Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Development in Some Malvaceae and Bombacaceae

Epidermal structure and development of stomata in 15 speciesof the Malvaceae and two of Bombacaceae are described. The cellsof the epidermis are polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated withthick, straight, arched, or sinuous anticlinal walls and containchloroplasts and abundant druses of calcium oxalate. Cuticularstriations radiating from the guard cells or hair bases arenoticed. Six types of glandular and non-glandular trichomesare seen. The mature stomata are anomocytic, anisocytic, andparacytic in the members investigated of both the families.The ontogeny of anisocytic and paracytic stomata is syndetochelicor mesogenous, while that of anomocytic is haplocheilic or perigenous.An abnormal stoma with a single guard cell is also observed.An increase in number of subsidiary cells in anisocytic stomatais due to the division of the subsidiary cells.     

琼岛杨和响叶杨叶结构的比较研究

琼岛杨(Populus qiongdaoensis T.Hong et P.Luo)是海南热带雨林中杨属一新种^[1],曾被误为响叶杨(P.adenopoda Maxim)本文试图从叶片的结构比较它们的异同,为区分这两个种提供比较形态学的依据。     

Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Ontogeny in Some Polygonales and Centrospermae

The epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata in 19 speciesof Centrospermae and two of Polygonales are described. The cellsof the epidermis are polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated invarious directions and arranged irregularly. The anticlinalepidermal walls are thick, sinuous, straight, or arched. Eleventypes of glandular and eglandular trichomes have been observed.Six types of stomata: anomocytic, paracytic, stomata with asingle subsidiary cell, diacytic, anisocytic, and transitionalbetween diacytic and paracytic, have been noticed in the speciesinvestigated. The ontogeny of anomocytic stomata is haplocheilicor perigenous, while that of the other five types is syndetocheilicor mesogenous. Abnormal stomata with a single guard cell, unequalguard cells, aborted guard cells, and arrested development arecommon. Groups of stomata are also frequent but contiguous stomataare rather rare.     

A systematic investigation of leaf epidermis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia</Emphasis> using light microscopy

The characters of mature leaf epidermis of 58 species and 3 varieties belonging to 19 sections, representing all the 4 subgenera: Protocamellia, Camellia, Thea and Metacamellia were investigated under light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The shape of the epidermal cells is elliptical, polygonal or irregular and the anticlinal walls are arched, straight or sinuolate, sinuous to sinuate. 2) The stomatal apparatus, consisting of a stoma (a pore plus a pair of guard cells) and 3–4 subsidiary cells, restricted to the abaxial surface of the leaves, were assigned to anisocytic, anisotricytic, isotricytic or tetracytic type. 3) Special structures in leaf epidermis, such as stomatal clusters, aborted stomata, secretory cells, cuticular intrusions and their taxonomic implications were also elucidated.     

Observations on the structure of epidermal cells, particularly the cork and silica cells, from the flowering stem internode of Lolium temulentum L. (Gramineae)

Features of the epidermis such as stomata, hairs, cork and silica cells are described from both light and electron microscope studies. The stomatal complex consists of two guard cells and two subsidiary cells. After division of the guard mother cell a pore is left at each end of the dividing wall. The cork and silica cells arise from a single another cell and develop differentially. The silica cell enlarges more than the cork cell and finally becomes filled with solidified silica. The outer tangential and radial walls of the cork cells become very thick-walled, whereas the inner tangential and radial walls of the silica cells become thickened. The outer tangential wall of the silica cell remains thin and is covered with a thin layer- of cuticle. This wall frequently collapses in old cells leaving a depression in the surface of the stem. The change in the ultrastructure of the cork and silica cells are described and the possible functions of these cells discussed.     

中国29种和泰国1种卷柏科植物的叶形态学研究及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和体视显微镜对卷柏科Selaginellaceae中国产29种和泰国产1种植物的叶形态进行了宏观和微观观察。结果表明卷柏科植物在叶形态学方面表现出较高的一致性。(1)叶多为二形, 罕为一形, 无叶柄, 叶二形者侧叶多大于中叶, 外展或斜上, 中叶贴生于腹面茎上, 交互覆瓦状排成4列, 叶一形者则在茎上作螺旋状排列。(2)侧叶与中叶上表皮细胞形态相似, 近等径方形或长方形, 垂周壁平直、弓形或波状; 侧叶与中叶下表皮细胞形态也相似, 长方形或长条形, 垂周壁波状。(3)气孔类型为无规则型或放射型, 气孔多分布于中叶上表皮和侧叶下表皮中脉处。研究发现, 叶外形、叶表皮细胞形态及气孔分布特征等为中国卷柏科植物种间分类提供了重要的参考依据。 研究的有关种类可以依据下面这些特征进行分类: (1)叶为一形叶或二形; (2)叶在枝上着生为螺旋状或成对交互排列; (3)叶表皮细胞垂周壁为平直、弓形、深波状或浅波状; (4)叶上、下表皮细胞同形或异形; (5)气孔为无规则型或放射型; 以及(6)气孔在中叶和侧叶的上、下表皮上的分布等特征。     

