On serratene components in relation to the systematic position of Cathaya (Pinaceae)

Abstract The genus Cathaya discovered in Kwangsi, Sichuan, Hunan and Guizhou is endemic in China. Only one species (C. argyrophylla Chun et Kuang) has so far been known in the genus. The question on it’s systematic position in the family Pinaceae has been much debated. However, according to some taxonomists and morphologists, this genus is related to genera Pinus, Picea and Pseudotsuga of the Pinaceae. No phytochemical data, especially of serratene components on Cathaya have been recorded. This paper deals with the systematic position of Cathaya in Pinaceae based on seven known components of serratene family which are isolated from the trunk of Cathaya argyrophyua growing in Sichuan. A comparative study on serratene components of Cathaya with other genera ofPinaceae showed that Cathaya is related to genera Pinus and Picea.     

银杉单株生长规律与种群生物量的研究

 通过对银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)生长规律的研究,发现银杉早期生长需要一定的荫蔽,但过分荫蔽导致植株生长缓慢而逐渐死亡。银杉的整个生长过程可分为4个时期,在30～40a内具有明显的胸径生长盛期。银杉单株地上部分生物量的60％分布在1/2树高以下,树干材重量占全部地上部分生物量的比重超过2／3。银杉种群地上部分生物量在不同群落类型间差别很大,介于33000～117000 kg·hm-2。     

中国特有植物银杉叶精油成分的研究

本文用气相色谱-质谱 — 计算机联用仪,分离了银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)叶精油主要成分26个,鉴定了19个化合物,并测定了含量。其中主要成分有a — 蒎烯、β — 蒎烯,a— 龙脑烯醛、反式 — 松香芹醇,桃金娘烯醛、马鞭草烯酮和石竹烯氧化物等。     

A Preliminary Study on the Population of Cathaya argyrophylla in Bamianshan Mountain

Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang is a China endemic and endangered evergreen conifer, listed in the Red Data Book of plant in China, with less than 5000 individuals remaining on earth. The age structure of C. argyrophylla population in Bamianshan Mountain showed its stability, but was different among metapopulations, especially in the aged Cathaya forests there often appeared a lack of generation continuety. Though the aboveground biomass of the population varied from 30000 kg · ha-1 to 110000 kg · ha-1 with different metapopulations, the increment of the biomass had no significant difference among metapopulations but could basically reflect the productivity of this population in that area. Its distribution patterns were mainly contagious, even when the shrub cover was very high and random in young Cathaya stands.     

中国特有植物银杉林的现状和未来

银杉是我国特有的珍稀植物,仅在四川、贵州、湖南和广西四省区残存。其地理分布可归结为大娄 山、越城岭、八面山和大瑶山等4个集积地。现有的银杉林全部为混交林．主要有7个类型：银杉-甜槠混交林、银杉-石栎混交林、银杉-亮叶桦混交林、银杉- 广东五针松混交林、银杉- 长苞铁杉混交林、银杉- 大明松 混交林及银杉- 南方铁杉- 福建柏混交林。银杉处于优势地位、群落相对稳定,但银杉更新不良。在自然演替 中,阔叶树种的入侵对银杉构成严重威胁,最终将会取代银杉。为了保护银杉,在林地对阔叶树进行透光伐,在林窗人工移植银杉幼苗幼树是必要的。     

贵州省道真县沙河林区银杉的调查研究

本文通过对贵州道真县沙河林区的稀有珍贵树种——银杉的调查,研究了银杉的生境,群落组成及生物学特性,提出了适当控制林木密度,清除部分枯枝落叶等地被物可以加速它的天然更新及正常生长。     

广西大瑶山的银杉研究

银杉自1955年首次在广西花坪林区发现之后,时隔30多年,而于1986年在大瑶山土县,即北纬24°9′—24°24′发现了银杉的新分布,从而把我国银杉的分布区向南推移了约1°30′,成为目前已知银杉地理分布的最南界。大瑶山的银杉不但植株高大,树干圆满通直,而且在水平、垂直分布、生境条件和所处林带等方面均与各地的分布点有明显的不同。 大瑶山银杉的上层林木以松科为主,中下层以壳斗科、樟科和山茶科占优势。按照Raunkia生活型分类系统的分类结果,常绿成分和革质叶占绝对优势(分别占98.1％和90.4％)。革质叶和细型叶常绿针叶大高位芽植物是群落的主要成分;单叶、革质、小型叶和中型叶的常绿阔叶中高位芽和小商位芽植物在中下层发育最好。根据样地内幼苗幼树少,和缺乏中下层林木的事实表明,它在群落中的稳定已受到严重的影响。在样地外和其他林地上,虽可见到少量中下层林木和幼苗幼树,但从群落的发展趋势来看,这里的银杉混交林最终要由常绿阔叶林所更替。 本文亦根据树干解析论述了银杉的生长情况。 1981—1982年大瑶山综考后,金秀瑶族自治县林业局和国营金秀林场,在进行杯区树种资源调查时,在县城东北方约15公里,地名为土县一带天然林中,首先发现了银杉(Cathaya argyro-phylla Chun et Kuang)。从1986年开始     

