河北曲阳灵山下石盒子组植物群

研究河北曲阳灵山地区下石盒子组植物化石约18种,分析了当时的气候环境特点及变迁.并对主要植物化石进行属种描述和讨论,建立了1新属新种.     

我国某些苏铁类生殖器官化石的发现兼论苏铁类起源

本文对苏铁类化石的系统分类作了概要的介绍。重点报道了笔者在近廿年来所采集的苏铁类生殖器官化石,特别是中晚石炭世的一枚苏铁大孢子叶化石的发现,将苏铁类起源的时间大大地推前了,并指出其起源地应在中国西北的甘肃地区。所有这些生殖器官的发现将推动苏铁化石生殖生物学的发展,对其起源、分布、演化和苏铁植物区系的形成和发展提供了极为重要的材料。     

Studies of Cuticle from Lepidophylloides sp. and Saportaea cf. nervosa Halle

Lepidophylloides sp. and Saportaea cf. nervosa Halle were found in the Permian coal bearing strata (Lower Shihhotse Formation) from Huaibei coal field, Anhui, China. Lepidophylloides sp., leaves are linear. The longest one is more than 13cm in length. The specimens obtained show about 3–16mm width with single vein. The epidermal cells are re. ctangular with smooth walls. Stomata align in regular rows, widely spread, particularly, in the lower cuticle. Saportaea cf. nervosa Halle The lamina stomata composed of two reniform guard cells are slightly sunken, the lamina of Saportaea of. nervosa Halle is in broal shoveled shape with 5.6 cm in length, and 6.5 cm in width. Petiole is 1.6cm in length and about 8mm in width. At the upper end of the petiole, it divides into two branches. The veins appear from the branches of the petiole and divide by repeated dichotomy. In the upper part of the lamina, the veins become numerous (about 13 per centimetre). The epidermal cells are elongated polygonat to polygonal, with smooth walls. Stomata surrounded by 5-8 subsidiary cells.     

太原西山煤田太原组煤核中的科达植物雌性生殖器官

报道了首次发现于我国的３种石化科达植物雌性生殖器官Ｃｏｒｄａｉａｎｔｈｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｃ．ｘｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和Ｃ．ｓｐ．,描述了它们的内部解剖构造特征,并与欧美植物区的雌性石化科达穗进行了比较,这些化石产于山西太原西山煤田太原组组上部７号煤层煤核中。     

A NEW SPECIES OF PICEA BASED ON SILICIFIED SEED CONES FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF WASHINGTON

Picea eichhornii n. sp. is described from anatomically preserved seed cones. The fossils are from the Early Oligocene Jansen Creek Member of the Makah Fm. which is exposed along the northern shore of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The cones are at least 5.5 cm long and up to 3.5 cm in diameter. The cone axis is 4–6 mm in diameter and contains a pith made up of thick-walled parenchyma cells. Resin canals occur in a single ring in the secondary xylem in some specimens but are absent in others. The cortex is mostly parenchymatous and contains numerous large axial resin canals that branch to supply the bract and scale. Vascular traces to each scale and its subtending bract diverge separately from the vascular cylinder of the cone axis. The bract is tongue-shaped and keeled at its base. It is 5 mm wide and up to 9 mm long. The bract trace fades out before entering the bract base while two resin canals extend into the bract base. The ovuliferous scale is about 2.3 cm long and has a thin, probably papery, apex. Resin canals of the scale occur abaxial to the vascular tissue in the scale base, but some bend around the margins of the vascular strand to become adaxial outward. About 20 resin canals occur in the abaxial scale sclerenchyma, and this is the main anatomical feature that distinguishes these cones as a new species. There are less than 14 such canals in cones in a reference collection of 15 modern species and in the two fossil species known from anatomically preserved material. While the new species adds to our knowledge of the diversity of Cenozoic Picea, its affinities within the genus remain undetermined.     