Studies on Plasmodesmata in the Trichomes and Leaf Epidermis of some Asclepiadaceae

The occurrence of plasmodesmata has been studied in the trichomesand leaf epidermis of 12 species of the Asclepiadaceae. Plasmodesmataare observed in the walls of hair cells, epidermal cells, andstomatal apparatus. Plasmodesmata are present between adjacenthair cells from base to the apex; epidermal and basal hair cells;epidermal cells; epidermal and subsidiary cells; subsidiarycells, and subsidiary and guard cells, thus establishing mutualsymplasmatic contacts.     

Water Vapour and Heat Transfer in Leaves

Factors connected with the formation of water droplets in leavesby distillation from the mesophyll to the epidermis were investigatedin a number of species. It was concluded that in illuminatedleaves water droplets form principally on the inner walls ofguard and subsidiary cells, and sometimes below the anticlinalwalls of epidermal cells, because these sites are cooler thanthe rest of the leaf. Under more isothermal conditions any waterdroplets that had formed disappeared. With increasing waterstress water droplets did not form so readily, though distillationwas occurring. Few water droplets were observed in leaves outof doors that had open stomata. Significant temperature gradientswere measured across leaves with thermocouples, but these werelarger than were gradients calculated from measured thermalconductivities of leaves. The evaporation resistances of theinner walls of the epidermis and of the mesophyll were foundto be similar. This led to the conclusion that the hydrophobicityof the surfaces of these tissues is similar. Water transferin leaves in the vapour phase was found to be more responsiveto temperature than to water stress gradients. leaf, evaporation, distillation, heat loss, transpiration     

Epidermal studies in some Indian cultivars of Bougainvilleas

Epidermal studies in fifteen Indian cultivars of Bougainvilleas are described. The epidermal cells are polygonal isodiametric, or elongated with thick straight arched or slightly sinuous walls. Parallel culticular striations are radiating from guard cells. The mature stomata are anomocytic, paracytic and with a single subsidiary cell. The abnormal types noticed are: single guard cells with or without pores, arrested development, variously oriented contiguous stomata, cytoplasmic connections between nearby stomata and epidermal or subsidiary cells, and persistent stomatal cells. The development of anomocytic stomata is perigenous while that of the other types is mesogenous. Fifteen cultivars of Bougainvilleas are separated on the basis of bract colour, stomatal frequency and index per unit area.     

国产省藤属植物的叶表皮形态学

对国产省藤属（Calamus L．）植物17种2变种的叶表皮进行光学显微镜观察,除单叶省藤（C.simplicifolius）、短叶省藤（C.egregiw）和白藤（C.tetradactylus）外,其它种均为首次报道。省藤属植物的叶表皮形态较为一致,气孔器为轮列4细胞型（tetracytic,或称四轮列型）,即有4个副卫细胞,其中2个为侧副卫细胞,2个为端副卫细胞;表皮细胞为长方形,纵向排列。表皮毛有3种类型：多细胞排成单列的单毛（人喙省藤C．macrorrhynchus）、多细胞排成2-3列的单毛（毛鳞省藤ethysanolepis等）、多细胞分枝毛（白藤等）。表皮细胞的长度和宽度特征、细胞壁的厚薄及波纹的深浅和形状、端副卫细胞的长短等细微特征在种问存在差异,可以区分种类。叶表皮结构还反映了种问的亲缘关系。因此,叶表皮特征对于省藤属种类的划分和亲缘关系的确定有较大的分类学意义。     