Chromosome numbers and morphology in Cathaya

The authors have for the time observed that somatic cell of Cathaya argyrophylla contains 24 chromosomes (2n=24) (plate I, 3). One pair of them are subtelocentric chromosomes and the rest are metacentric or submetacentric (Fig. 1). This shows that Cathaya is similar to most of genera in Pinaceae in chromosome numbers, but different from Pseutotsuga (2n-26). It seems that Cathaya is not closely related to Pseudot-suga, although its wood anatomy is very similar to that of Pseudotsuga.     

银杉花粉生命力及其变异

中国特有植物银杉(Cathay argyrophylla)是最濒危的松杉类植物之一。研究表明,受精前胚珠的高败育率是银杉生殖效率低的重要原因之一,但迄今对银杉花粉活力及其变异仍不得而知。由于花粉活力对授粉、受精、种子产量和质量以及后代适合度都有直接影响,该研究采用TTC染色和体外萌发法测定了来自大瑶山(Dayaoshan, DYS)和花坪(Huaping, HP)两个地区7个种群16个个体52份银杉花粉样品的生活力。结果表明银杉花粉的活力水平(93.3%)与其它裸子植物相当,干燥低温条件下银杉的花粉活力比较稳定,体外萌发的适宜蔗糖浓度在13%左右。ANOVA分析揭示种群内个体间的花粉活力差异不大(p>0.05),而地区内的种群间及地区间的花粉活力有显著差异(p<0.05)。银杉花粉活力与其生殖成功没有相关性。在上述基础上,从控制授粉的角度讨论了银杉的保护策略和复壮的可能性。     

我国特有植物银杉的资源、分布及其环境

我国银杉自1955年发现以来,陆续发现了它的新分布,至今已知在四省、区7个分布区的30多个分布点上,自然生长着银杉3200余株。它们是:广西花坪林区(越城岭南部)6个点有银杉1040抹,其中高5米以上的68株,1～5米的49株,1米以下的923株,最高21.1米,最大胸径83厘米;广西大瑶山4个点有银杉143株,其中高10米以上的94株,1～3米的3株,1米以下的46株,最高30米,最大胸径79.2厘米;湖南罗汉洞(越城岭北部)2个点有银杉58株,5米以上的有45株,最高18米,最大胸径43厘米;湖南罗霄山脉八面山有银杉707株,高1米以上的334株,最高24米,最大胸径46厘米;四川南川金佛山(大娄山东段北部)6个点有银杉527株,其中成年树400余株,最高17米,最大胸径50厘米;百枝山有银杉52株,最高8米,最大胸径27厘米;贵州道真沙河林区(大娄山东段南部)3处12个点有银杉729株,其中高5米以上的105株,2～5米的209株,1～2米的111株,1米以下的304株,最高18.8米,最大胸径48厘米;贵州桐梓白菁有银杉10株,高4～5米的2株,1～3米的6株,1米以下的2株。 银杉分布区范围自北纬24°5′～29°13′14″,东经107°10′～113°40′。其垂直分布自海拔940～1840米,金佛山银杉分布最高,为1600～1840米;罗汉洞银杉分布最低,为940～1060米。分布区内,年均温8.2°～17℃,绝对最低温     

中国特有植物银杉的濒危原因及保护对策

历史时期气候变迁导致的银杉分布区大幅度缩小和种群数量剧烈下降,是造成银杉（Ｃａｔｈａｙａａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌａ）遗传多样性低和生殖障碍大的可能原因。而低水平的遗传多样性和严重的生殖障碍反过来又抑制了种群的壮大,形成恶性循环。这就使得即使是强度不大的人为破坏和砍伐,对种群的生存也构成威胁。为了有效地保护该物种,应该重视银杉天然群落周围的生境的保护,并对群落内的落叶树种进行适当的疏伐;同时,加强人工繁殖力度,进行迁地保护。     

