黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科三属(蹄盖蕨属、羽节蕨属及冷蕨属)的遗传多样性分析

利用7种随机引物对分布于黑龙江省不同区域蹄盖蕨科中的蹄盖蕨属,羽节蕨属及冷蕨属三属的遗传多样性进行了初步分析,对蹄盖蕨科各种基因组的DNA进行了PCR扩增,并对其RAPD谱带进行了统计处理,得出不同区域种类的多态位点百分率,结果表明蹄盖蕨科植物具有较高水平的遗传变异,其种类的分布对周围环境变化有着较强的适应能力。利用Shannon指数和Nei指数对其分析,确定了三属之间的属内种间的亲缘关系:蹄盖蕨属的大部分变异仍存在于种源内;冷蕨属中的冷蕨和山冷蕨种类之间具有一定的遗传变异;羽节蕨属中,欧洲羽节蕨和羽节蕨种间有较大的遗传变异。     

Cystopteris dickieana R.Sim (Cystopteridaceae), a new fern in the continental Balkans flora

Abstract

Cystopteris dickieana, a rare circum-Holarctic species, is recorded for the first time for the NW part of the Balkan area. Mature spores rugose characterize this fern within the C. fragilis species complex.     

Ferns in the present-day periglacial zone of the Central Altai

This article presents data on the species composition and distribution of ferns in the present-day periglacial zone of the Aktru, Karagemskiy, Akkem, Sofiiskiy, Gebler, and Taldurinskiy glaciers in the Central Altai. Sixteen fern species have been found and confirmed by herbarium specimens. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw., Cystopteris dickieana R. Sim, C. fragilis (L.) Bernh., and Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth were the most tolerant to the severe conditions of high mountains. The distribution of ferns in the centers of the present-day glaciation was related mostly to the occurrence of rocks. Colonization of the periglacial zone by ferns occurred only by means of spores, initially by their introduction from habitats located far from the periglacial zone. The further colonization and migration of species, following the retreating glaciers, was possible by means of spores produced by sporophytes growing in the periglacial zone. Germination of spores and development of gametophytes and sporophytes under severe conditions of the periglacial zone generally occurred in local microlandscapes providing protection in the cold season and a sufficient amount of moisture in the warm season.     

Classification of Kobresia fragilis C. B. Clarke (Cyperaceae) and related taxa

The classification of Kobresia fragilis C. B. Clarke and related taxa were studied based on gross morphology and nutlet epidermal micromorphology. About 13 names have been involved in the species group. They could not be clearly defined using the morphological characters employed by previous authors. Thus, more than 200 sheets of 89 specimens of related taxa were studied thoroughly, and the taxonomic significance of morpbological characters was re-evaluated. In order to further understand the classification of K. fragilis and its allies, micromorphology of nutlet epidermis of these taxa was observed under scanning electron microscope. Based on the results, K. curvata C. B. Clarke and K. fragilis were recognized. Other names were treated as synonymies of K. fragilis. K. clarkeana (Kükenthal) Kükenthal, K. clarkeana var. megalantha Kükenthal and K. curticeps (C. B. Clarke) Kükenthal var. gyirongensis Y. C. Yang were reduced to new synonymies of K. fragilis. K. curvata was distinct from K. fragilis on both morphological and micromorphological basis. One specimen of K. fragilis collected from Luqu, Gansu, China, represents anew distribution record of this species in Gansu.     

Distribution patterns and dispersal strategies of Galiciales

In Caliciales both passive and active spore dispersal occurs. A review of the distribution of 162 species is given. Species with small spores have wider distribution than species with large spores, irrespective of dispersal strategy. In antitropical species there is only rarely a differentiation between Northern and Southern Hemisphere populations. It is concluded that in several small-spored genera long-distance dispersal has been instrumental in dispersing the species and range extensions have been much more frequent than in large-spored species for which vicariance explanations are more appropriate. Comparisons with bryophyte distributions show differences in dispersal strategies and distribution patterns.     

Size distribution in some Middle Devonian dispersed spores and its bearing on the problem of the evolution of heterospory

Some Middle Devonian dispersed spore species have been studied whose size range embraces the arbitrary demarcation line of 200 μm in diameter generally accepted for the identification of a megaspore. The spore size distribution for one species is unimodal while those for other three species are bimodal. The spores of the smaller size classes (the presumed microspores) are relatively large, the means being 90 μm, 100 μm and 207 μm. The morphological features of the spores imply their progymnospermous affinity. It is suggested that in progymnosperms, in the course of heterospory evolution, the increase in spore size occurred before size differentiation and, presumably, before sex determination. The cause of the size increase might have been endospory, which may thus have occurred previous to the last two events.     