安徽贝母属植物叶片的比较解剖学研究

在光学显微镜下,对安徽省贝母属(Fritillaria L.)8种1变种,其中包括安徽贝母(F. anhuiensis)和宁国贝母(F. ningguoensis)各两个居群的植物叶片进行了解剖结构观察,结果发现：叶肉细胞均含有淀粉粒,近上表皮的叶肉细胞多为方形或圆柱状,较大,排列较紧密,近下表皮的叶肉细胞形状不规则,多有分枝,细胞间隙大;叶均无表皮毛等附属物,除铜陵黄花贝母(F. monantha var. tonglingensis)的下表皮细胞类似平行四边形外,其它种叶表皮细胞表面观为长方形或长条形,细胞长轴与叶脉平行,垂周壁为平直、浅波状或深波状;气孔器为Allium型,仅分布于下表皮,椭圆形,长轴与叶脉平行,单个随机分布,部分种保卫细胞两极有“T”形加厚。叶表皮细胞的形状,垂周壁式样,气孔器的类型等特征较为稳定,可以为贝母属内种的划分及系统演化关系的探讨提供实验证据。     

Structure and Development of Stomata on the Vegetative and Floral Organs in Some Members of Caesalpiniaceae

The structure and development of stomata in 19 species of thefamily Caesalpiniaceae are described. The study is mostly confinedto the leaves, but observations have also been made on othervegetative and floral organs of some species Stomata may beparacytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, and with one subsidiary cell.Occasionally a stoma is diacytic, cyclocytic, or actinocytic.Different types occur individually or may be found side by sideeven on the same surface of an organ. The most prevalent typein all the genera is paracytic except in Caesalpima where itis anomocytic. The development of an anomocytic stoma is perigenous,but those with subsidiary cells are largely mesogenous; rarelyparacytic stomata are mesoperigenous. In spite of diversityof stomata, different types of stomata have similar patternsof development in different organs of the same plant. The presentinvestigation also indicates that the inconstancy of stomatain the family is due to (a) their diversity and (b) an increasein the number of subsidiary cells either by their division orby the neighbouring perigenes becoming subsidiary cell-like.     

Identification of murine type I keratin 9 (73 kDa) and its immunolocalization in neonatal and adult mouse foot sole epidermis

The foot sole epidermis of the fore and hind feet of the adult mouse contains an acidic (type I) mRNA-encoded 73-kDa keratin polypeptide which cannot be detected in any other skin site of the mouse integument. Western blot analysis using an antibody specific for the 64-kDa keratin 9 of human and bovine callus-forming epidermis [A. C. Knapp et al. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 103, 657-667] demonstrates that the 73-kDa keratin represents the murine analog of keratin 9 of man and cow. Concomitant investigations in two related rodent species indicate that the size of this keratin varies more among species than that of any other orthologous keratin. Histological examination of adult mouse foot sole skin reveals an extremely thick and undulated epidermis covering the apical portion of the six footpads, whereas the epidermal-dermal junction of the lateral walls of these nodular protuberances as well as that of the remainder of the foot sole skin is essentially flat. If sections of adult foot sole skin are investigated by indirect immunofluorescence with the keratin 9-specific antibody, intense cytoplasmic staining is restricted to the apical rete pegs of the footpad epidermis in which virtually all suprabasal cells express keratin 9. However, we also observed keratin 9-negative cell columns ascending straight above the tips of the dermal papillae and separating the keratin 9-positive rete pegs from each other. At the transition from the strongly undulated apical epidermis to the flat epidermis of the lateral walls of the footpads, keratin 9-positive cells loose their coherence and gradually disappear toward the inter-footpad epidermis. This intimate relationship between the morphogenesis of epidermal ridges and inter-ridges and the expression of keratin 9 is also visible in foot sole epidermis of neonatal mice. Here we observed the appearance of keratin 9-positive suprabasal cells concomitant with the onset of pronounced folding of the apical footpad epidermis by about Day 3 after birth. Our findings confirm the view that the expression of keratin 9 is characteristic of a highly specialized pathway of epidermal differentiation. We propose a hypothesis for keratin expression in skin sites which are subject to pronounced mechanical wear and tear.     