On Cordaites neimengensis sp. nov from Lower Permian of Zhungeerqi,Inner Mongolia, China

The leaf cuticle of Cordaites neimengensis sp. nov was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The specimens were collected from kower Permian of Zhungeerqi, Inner Mongolia (Neimenggu), China. Comparing with other species of Cordaites, it was a new species of the genus, based on the structure of its epidermis. Cordaites neimengensis sp. nov (Pis. Ⅰ to Ⅲ; Text-fig.l,B) The specimen comprises two incomplete leaves over 16 cm in length. One is about 1.4 cm wide at the lower part and 0.3 cm wide at the upper part, with nearly 29 veins per cm and 3 to 5 interstitials. The width of the other leaf is about 7.5 cm at the lower part and 8.2 cm at the upper part with 25 veins per cm and 3 to 5 interstitials. Epidermis amphistomatic. Epidermal cells of upper cuticle aligned in longitudinal rows, nearly rectangular in shape, about 33.6 to 86.4 pm x 10.2 to 28. 8 pm in size. Stomatal apparatus consisting of 2 sunken guard cells surrounded by 2 lateral and 2 polar subsidiary cells. Stomata haplocheillic, about 56.2 pm x 45.5 pm in size, usually arranged in short chains, with one polar subsidiary cell (usually 23.1 to 25.4 pm wide, 34.1 to 39.2 pm long in size) shared with 2 consecutive stomata. The polar subsidiary cells round, oblong or rhomboid in shape. The guard cells reniform or bean-shaped, usually 9.7 to 11.6 pm wide, 23.4 to 29.1 pm long in size. Density and index of stomata about 18/mm2 and 3.2%, respectively. Epidermal cells of lower cuticle also nearly rectangular in shape, about 62.4 to 144 pm × 9.6 to 16.8 pm in size. Stomata on the lower cuticle, haplocheillic, 40.8 pm wide and 48 pm long in size, with a pair of sunken guard cells, which is bean-shaped and surrounded by 2 lateral and polar subsidiary cells. Stomata arranging in parallel bands, typically one, sometimes two. As for the latter, a single row of lateral subsidiary cells (9.2 to 14.4 pm wide, 33.6 to 62.4 pm long in size) is shared with 2 parallel rows of stomata and occasionally also in bands with two rows side by side. In view outside, small papillae on the outer periclinal wall as well as the lateral subsidiary cells. In view inside, some folds along the anticlinal wall but flat about the periclinal wall. Nonstomatic bands usually with 1 to 10 rectangular cell rows. Density and index of the stomata about 209/mm2 and 27.2 %, respectively. 1401%-type: 9342; locality: Heidaigou of Zhungeerqi; Inner Mongolia, North China; Age: Lower Pennian (Shanxi Formation).     

A review of fossil cycad megasporophylls, with new evidence of Crossozamia pomel and its associated leaves from the lower permian of Taiyuan, China

Four species of cycad megasporophyll from the Lower Permian of Taiyuan, China, are described as Crossozamia chinensis (Zhu and Du) comb. nov., C. minor sp. nov., C. spadicia sp. nov. and C. cucullata comb. nov. together with the associated leaves Tianbaolinia circinalis gen. et sp. nov., Yuania chinensis Zhu and Du and Taeniopteris taiyuanensis Halle. An axis bearing megasporophylls in organic connection is described for the first time. Two possible evolutionary pathways from this structure to those of the female reproductive organs of extant cycads are proposed, involving either the reduction of the megasporophylls and their compaction on the axis, or the reduction of the “strobilus” axis. It is suggested that migration of cycads from North China to Europe might have occurred through transportation of their buoyant seeds by the palaeoceanic currents of the Tethys sea.     

Anatomical Structures of Microsporangiate Cone of Lepidodendrales-- Lepidos trobus Shanxiense sp. nov.