Bacteroides and appendicitis (author's transl)]

Bacteroides fragilis is frequently recovered from cases of appendicitis with perforation and from infections developing secondary to appendicitis. In order to assess the part played by B. fragilis in the aetiology of appendicitis, quantitative aerobic and anaerobic culture studies of the contents of 49 inflammated appendices were performed. Anaerobic gram-negative non-sporing rods were cultivated from 43 appendices in the range 10(3)-10(9)/g. A total of 1,473 isolates was differentiated by biochemical methods, and 1,374 cultures were found to belong to the saccharolytic species of the genus Bacteroides (B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, B. distasonis etc.). B fragilis was detected in 31 appendices; the species predominated in 18 samples. B theraiotamicron, recovered from 27 samples, was prevalent in 4 appendices. In one sample, B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron outnumbered the other appendicular bacterial. B. vulgatus was cultivated from 12 appendices, but did once constitute the prevalent group. It has been previously shown that B. vulgatus (43% of intestinal isolates) and B. thetaiomicron predominate in the normal narge bowel flora. On the other hand, approximately 80% of pyrogenic Bacteroides strains belong to B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron accounting for 19% and B. vulgatus being virtually absent. From these striking differences in species distribution the conclusion was drawn that B. fragilis possesses the highest virulence for man. Species distribution within the 1,374 appendicular isolates of saccharolytic Bacteroides (percentages of 62, 19 and 4.3 for B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus, respectively) was very similar to that encountered in clinical specimens. From the results obtained it becomes evident that pyrogenic Bacteroides, in particular B. fragilis, plays an important role in nearly 50% of cases of appendicitis.     

石斑角形虫(黏体门, 角形虫科)的分子证据及其在不同宿主中的遗传变异

研究从中国东海的青石斑鱼 Epinephelus awoara Temminck & Schlegel 1842和褐带石斑鱼E. bruneus Bloch 1793的胆囊中检获了石斑角形虫 Ceratomyxa epinephela Wu, Wu et hua, 1993, 首次提供了其SSU rDNA和ITS1 rDNA序列, 并基于形态学和分子数据进行了重新描述。石斑角形虫成熟孢子的孢子长(4.8±0.5) μm (3.6—5.6 μm), 孢子厚(31.8±4.8) μm (23.3—37.5 μm); 孢子壳瓣光滑且等大, 由垂直的缝线连接; 极囊长(2.9±0.2) μm (2.4—3.7 μm), 极囊宽(2.6±0.2) μm (2.2—3.1 μm); 孢子夹角处稍微凹陷, 延伸至两端逐渐变平坦, 夹角为 (175.9±3.7)° (165.5°—179.7°)。基于SSU rDNA序列构建的系统发育树显示石斑角形虫与诺兰角形虫C. nolani Gunter & Adlard 2009, 卡特莫尔角形虫C. cutmorei Gunter & Adlard 2009和横山角形虫C. yokoyamai Gunter & Adlard 2009 有很近的亲缘关系, 且其宿主均为石斑鱼属物种。结果表明, 类群关系较近的宿主其寄生的同属黏孢子虫可能具有更近的系统发育关系。基于SSU rDNA和ITS1 rDNA的遗传分析显示, 石斑角形虫的4个分离株已发生了明显的遗传分化(形成了4个基因型), 形成了不同的种群, 但在不同宿主种类间并未形成特有的分化。     

Distribution and ecology ofCystopteris (Athyriaceae) species within the Flora Iranica region

The distribution ofCystopteris fragilis andC. dickieana in Afghanistan within the Flora Iranica region is studied. The latter species, for some ecological reason, occurs more frequently at higher altitudes. In both taxa higher polyploid levels also occur at high altitudes. The phenomenon can be correlated with the boreal-arctic distribution pattern. Polyploidism and spore-size classes are briefly mentioned as well as possible ecological adaptations. Evolutionary differentiation within both taxa are complex and still unknown.Dedicated to Univ.-Prof. DrK. H. Rechinger on the occasion of his 80th birthday and in recalling historical trips to the marvellous Afghan flora and vegetation.     

