、南岱华棉、澳洲棉、纳尔逊氏棉和比克氏棉５个澳洲野生棉各的种卫和植株的形态性状、色素腺体性状、棉酚含量和叶片过氧化物同工酶等主要主要性状。结果表明,斯特提棉和南岱华棉、澳洲棉和纳尔逊氏的种子、植株和花器形态性状,以及叶片过氧化物同工酶谱等性状分别比较相似,经克氏棉的形态特征介上述两类棉种之间,略近似于澳洲棉和纳尔逊氏棉,５个棉种均具有种子地色素腺体植株有色素腺体的特性,其体眠种子的棉     

Evolution of male tail development in rhabditid nematodes related to Caenorhabditis elegans

The evolutionary pathway that has led to male tails of diverse morphology among species of the nematode family Rhabditidae was reconstructed. This family includes the well-studied model species Caenorhabditis elegans. By relating the steps of male tail morphological evolution to the phenotypic changes brought about by developmental mutations induced experimentally in C. elegans, the goal is to identify genes responsible for morphological evolution. The varying morphological characters of the male tails of several rhabiditid species have been described previously (Fitch and Emmons, 1995, Dev. Biol. 170:564-582). The developmental events preceding differentiation of the adult structures have also been analyzed; in many cases the origins of varying adult morphological characters were traced to differences during ontogeny. In the present work, the evolutionary changes producing these differences were reconstructed in the context of the four possible phylogenies supported independently by sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA). Two or more alternative states were defined for 36 developmental and adult morphological characters. These characters alone do not provide sufficient data to resolve most species relationships; however, when combined with the rDNA characters, they provide stronger support for one of the four rDNA phylogenies. Assuming a model of ordered transformations for multistate developmental characters generally results in greater resolution. Transformations between character states can be assigned unequivocally by parsimony to unambiguous branches for most of the characters. Correlations are thereby revealed for some of the developmental characters, indicating a probability of a shared developmental or genetic regulatory pathway. Four of the unequivocal character state changes on unambiguously supported branches closely resemble the phenotypic changes brought about by known mutations in C. elegans. These mutations define genes that are known to act in genetic regulatory hierarchies controlling pattern formation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Although these studies are still at an early stage, these results strongly suggest that parallel studies of developmental mutants in C. elegans and of morphological and developmental evolution among related nematodes will help define genetic changes underlying the evolution of form.     

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MYZUS PERSICAE IN CHINA

Abstract  Experiments were carried out to study the morphological characters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on tobacco, rape and peach from different localities of China. The results showed that the number of accessory hairs on ultimate rostral segment had no difference among all samples in 14 morphological characters used by Blackman in this study. Cluster analysis indicated that the morphological differences between samples from peach and samples from other host plants was the biggest, the next was the samples from Changchun on tobacco. Compared with peach, the aphid from rape was more similar to that from tobacco in morphology. For the samples on tobacco from the central and southern China, they can be clustered into yellowish-green group and reddish-brown group. It shows unlikely to separate successfully the aphids on tobacco from those on non-tobacco host plants only by morphological characters.     

Taxonomic implication of embryo micromorphology in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia</Emphasis> L. (Fabaceae)

In this work, embryos of selected Vicia species were examined to reveal the micromorphological characters that could have taxonomic significance. Experimental results show that morphological characters such as cotyledons shape and colour, radicle shape, colour and position, plumule colour and stipular parts attachments are variable and could be used for taxa identification in the genus Vicia. Numerical analysis based on 38 micromorphological characters was used to build a phenogram that indicated the relationships among the studied taxa. In addition, an identification key using embryo characters was prepared for Vicia species. The variability of embryo characters were discussed in the taxonomic context. Although the embryo characters have only limited phylogenetic signal for Vicia species, they might be used for their morphological delimitation.     

广东省野生植物一新记录科——蜡梅科

报道了广东省野生植物一新记录科--蜡梅科(Calycanthaceae)、一新记录属--蜡梅属(Chimonanthus)及一新记录种--山蜡梅(Chimonanthus nitens Oliv.).标本存放于华南农业大学林学院树木标本室(CANT).     

The results of studying the types of species of the genus Chrysopilus (Diptera, Rhagionidae) from the collection of the Natural History Museum of the Humboldt University (Berlin, Germany): Communication 2

Nine species of the genus Chrysopilus are described in detail; among these, Ch. dives Loew, Ch. obscuribarbus Loew, Ch. pallipes Loew, Ch. praetiosus Loew, Ch. pullus Loew, Ch. siculus Loew, and Ch. unicolor Becker are presented by the types. One new species, Ch. subalpicola, is described. The structure of the male genitalia are illustrated for the first time, and the diagnostic characters given in the literature are refined.     