A new anatomically-preserved microsporangiate cone in the coal balls of Coal Seam No. 7 (P1′) at the upper part of Taiyuan Formation in Xishan Coal-Field, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province of China was described. Having been studied, it was placed into Lepidostrobus Brongniart and considered as a new species. Vegetative organs of Lepidodendrales from mainly belonged to the natural genus Lepidodendron, such as stems, leaves and roots in the coal balls were visualized. However a few of them probably belonged to the natural genus Sigillaria. Besides, the single megasporophylls with megasporangia of Achlarnydocarpon (the megasporangiate cone of Lep/dodendron) have been found in the coal balls, so the specimens under discussion might belong to Lepidodendron. Lepidostrobus shanxiense sp. nov. The cone more than 3.5 cm long and 1.6～ 1.8 cm in width. The axis possesses siphonostele. The sporophylls on the axis in spiral arrangement. The pedicel 6～ 7 mm long and the distal lamina more than 1.2 cm long. The pedicel alate with alations extending about 2 ～ 2. 5 mm outward. The microsporangium probably bag-shaped, equal to the pedicel in length, 4.5 mm wide and 2～ 3 mm high, attached to the pedicel for about 2/3 of its length. The wall one cell thick in fully matured microsporan gia and consists of uniform columnar cells. The microspore 68～77μm in diameter, trilete and the surface minutely granular.     

MORE EVIDENCE FOR CONIFER DIVERSITY IN THE UPPER TRIASSIC OF NORTH CAROLINA

An ovulate strobilus from the Upper Triassic Deep River Basin, North Carolina, has helically arranged, loosely aggregated, elongated, spatulate bracts with axillary ovule-bearing appendages with about 8–10 ovules attached in two lateral rows, with outwardly directed micropyles. The axillary ovuliferous appendage is homologous with the voltzialean fertile dwarf shoot, but probably not directly evolved from it. More credible is a suggested origin from a completely fertile axillary appendage such as that of the Lower Permian Trichopitys. The occurrence of this cone, Metridiostrobus palissyaeoides, gen. and sp. nov., along with Compsostrobus neotericus and Voltzia andrewsii, reflects considerable diversity among conifer ovulate cones during the Upper Triassic.     

北京西山石炭-二叠系蜚蠊类化石的发现兼论北京地区昆虫化石的时代

报道产于北京西山门头沟区色树坟石炭-二叠系太原组的一块蜚蠊类前翅化石,可归入Phyloblatta,代表一新种Phyloblatta beijingensis sp. nov.,以狭小的爪区别于该属其他已知种类。Phyloblatta蜚蠊类在我国山西省下二叠统山西组曾发现多种类型。对北京地区以前报道的昆虫化石所属时代和地层均进行厘定,如土城子组、大灰厂组、夏庄组的昆虫化石。     

中国二叠纪煤核中具解剖构造的鳞木类植物:似封印叶属

报道了产于中国二叠纪煤核中的3种具解剖构造的鳞木类叶,它们都具双木质部束,与似封印叶属(Sigillariopsis Scott)特征一致.与该属已有种进行了对比,确认它们为3个新种:产于山西太原西山煤田太原组上部7号煤层(早二叠世早期)煤核中的山西似封印叶(Sigillariopsis shanxiensis sp. nov.)和太原似封印叶(S. taiyuanensis sp.nov.)以及产于贵州水城矿区汪家寨组1号煤层(晚二叠世晚期)煤核中的贵州似封印叶(Sigillariopsis guizhouensis sp.nov.).根据煤核中共生的鳞木类植物其他器官以及欧美植物区鳞木类植物的研究资料推断,它们可能属于封印木属(Sigillaria Brongniart)的叶.在国外(主要是欧美植物区),封印木属植物主要分布于石炭纪,见于二叠纪的封印木很少.华夏植物区的封印木属过去很少发现,其叶和生殖器官均未报道过.本文是首次报道华夏植物区具解剖构造的封印木属的叶,它们的发现不仅丰富了华夏植物区封印木属植物的内容,而且对于研究封印木属的演化以及华夏植物区与欧美植物区鳞木类植物之间的关系也具有重要的意义.     