Geographical pattern of plant affinity to different communities and its causes (by the example of North-European forests)

The same vascular plant species occur in communities of different types in different parts of their ranges. This phenomenon can be traced in both the latitudinal and the longitudinal directions. Changes in plant affinity to communities of different types are viewed by the example of the North-European forest studied in 1993-2001. Species occurring near their range limits, prefer habitats with smoothed amplitudes of minimum factors ("the law of preference for non-varying environments"). That's why Oxalis acetosella and other boreal-nemoral species demonstrate affinity to riparian forests of the middle-boreal subzone. Another cases of latitudinal change in ecological behavior may be caused by decrease in competitive ability (in Milium effusum), respective changes in the regeneration niche (in Cystopteris fragilis), or behavior of birds dispersing seeds (in Lonicera xylosteum). The longitudinal variation in plant behavior, as viewed by the example of the European-Siberian riparian-subalpine tall-herb synusia, is connected with the post-glacial plant migration in the European North. There is a lot of evidence for the individualistic character of the process, but it looks coherent in the historical retrospective. The possible role of refugia and long-distance dispersal in the process of formation of the present-day ranges of species is briefly reviewed. Conditions for plant dispersal in the past seemingly differ from those nowadays observed. The principal factor, which governs the dispersal rate, is that of interspecific competition level. Plant dispersal could be rather fast in the course of the corresponding primary succession following the glacier retreat or the marine retrogression (the "impulse" hypothesis). Since the climax pattern is established running waters and disturbed lands serve as "migration channels" for plants.     

Dual diaminopimelate biosynthesis pathways in Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium thermocellum

Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium thermocellum were recently found to synthesize diaminopimelate (DAP) by way of LL-DAP aminotransferase. Both species also contain an ortholog of meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (Ddh), suggesting that they may have redundant pathways for DAP biosynthesis. The B. fragilis Ddh ortholog shows low homology with other examples of Ddh and this species belongs to a phylum, the Bacteriodetes, not previously known to contain this enzyme. By contrast, the C. thermocellum ortholog is well conserved with known examples of Ddh. Using in vitro and in vivo assays both the B. fragilis and C. thermocellum enzymes were found to be authentic examples of Ddh, displaying kinetic properties typical of this enzyme. The result indicates that B. fragilis contains a sequence diverged form of Ddh. Phylogenomic analysis of the microbial genome database revealed that 77% of species with a Ddh ortholog also contain a second pathway for DAP biosynthesis suggesting that Ddh evolved as an ancillary mechanism for DAP biosynthesis.     

黑蛋巢菌属新种和新变种

本文报道了黑蛋巢菌属Cyathus四个新种和二个新变种,它们分别是:内蒙黑蛋巢菌Cyathus neimonggolensis Liu et Y.M.Li,盘柄黑蛋巢菌C.discostipltatus Liu et Y.M.Li,太原黑蛋巢菌C.taiyuanensis Liu et Y.M.Li,毛被黑蛋巢菌C.hirtulus Liu et Y.M.Li,天山黑蛋巢毛被变种C.tianshanensis Liu et Cao var.tomentosus Liu, Cao et Y.M.Li,环状黑蛋巢武夷山变种 C. annulatus Brodie var. wuyishanensis Liu et Y.M.Li。全部模式标本均保存在山西大学真菌标本室。     

中国画眉科鸟类分布格局探讨

中国现有画眉科鸟类122种,隶属于27属,占我国鸟类总种数的9.15%。通过运用GIS技术处理物种分布数据,研究了中国画眉科鸟类的分布格局和多样性中心。中国画眉科鸟类在水平分布上具有不均匀性,省际单元上云南最多(102种),占绝对优势;在动物地理亚区单元上滇南山地亚区分布最多(80种),其次是西南山地亚区(60种)、喜马拉雅亚区(47种);在垂直分布上,则以700～2700m的海拔地带具有最高的物种多样性。中国画眉科鸟类物种多样性最高的地区位于滇南山地亚区与西南山地亚区的交汇地带—横断山区南端。我国画眉科鸟类主要涉及以下3个分布型:东洋型、喜马拉雅-横断山型和南中国型。     

Distribution of the human faecal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis, its bacteriophages and their relationship to current sewage pollution indicators in bathing water