广州市园林植物上三种细蛾发生初报

首次报道了广州市危害园林植物上有 3种细蛾科新害虫榕细蛾Melanocercopsficuvorella(Yazaki) ,假柿树突细蛾Gibbovalvaquadrifasciata(Stainton) ,木兰突细蛾G .urbana(Meyrick)。该文对它们的分布与危害、形态特征及习性进行了描述     

北方地区藤本类忍冬叶表皮结构及其生态适应性比较研究

利用光镜和扫描电镜观察了8种在北京地区引种栽培成功的藤本类忍冬的叶表皮形态,观察指标包括气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞特征等.结合其在北京的栽培状况,发现叶片表皮形态和解剖结构与生态适应性之间有很强的相关性.自然分布广、适应性强的种在叶表皮形态上表现出气孔密度大、表皮细胞小、被毛或叶革质等特征.金银花、红白忍冬、淡红忍冬是8种忍冬中适应性最强的,具有推广应用价值.本研究为藤本类忍冬在北方地区推广应用提供了理论基础.     

Biosystematics and conservation: a case study with two enigmatic and uncommon species of Crassula from New Zealand

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Crassula hunua and C. ruamahanga have been taxonomically controversial. Here their distinctiveness is assessed so that their taxonomic and conservation status can be clarified. METHODS: Populations of these two species were analysed using morphological, chromosomal and DNA sequence data. KEY RESULTS: It proved impossible to differentiate between these two species using 12 key morphological characters. Populations were found to be chromosomally variable with 11 different chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 42 to 2n = 100. Meiotic behaviour and levels of pollen stainability were both variable. Phylogenetic analyses showed that differences exist in both nuclear and plastid DNA sequences between individual plants, sometimes from the same population. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that these plants are a species complex that has evolved through interspecific hybridization and polyploidy. Their high levels of chromosomal and DNA sequence variation present a problem for their conservation.     

Molecular phylogeny and species recognition in the mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Previous allozyme and DNA nucleotide sequence studies of the mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), although limited, have suggested greater species diversity than is recognized by the current morphology‐based taxonomy. Here we analyse nucleotide sequence data from one mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase I) and two nuclear (EF‐1α and 28S D₂D₃) genes and recover ten well‐supported groups that allow us to reassess the taxonomic utility of morphological characters used for species recognition. We report on previously used morphological characters for which states are highly variable within genetic groups and identify new characters (of the wax‐exuding cuticular ducts and pores) with taxonomically informative states. The widespread pest species F. virgata (Cockerell), commonly called the striped mealybug, should be diagnosed more narrowly. From samples identified as F. virgata, we recover six clades that we equate with species and that can be distinguished with the newly identified morphological characters. We determine that five of the ‘electrophoretic species' identified informally by the late Uzi Nur based on electrophoretic mobility of 20 enzymes correlate with four of our genetic groups. This matching of Nur's putative species with ours was possible only because some of Nur's slide‐mounted voucher specimens were deposited in a museum and thus available for morphological study. Species confused with F. virgata are either new to science or were placed erroneously in synonymy with F. virgata by earlier authors: they will be described elsewhere. The most important characters of the adult female for distinguishing these species from F. virgata are the positions and characteristics of minute discoidal pore(s) associated both with the ventral oral‐collar tubular ducts and with the sclerotized area surrounding each dorsal enlarged tubular duct, and the number of sizes of the ventral oral‐collar tubular ducts. In addition, we determine that adult females of F. gilli Gullan from different populations on different host plants vary substantially in the number and size of clusters of small ventral oral‐collar ducts on the body margins – features previously suspected to indicate distinct species.     

Correlated evolution and Bayesian divergence time estimates of the Cimicoidea (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) reveal the evolutionary history

The diverse habitat types and discrete morphological characters of cimicoid species provide a unique opportunity to study correlated evolution. Phylogenetic relationships within Cimicoidea were determined using Bayesian analyses of molecular data, allowing the generation of testable hypotheses of correlated evolution. An investigation of the correlation between habitat selection and morphological characters revealed that a dead plant habitat was correlated with the filiform antennal type. Furthermore, molecular dating analysis was used to examine divergence times within the Cimicoidea. Transitions to live plants from dead plants for most cimicoid clades started right after the mid‐Cretaceous, coinciding with the radiation of the angiosperms. Using contingency analyses, we determined that evolutionary changes in morphological characters were dependent on habitat selection. Based on these results, we propose evolutionary historical hypotheses for the Cimicoidea.     