Rotafolia songziensis gen. et comb. nov., a sphenopsid from the Late Devonian of Hubei, China

A sphenopsid from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) Xiejingsi Formation, south-western Hubei Province, China, previously named as various species in Sphenophyllum , Hamatophyton , Bowmanites and Sphenophyllostachys , is now reinvestigated and assigned to a new taxon, Rotafolia songziensis gen. et comb. nov. Its ribbed axes are anisotomous and possess slightly expanded nodes. Lateral axes are inserted at nodes on main axes. Whorls of much divided vegetative leaves are attached at nearly right angles to nodes of basal axes, and at acute angles to nodes of terminal axes. There are six leaves per whorl. The terminal strobilus includes a central axis and verticils of fertile units. Each fertile unit consists of a bract and numerous sporangia. The margin of the elongate-cuneate bract bears a distal and many lateral elongate segments. Clusters of elongate sporangia are abaxially attached to the base of the bract at the same level. The axis has an actinostele, composed of a three-ribbed, exarch primary xylem and radial secondary xylem. Although Rotafolia songziensis closely resembles Hamatophyton verticillatum in axis character, leaf morphology and primary xylem type, they are quite different in strobilar structure. Taxonomically, Rotafolia is placed in the order Sphenophyllales by three well-defined characters: 1) whorled appendages; 2) ribbed protosteles; 3) exarch primary xylem maturation.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 21–37.     

Clevelandodendron ohioensis,gen. et sp. nov., a slender upright lycopsid from the late Devonian Cleveland Shale of Ohio

Clevelandodendron ohioensis Chitaley & Pigg gen. et sp. nov. is an almost entire lycopsid plant known from a single compressed specimen from the Cleveland Shale member of the Upper Devonian Ohio Shale. This unique specimen is 125 cm long, consisting of an unbranched, slender, monopodial axis with a partially preserved plant base bearing thick appendages at one end, and a compact, terminal ovoid bisporangiate strobilus at the other. The stem is 2 cm wide for most of its length. Visible on the decorticated stem surface are helically arranged, elongate leaf traces and laterally compressed, slender leaves along the stem margin. The plant base bears 4-6 thick appendages. The terminal strobilus is compact, ovoid, 9 cm long and up to 6 cm wide, morphologically similar to those of some Lepidodendrales, and bears helically arranged sporophyll/sporangium complexes with narrow bases and distal laminae up to 18 mm long, turned upward. Megaspores are 320-360 μm, trilete and laevigate, lacking a gula; microspores are 30-42 μm, trilete, indistinctly punctate and possibly assignable to Calamospora or Punctatisporites. Clevelandodendron demonstrates that slender unbranched lycopsids with an isoetalean plant habit similar to the Carboniferous genera Chaloneria and Sporangiostrobus and Triassic Pleuromeia-like forms were present as early as the Late Devonian. The early occurrence of this unique habit suggests that diversification within the isoetalean clade sensu Rothwell and Erwin (including both Isoetales and Lepidodendrales) was well established prior to the Carboniferous.     

河南禹县山西组中麟木属( Lepidodendron )的两个新种

本文对华夏植物群鳞木属植物的研究现状进行了综述,讨论了华夏木属是否废除的问题。根据华夏木属与鳞木属基本特征相同,只是叶座形态、叶痕形态与鳞木属不同,这些特征只能作鳞木属分种的依据,同意《中国古生代植物》的处理意见。本文还描述了河南禹县山西组鳞木属的两个新种,即:Lepidod endron huayanense Ma(spnov.), L. yuxianense. Ma(sp. nov.).     

New coniferophyte ovulate structures from the Early Permian of China

Recent research on the Cathaysian flora of the Early Permian Shanxi Formation in Henan Province, southern China has led to the identification of a new kind of fertile shoot system of spermatophyte affinity, Loroderma henania gen. et sp. nov. From its morphological arrangement it is evident that this structure shares many similarities with known fossil coniferophyte taxa, although this particular combination of characters is unique, leading to the creation of a new genus and species. The fertile shoot system possesses a primary axis with helically arranged bract/shoot complexes, each consisting of a single lanceolate bract with parallel venation (indistinguishable from Cordaites sp. and Rufloria sp.) with an ovulate cone in its axil. Ovulate cones consist of an elongate and recurved axis which in approximately its distal half bears scales and ovulate sporophylls. Each ovulate cone bears 1–3 ovules of the Cardiocarpus organ genus within the confines of the cone, although the precise nature of their attachment is unclear. The presence of shared character states with various extinct taxa has made it difficult to assign it unambiguously to any existing coniferophyte order or family as they are currendy envisaged, with most likely affinities with or intermediate to the Vojnovskyales and Coniferales.     