银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)林林窗更新的研究

银杉（Ｃａｔｈａｙａ ａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ）在林窗内和非林窗群落内均占有最大的重要值,说明银杉是典型的林窗更新方式．银杉个体在林窗内呈集群分布,林窗边缘往往集中了较多的银杉植株。林窗内银杉直径分布中,出现胸径〉８ｃｍ 及胸径〈３ｃｍ的高峰和３～７ｃｍ的低谷。对最近１０ａ银杉幼树每年高生长量的研究发现,林窗内和荫蔽要完下的结果差异显著,林窗内的幼树高生长快于荫蔽林冠下。     

Genetic diversity analysis by RAPD in Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang

Genetic diversity level of Cathaya argyrophylla was confirmed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Seventy five samples (individuals), collected from Hunan and Sichuan provinces of China were used in the study. 21 10-mer oligonucleotide primers detected 106 sites, and 34 (32% ) of them were polymor-phic. The level of genetic variation in C. argyrophylla was lower than those of other conifers, and was considered to be associated with the complexity of habitats. The percentages of polymorphic sites (PPS) in the Hunan and Sichuan pop-ulations were 18% and 25% respectively. 7.99% of genetic variation existed between the two populations; this value was higher than the mean value (6.8%) among populations in conifers displayed by allozyme. Some subpopulations of C. argyrophylla were greatly differentiated because of site mutation and genetic drift. The highest value of genetic dif-ference between subpopulations amounted to 16. 23% . In addition, a concept of diversity coefficient(DC), a value us     

A comparative study of the leaves of Cat hay a argyrophylla Chun & Kuang and three species of Keteleeria Carrière

Details of the cuticular, epidermal and anatomical features of the leaves of Cathaya argyrophylla Chun & Kuang, are described and compared with those of three species of Keteleeria (K. davidiana (Bertrand) Beissner, K. fortunei (Murray) Carriere, and K. chien-peii Flous). The study supports the creation of Cathaya Chun & Kuang as a new genus of the Pinaceae.     

Isolation and characterization of 50 nuclear microsatellite markers for Cathaya argyrophylla, a Chinese endemic conifer

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for the endangered Cathaya argyrophylla (Pinaceae) to investigate its genetic diversity and population genetic structure, as well as its evolutionary history. ? Methods and Results: Fifty dinucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in two populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 6, with a mean of 2.84. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.889 and from 0 to 0.779, respectively. ? Conclusions: These markers will facilitate further studies on the population genetics and evolutionary history of Cathaya argyrophylla.     

银杉种群的空间分布格局

银杉（ＣａｔｈａｙａａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａＣｈｕｎｅｔＫｕａｎｇ）种群的空间分布格局受银杉种群本身的生物学特性、种群的年龄和更新方式等及群落内小环境的共同影响。在老龄种群内,多表现为集群分布;在较年轻的种群内,多为随机分布。气候和立地条件基本一致时,群落内岩石的覆盖与土壤蚀形成的小环境。     

Formation of Mycorrhiza-like Structures in Cultured Root/Callus of Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang Infected with the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus

An in vitro system was used for ectomycorrhizal synthesis of Cenococcum geophilum Fr. with Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang, an endangered species. Calli initiated from stem segments and adventitious roots differentiated from young seedlings were removed and cocultured with Cenococcum geophilum on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium. Fungal hyphae were visible within intercellular spaces of the callus 4 weeks after inoculation, but definite and well-developed Hartig net structures did not form in the calli 8 weeks after inoculation. The typical ectomycorrhizal structures (i.e. hyphal mantle and intracortical Hartig net) were observed in root segments 8 weeks after inoculation. This is the first report of aseptic ectomycorrhizal-like formation/infection between root organ/callus of Cathaya argyrophylla and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum. This culture system is useful for further investigation of mycorrhizal synthesis in Cathaya trees.（Author for correspondence. Tel: +86 (0)451 8219 1783; Fax: +86 (0)451 8219 1795; E-mail: lumin-fu@163.com）     

Phylogeography of the endangered Cathaya argyrophylla (Pinaceae) inferred from sequence variation of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA

Cathaya argyrophylla is an endangered conifer restricted to subtropical mountains of China. To study phylogeographical pattern and demographic history of C. argyrophylla, species-wide genetic variation was investigated using sequences of maternally inherited mtDNA and biparentally inherited nuclear DNA. Of 15 populations sampled from all four distinct regions, only three mitotypes were detected at two loci, without single region having a mixed composition (G(ST) = 1). Average nucleotide diversity (theta(ws) = 0.0024; pi(s) = 0.0029) across eight nuclear loci is significantly lower than those found for other conifers (theta(ws) = 0.003 approximately 0.015; pi(s) = 0.002 approximately 0.012) based on estimates of multiple loci. Because of its highest diversity among the eight nuclear loci and evolving neutrally, one locus (2009) was further used for phylogeographical studies and eight haplotypes resulting from 12 polymorphic sites were obtained from 98 individuals. All the four distinct regions had at least four haplotypes, with the Dalou region (DL) having the highest diversity and the Bamian region (BM) the lowest, paralleling the result of the eight nuclear loci. An AMOVA revealed significant proportion of diversity attributable to differences among regions (13.4%) and among populations within regions (8.9%). F(ST) analysis also indicated significantly high differentiation among populations (F(ST) = 0.22) and between regions (F(ST) = 0.12-0.38). Non-overlapping distribution of mitotypes and high genetic differentiation among the distinct geographical groups suggest the existence of at least four separate glacial refugia. Based on network and mismatch distribution analyses, we do not find evidence of long distance dispersal and population expansion in C. argyrophylla. Ex situ conservation and artificial crossing are recommended for the management of this endangered species.     

湖南八面山银杉群落特征及其残遗性和保守性分析

为了解中国特有孑遗植物银杉( Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang)的生存现状,对位于湖南八面山脚盆辽的银杉+南方铁杉﹝Tsuga chinensis var. tchekiangensis ( Flous) Cheng et L. K. Fu﹞+甜槠﹝Castanopsis eyrei ( Champ.) Tutch.﹞-猴头杜鹃( Rhododendron simiarum Hance)群落进行调查,分析其群落特征及种群年龄结构,比较分布在不同区域的6个银杉群落中种子植物属的分布区类型及其相似性系数;在此基础上,讨论了银杉群落的残遗性特征。结果显示：脚盆辽银杉群落共有维管植物66种,包括蕨类植物4种和种子植物62种(裸子植物4种、被子植物58种);该群落乔木层的主要优势种为甜槠、猴头杜鹃、银杉和南方铁杉,重要值分别为13.12%、9.28%、8.86%和7.49%;该群落的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.94和3.20, Pielou均匀度指数Jsw和Jsi分别为0.81和0.92,说明该群落物种多样性偏低但物种分布均匀,与中亚热带山地的暖性针阔叶混交林特征一致。从生活型谱看,该群落中各频度百分比由高至低依次为A级、B级、C级、D级、E级,与Raunkiaer标准频度图谱基本一致,表明该群落整体上处于较为稳定的亚顶极状态。从银杉种群年龄结构看,种群中幼龄个体占一定比例,但80~180 a的中龄个体比例偏低;从该群落优势种的径级结构看,甜槠、猴头杜鹃和鹿角杜鹃( Rhododendron latoucheae Franch.)种群为增长型种群,而银杉、南方铁杉和福建柏﹝Fokienia hodginsii ( Dunn) Henry et Thomas﹞种群为衰退型种群。从脚盆辽银杉群落种子植物属的分布区类型看,温带分布型属占51.06%,略高于热带分布型属(占48.94%),说明该区域属于热带亚热带过渡区;除纬度外,海拔也能够在一定程度上影响其分布区类型组成。在处于粤北、粤桂山地和贵州高原3个植物区系亚地区的6个银杉群落中,种子植物属分布区类型的相似性系数为0.35~0.67,群落建群种所在属如铁杉属﹝Tsuga ( Endlicher) Carrière﹞、润楠属( Machilus Nees)、水青冈属( Fagus Linn.)和福建柏属( Fokienia Henry et Thomas)等在各群落间有相似性和共通性,且多为古老成分和孑遗成分,表明现存的银杉群落具有相近的变迁历史,分布地域具有明显的亚热带山地避难所特征,体现出其演替过程的残遗性和保守性。研究结果表明：在银杉群落中适度疏通林窗,降低林下郁闭度,有利于银杉幼树的生长,使银杉种群得到可持续更新和演替。     

Identification and Isolation of Steroidal Saponins of Dioscorea zingiberensis Wright

Two diosgenin trisaccharides (A,B) and two furostanolic tetrasacharides of diosgenin (C, D) had been isolated from Dioscorea zingiberensis wright. By means of acetylation, acid hydrolysis, enzymolysis, IR, MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, saponin A was proved to be a new compound of structure: diosgenin-3-O- [ β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 2) ]-O- [ α-L-rhamnopyra- nosyl (1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was provisionally named zingiberenin A; saponin B may be suggested as the steric isomer of gracillin; saponin C was identified as 26-O-β-D- glucopyranoside of A and saponin D as 26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of B. The last two components named proto-zingiberenin A and proto-zingiberenin B respectively.