辽宁省牛膝菊属(Galinsoga Ruiz. et Pav.)植物的补充研究

牛膝菊（Galinsoga parviflora Cav.）和粗毛牛膝菊（Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz. et Pav.）为辽宁省两种重要入侵植物,目前国内文献对这两种植物的形态描述有混淆。根据沈阳农业大学植物标本室收藏的标本并比对采集于沈阳市附近的标本,作者明确这两种牛膝菊属植物的主要区别在于冠毛：前者的舌状花无冠毛或冠毛为细短毛,管状花的冠毛羽筛状,先端钝;后者的舌状花和管状花的冠毛均呈羽筛状,先端尖。该性状差异可为准确鉴别该属杂草提供形态学依据。     

Hybridization in the genera Vulpia and Festuca (Poaceae): the characteristics of artificial hybrids

The chromosome numbers and morphological characteristics, including life–form, vegetative and floral measurements and pollen fertility, of 70 artificial interspecific Vulpia hybrid plants and 49 artificial intergeneric Festuca rubra agg. x Vulpia hybrid plants are presented, together with comparable data from 60 artificial Festuca rubra agg. x Vulpia fasciculata plants produced by R. Cotton. The inheritance of various characters is summarized. It is concluded that most characters of the tetraploid Vulpia fasciculata are dominant over those of diploid species of Vulpia , but that most characters of the hexaploid Festuca rubra agg. are dominant over those of diploid and tetraploid species of Vulpia. In diploid x diploid Vulpia crosses the pubescent ovary tip is dominant to the glabrous state, but the inheritance of lemma pubescence is more complicated. The keeled lemmas of V. fasciculata and V. pyramidata are dominant to the rounded ones of other Vulpia species, but recessive to the rounded ones of F rubra agg. Bearing in mind such generalizations as these, the parentage of wild hybrids should be capable of correct interpretation. The significance of the results in our understanding of the origin of V. fasciculata is discussed.     

Ephemeroptera egg chorion characters: a test of their importance in assessing phylogenetic relationships

The egg chorion ultrastructures of the Hermanella-Traverella (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) species complex were studied from a comparative point of view and used for the first time in a cladistic analysis. Egg characters, along with other nymphal and adult morphological characters, were used to assess the phylogenetic relationships of the species complex. In order to test the value of egg characters, analyses were performed on three matrices: 1) egg characters alone, 2) adult and nymphal characters, and 3) adult, nymphal, and egg characters. The computer program Pee-Wee was used to carry out the analysis. The cladistic analysis confirmed the value and potential of egg chorionic characters in assessing the phylogenetic relationships among ephemeropteran species. Egg characters, when added to the nymphal and adult character matrix, provided extra support to the monophyletic nature of the Hermanella-Traverella complex. Previously weakly defined clades were also resolved based on the new evidence. In the species studied the egg chorionic structures as well as their shape did not change after oviposition or water immersion, remaining constant through the different maturation stages of each species (mature nymph, subimago, and imago). For this reason, the eggs are a valuable source of information to unambiguously identify and associate a nymph to its correspondent adult stage when rearing is not possible.     

Observations of immature and adult stages of the myrmecophilous cetoniine beetle Campsiura nigripennis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Several cetoniine species are known or speculated to be associated with ants, based on their specialized morphological characters. However, there are only a few species where biological information on the larval and adult stages is available. Field observations revealed that Campsiura nigripennis spends the immature stages inside elephant dung, and that adult females fly to elephant dung for oviposition. In addition, adult beetles of C. nigripennis intruded into arboreal nests of Oecophylla smaragdina. Specialized morphological characters appear to allow them to tolerate attacks from the ants. Furthermore, the distribution of the beetle in continental Asia largely overlaps that of the Asian elephant, indicating that dung of elephants, in conjunction with that of other large mammals, is fundamental to the biology of C. nigripennis.     

The validation of specific status of the sakhalin sturgeon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser mikadoi</Emphasis> (Acipenseridae) in the light of recent genetic and morphological data

The comparative morphological study in different Acipenseriform species demonstrates that there are only two morphological features combining the kaluga and the great sturgeon and separating them from other sturgeons, namely the shape of a mouth and the manner attaching of gill membranes to isthmus in adult specimens; whereas many morphological characters are different in these species. The relations of morphological similarity/distinction among different sturgeon species and polyphyletic origin of genus Huso revealed by both molecular and cytogenetic studies presume the restoration of initial taxonomic states for the great sturgeon and kaluga as members of the same genus Acipenser, namely A. huso and A. dauricus.