Studies on Early Devonian Flora of Sichuan

An Early Devonian flora from the Pingyiqu Formation of northern Sichuan is described. It contains 13 species in 9 genera. They are Eogaspesiea gracilis, Uskiella sp., Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Z.yunnanicum, Z.sichuanense sp.nov., Oricilla unilateralis sp.nov., Hicklingia cf.edwardii, Psilophyton sp., Drepanophycus spinaetormis, D.spinosus, D.sp., Leclercqia complexa, and Sciadocillus cuneifidus gen.et sp.nov. The geologic range of the flora is inferred to be Siegenian (probably Upper Gedinnian-Siegenian). Sciadocillus gen.nov. (Marchantiales?) Diagnosis: Thalli flattened, composed of a central disc-like structure and radiating wedge-shaped unbranched lobes. Sporangium-like reproductive organs round to elliptic, attached to the upper surface and along the edges of the lobes. Spores trilete. Type species: Sciadocillus cuneifidus Sciadocillus cuneifidus sp.nov. Thallus, 4.2mm in diameter, consists of a central disc-like structure, about 1.0mm in diameter, bearing 14 unbranched lobes. Lobes wedge-shaped, 1.5-1.75mm long , 0.75-0.83mm wide at the apex and 0.25mm at the base. Sporangium-like reproductive organs round to elliptic, 0.45-0.50mm long and about 0.4mm wide, without stalks. Spores, spheroidal to subspheroidal, 20-40μm in diameter, trilete, exine smooth, sometimes folded. Holotype: Plate 7:53, 54 (counterpart). Locality: Approximately 800m, in northwest Yanmenba Village, Jiangyou, Sichuan. Horizon: Lower part of Pingyipu Formation (Upper Gedinnian-Siegenian). Zosterophyllum Penhallow (1892) (Zosterophyllaceae) Zosterophyllum sichuanense sp.nov. Plant with smooth axes at least 57mm long, 1.6-2.0mm wide, branching unknown. Fertile axes terminate in lax spikes, about 6.5mm wide; spikes with spirally arranged sporangia, three to four gyres. Sporangia borne on stalks, 2.7-3.9mm long and 0.54-0.81mm wide; stalks obliquely inserted on axis, gentely cured upwards, in profile often C-shaped with adaxial margins of sporangia; stalk contain vascular strand. Sporangia Fan-shaped, often folded in half and margins facing axis, almost triangular in side view, sometimes obovate in abaxial view; dehiscense not observed. Holotype: Plate 2:11. Paratype: Plate 2:10, 14. Locality: approximately 800m, northwest Yanmenba Village, Jiangyou, Sichuan. Horizon: Pingyipu Formation (Siegenian). Oricilla Gensel (1982) (Zosterophyllaceae) Oricilla unilateralis sp.nov. Plants erect. Naked axes at least 76mm long, 1.6-3.2mm wide, branching dichotomous with branching angles 30-60°in fertile regions. Sporangia borne laterally in one row on branches, located above bifurcation, oriented to inside of axis. Stalks not observed. Sporangia probably attached by an extremely short stalk to axis at right angle. Sporangia reniform to ellitical, 2.8-4.0mm wide (X=3.3mm), 2.0-2.5mm high (X =2.3mm) , composed of two equal valves, dehiscent along distal margin. Spores subcircular, trilete, 48-58μm, in diameter, smooth, with dark area at juncture of trilete rays. Surface covered with tapetal residue. Holotype: Plate 4: 28. Paratype: Plate 4: 30-32. Locality: Approximately 800 m northwest Yanmenba Village, Jiangyou, Sichuan. Horizon: Pingyipu Formation (Siegenian).     