斑龙芋属(天南星科)及近缘属植物的叶表皮形态

光镜、电镜下观察了天南星科天南星族下斑龙芋属2个种及近缘属13个种植物的叶表皮形态特征。实验结果显示,4属植物的叶表皮组成及其形态特征较相似,属间不存在明显差异,但某些特征在种间存在差异,可作为种的鉴别特征。叶表皮特征支持将单籽犁头尖和昆明犁头尖两个种合并为一个种。15个种的气孔器均具有2个副卫细胞,Stebbins andKhush认为这是气孔器类型中较具2个以上副卫细胞更进化的一种类型,而天南星科大多数族的气孔器都具有2个以上的副卫细胞,这也证明了天南星族是天南星科较进化的族。     

Characters of Leaf Epidermis and Their Systematic Significance in Menispermaceae

The epidermal characters of mature leaves of 29 genera, 50 species and 3 varieties (totally 56 samples) representing all the 5 tribes in the family Menispermaceae were examined under the light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The shape of the epidermal cells is polygonal or irregular, and the anticlinal walls are straight or waved in the family. In some genera a special arrangement of epidermal cells is named as “rosette-cell arrangement" for the first time. The lower epidermal cells were found to have a papilla in Stephania, Diploclisia and Legnephora . (2) In some genera, the anticlinal walls are oblique, rather than perpendicular, to the surface. (3) The stomatal apparatuses, generally restricted to the lower surface of the leaves, were assigned to anomocytic, staurocytic, cyclocytic, anisocytic and actinocytic types, and their distribution on the epidermis may be of diffuse pattern or island congregating pattern. (4) The cells of both upper and lower epidermis in the tribe Pachygoneae and Fibraureae are generally polygonal with straight or arched anticlinal walls, and the stomatal apparatuses are usually staurocytic and actinocytic. The cyclocytic stomatal apparatus was found only in two genera of the tribe Pachygoneae. By contrast, the epidermal cells of the tribes Anomospermeae, Tinosporeae and Menispermeae are generally irregular with waved anticlinal walls, and the stomatal apparatuses are predominantly anomocytic. These correlated characters are of much significance in delimiting tribes within the Menispermaceae, and also provide evidence for studies on systematic relationships of several genera.     

Cuticle micromorphology of leaves of Pinus (Pinaceae) in east and south-east Asia

Cuticle micromorphology of 21 species of Pinus in east and south-east Asia was studied with scanning electron microscopy and leaf morphology was described. Cuticle characters that can be distinguished by their size, shape, and surface texture, as well as by the number of subsidiary cells, the rows of epidermal cells within a stomatal band, the number of cells between stomata in stomatal rows, and the patterns of cuticular flanges are described in detail. Most of these characters have not been considered in sufficient detail previously. Some of the inner cuticular features, such as the texture of periclinal walls, the shape of the top of the anticlinal walls, the comparative size of the lateral and polar subsidiary cells, and the development of the groove near bristles, are diagnostic characters for subgenera. The agreement between cuticle characters and taxa is discussed. Cuticular characters were used to try to resolve the position of taxa that currently appear in different places in different classifications.     

Water Supply, Evaporation, and Vapour Diffusion in Leaves

On the basis of experimental results published during the last25 years, but more particularly during the last 5 years andincluding some results presented here, the hypothesis is proposedthat an important portion of the water supply from major veinsin leaves travels within the epidermal tissue to sites of evaporationclose to the stomatal pores. These evaporation sites are innerepidermal walls especially subsidiary and guard cell walls becausethese are closest to air spaces with the highest water vapourdeficits. Less water than is traditionally supposed evaporatesfrom mesophyll cell walls. Low osmotic potentials of guard cells(large negative) are not required in building up high turgorpressures. However, they are required in competing for wateragainst the process of evaporation which causes low matric potentialsto develop in subsidiary and guard cell walls so that guardcolls can maintain the comparatively low turgor pressures whichhave been shown to operate the stomatal apparatus. Traditionalviews about leaf water relations and methods of estimating mesophyllresistances for carbon dioxide diffusion into leaves must bemodified.     

多花黄精五个居群叶片的比较解剖学研究

利用石蜡切片技术、叶表皮离析法和电镜扫描技术,对多花黄精五个居群的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。观察发现:多花黄精五个居群的叶肉细胞中均具有内含针晶束的异细胞,叶表皮细胞为长方形、不规则形或椭圆形,垂周壁一般为平直和弧形;有的居群下表皮有单细胞表皮毛分布。在扫描电镜下,角质层纹饰多为鳞片状。结果表明叶表皮特征,如:气孔器大小、气孔器指数、气孔器密度、气孔器分布特征、角质层纹饰及表皮毛的分布等受环境因子影响较大,同种不同居群间有一定差异,而叶肉的构成、内含物(如针晶束)、气孔器类型、表皮细胞形状等具有种间稳定性,可以作为分类的依据。