Although several bacteria are currently used as possible indicators of human pathogens in sewage-polluted sea water, they are often viewed as inadequate and especially inadequate as indicators of viral pathogens. This study investigates the distribution of Bacteroides fragilis and closely related Bacteroides spp. and their associated bacteriophages in sea water frequently used for recreational purposes. These organisms may provide a potentially more appropriate indicator. Bacteroides fragilis is one of about 10 species which are loosely placed together in the 'B. fragilis' group. Samples down-current from a sewage outfall were examined for the presence of B. fragilis group organisms and associated bacteriophages. Numbers were correlated with current bacterial and possible viral indicators at these sites. These B. fragilis group isolates were used as hosts to successfully isolate bacteriophages. The host range of these bacteriophages was investigated. It is hoped to expand this study by using these B. fragilis group hosts and their bacteriophages to identify a more suitable, European-wide, indicator of bacterial pathogens which can also be used to detect bacteriophages which are suitable as viral indicators.     

鬼笔属一新种

本文报道了鬼笔属一新种:南昌鬼笔Phallus nanchangensis Z.Z.He这个新种与红鬼笔 Phallus rubicundus(Bosc) Fr.相似,但新种有发育不良的菌幕残片和更小的孢子而又与红鬼笔有明显区别。附有拉丁文及中文描述。模式标本(87010)保藏于江西大学生物系标本室。     

Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens sporulation by Bacteroides fragilis and short-chain fatty acids

The effect a common fecal organism, Bacteroides fragilis, has on the sporulation of Clostridium perfringens, an organism linked to some cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea, was examined. Established B. fragilis cultures significantly decreased the number of heat resistant spores formed by C. perfringens ATCC 12915 and increased the number of vegetative cells. To determine if short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fermentation products of B. fragilis, inhibited sporulation, the SCFA were added to sporulation broth. Sporulation decreased in the presence of acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and succinate. Vegetative cell number for C. perfringens decreased in the cultures with isobutyrate. Propionate did not affect sporulation or vegetative cell number. The data support the hypothesis that the decrease in short-chain fatty acid concentration following antibiotic therapy predisposes patients to diarrheas caused by C. perfringens.     

Studies on the Pollen Morphology of Chinese Ephedra

Pollen morphology of 11 species of Chinese Ephedra has been studied All of them were examined under the light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Pollen grains are long ellipsoidal or ellipsoidal in shape. The long axis is 40 to 67 μm . and the short one is 21 to 38 pm . No aperture is present. The ridges vary from 5 to 16. The width of the ridge is 2.6–6.1 μm , Hyaline line is distinct or indistinct, or absent, and in some species it branches. According to the type of pollen grains of Ephedra divided by steeves and Barghoorn (1959), it is easy to separate type A from type D, but it is difficult to distinguish type B from type C. Thus we combine type B with type C into one type (type BC). E. intermedia, E. siniea, E. equisetina belong to type A, and E. likiangensis, E. likiangensis f. mairei and E. minute to type D. All other species belong to type BC. Type A plants distribute in Northwest, Northeast, and North China, type D in Southwest China and Tibet, and type BC is found almost over China except in the regions of lower valley of Yangtze River and in the valley of the Pearl River. It is noted that the pollen grains of Ephedra and spores of Schizeae are easily confused sometimes in pollen analysis. When we compare their morphology, two main different po- ints are found: 1. The end of pollen grain of Ephidra is sharper, but that of the spore of Schizeae is more flat. 2. The ridges of pollen grain of Ephedra come nearer each other towards the ends, and the ribs of spores of Schizeae are parallel through the ends.     

中国虎隐翅虫亚科区系和分布图(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科)(英文)

在野外调查和过去已发表的所有文献基础上,分析和比较了中国虎隐翅虫亚科的分布图和区域相似性。在中国共记录了虎隐翅虫亚科昆虫291种,分别隶于2属(束毛隐翅虫属98种,虎隐翅虫属193种)。聚类分析结果显示中国虎隐翅虫亚科区系可分成4个区域(A,B,C,D):区域A几乎覆盖整个中国东部地区,它由Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅳ3个亚区组成;区域B包括亚区Ⅲ和Ⅶ;区域C包括亚区Ⅴ;区域D包括亚区Ⅵ。另外,在25°～31°N和海拔601～700m范围内,中国虎隐翅虫亚科物种最丰富。生态环境很大地影响了该类昆虫物种的组成和分布。