黑蛋巢菌属的一个新种

本文报道了黑蛋巢菌属 Cyathus的一个新种:五台山黑蛋巢菌Cyathuswutaishanensis Liu,Shangguan et Yuan sp. nov.,袁丕钢、上官铁梁于 1983 年 8月 17日采自山西省五台山,灵境公社,老茅沟林内苔藓丛中。本新种依据 Brodie(1975)分类系统应属于 Striatus group(条纹群),此群原包括11种。本新种不同于此群以及其他群任何种之处,主要是具有长椭圆至圆柱状的孢子。     

Lycophytes from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) locality Kühwiesenkopf (Monte Prà della Vacca) in the Dolomites (northern Italy)

Abstract: Generally, lycophytes are not well represented in Anisian floras. Nonetheless, four different genera, each with one species, have been distinguished in the Anisian flora from Kühwiesenkopf (Monte Prà della Vacca), Italy. They were well preserved and yielded leaf cuticles in all four taxa and in situ spores in two of them. Lycopia dezanchei gen. et sp. nov. is the most common form; it is characterized by a dichotomising creeping prostrate rhizome (representing the primary shoot axis) from which arise aerial axes, apically bifurcated and covered with bundles of long leaves. This taxon cannot be attributed to any of the lycophyte orders, but most resembles Lycopodiales. Two representatives of the Isoetales have been found, of which Isoetites brandneri sp. nov. is abundant. This species is characterized by a short stem, which is unusual for this genus. In situ immature microspores and megaspores were found in some specimens. Lepacyclotes bechstaedtii sp. nov. has a quadrilobe corm with fertile scales inserted in whorls or slightly helicoidally. Short sterile leaves arise distally from the corm in some specimens. Selaginellales are very rare in the flora; Selaginellites leonardii sp. nov. is represented by a strobilus that yielded both micro‐ and megaspores. Some sterile fragments have been found associated, but never in organic connection.     

Inflorescence bracts of fossil and extant Tilia in North America,Europe, and Asia: patterns of morphologic divergence and biogeographic history

The enlarged inflorescence bract diagnostic of extant Tilia has an extensive Tertiary fossil record in the Northern Hemisphere. Diversity of bract morphology, and the extent of adnation between peduncle and bract, is reviewed for fossil and extant species of Tilia. An extinct type of bract with an orbicular outline and palmate venation is documented by the fossil species Tilia circularis (Chaney) comb. nov. from the early Oligocene of Oregon and is designated Type A. Living species of the genus have elongate bracts with predominately pinnate venation that are borne in two basic configurations: Type B, with the peduncle fused only to the extreme base of the bract lamina, as in extant Tilia endochrysea Hand.-Mzt. of southern China; and Type C with the peduncle fused medially along the basal one-third of the bract lamina, as in most extant species. Bracts of Type B were widely distributed in the Tertiary of western North America (late Eocene to Miocene) and Europe (early Miocene to Pliocene), while those of Type C are known in the fossil condition only from the middle and late Tertiary of Asia and Pliocene of Europe. The bracts of T. circularis, like those of type B, are borne on relatively long stalks and have the peduncle fused only at the extreme base. The fossil record supports recognition of the following characters as apomorphic in Tilia bract evolution: bracts sessile, peduncle adnate to the upper surface of the bract, and pinnate bract venation.     

Palaeoginkgoxylon zhoui, a new ginkgophyte wood from the Guadalupian (Permian) of China and its evolutionary implications

A new taxon of ginkgophyte affinity Palaeoginkgoxylon zhoui gen. nov. et sp. nov. is described from the Guadalupian Lower Shihhotse Formation of the Hulstai coalfield, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Nei Mongol), northern China, on the basis of the anatomical structures of the broad eustele and pycnoxylic secondary xylem. The anatomical structure of the new woody tree trunk resembles both the early gymnosperms of Eristophyton-Pitus types and the modern Ginkgo. Therefore, the new tree trunk is interpreted as representing a transitional stage in the evolution of Ginkgo from early arborescent lignophytes since the Early Carboniferous.