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1.
Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.  相似文献   

2.
A prelimimary investigation on neutral triterpene components of Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang trunk is reported. Seven crystalline components had been isolated from trunk of C. argyrophylla, six of them had been identified as known serratene famlly components: Cathaya B (3α-methoxy-21-keto serratene). Cathaya C [serratenediol monoaeetate (3β-acetyl-21a-hydroxy-△14-serratene)], Cathaya D (serratenedio), Cathaya E (compound [D]), Cathaya F (3β-hydroxy-21-keto-△14-serratene) and cathaya G (serratenedione). Cathaya H seems to be a new serratene family component. Its structure will be studied further.  相似文献   

3.
两种中国特有松属植物核型的研究兼论松属的系统位置   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8  
  相似文献   

4.
松科的系统发育研究历来已久,但由于性状进化的不同步性和属间进化缺少中间环节,致使科的分类系统和各属之间的演化关系至今未得到令人满意的解决。本文在钻研已有文献的基础上,筛选出松科属间综合分类性状36个,有序进化性状20个,借助计算机,以属为分类单位,进行表征分析研究确定松科分类系统,结果将松科分为三个亚科:松亚科Subfam.Pinoideae:仅Pinus Linn;落叶松亚科Subfam.Laricoideae Melchior & Werderm.emend.N.Li ex L.K.Fu:含四属:Cathaya Chun & Kuang, Larix Mill., Picea A.Dietr., Pseudotsuga Carr.;冷杉亚科Subfam.Abietideae Pilger, emend.Frankis:含五属:Abies Mill., Cedrus Trew, Keteleeria Carr., Pseudolarix Gordon, Tsuga Carr.。运用分支分析探讨各属的演化关系,并综合表征和分支分析结果,结合古植物学资料,构思和绘出了以地质年代为纵作标的松科系统发育树。  相似文献   

5.
松科系统发育的分子生物学证据   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
运用PCR方法分别从松科8属、9种植物中扩增出一长约2550bp的cpDNA片段,这一片段包括rbcL、trnR、部分accD及基因间的非编码区(相对于黑松cpDNA中的同源片段而言)。运用18种限制性内切酶对这一cpDNA片段进行酶切分析,共获得86个酶切位点,其中54个为变异位点。运用PAUP(version 3.1.1)和Mega(version 1.01)软件对数据进行分析,结果Wagner简约树和Neighbor-Joining树反映出的松科系统发育关系基本一致:银杉属、松属、黄杉属和落叶松属形成一个单系群,且银杉属与松属的亲缘关系更近于与另外二属的关系,但这一结果未得到Bootstrap分析的较强支持;落叶松属近缘于黄杉属;冷杉属近缘于油杉属。此外,松科中的冷杉亚科和落叶松亚科均不是单系类群,将松科划分为冷杉亚科、落叶松亚科和松亚科三个亚科的系统(郑万钧,傅立国,1978)是不自然的。  相似文献   

6.
Comparative anatomy of resin ducts of the Pinaceae   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
 Resin ducts are common in the Pinaceae. The comparative anatomy of stems and leaves of 50 species and two varieties from ten genera has been investigated. The structure and distribution of resin ducts differ among genera. Resin ducts occur in foliage leaves of ten genera of Pinaceae. Cortical resin ducts are absent in the stems of Pseudolarix and Larix. Resin ducts only occur in the secondary xylem of stems of Pinus, Picea, Cathaya, Larix, Pseudotsuga and some Keteleeria species. All of the epithelial and sheath cells are alive and thin-walled in the resin ducts of stem cortex and mesophyll. Except for Pinus the epithelial cells of resin ducts in the secondary xylem of stems have thick, lignified walls. Comparative study shows there are obvious differences in the resin ducts of different genera; apparent differences do not exist, however, in the resin ducts of different species of the same genus. According to the structure and distribution of the resin ducts in ten genera of Pinaceae, a synoptical arrangement of the genera is given and generic relationships of the Pinaceae are discussed. Received: 12 September 1995 / Accepted: 14 March 1996  相似文献   

7.
Genome size, karyotype structure, heterochromatin distribution, position and number of ribosomal genes, as well as the ITS2 sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were analysed in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). The analysis also included characterization of the Arabidopsis-type of telomeric repeats in silver fir and in related species. The results were compared with results from other species of the Pinaceae, to evaluate phylogeny and chromosomal and molecular evolution in the Pinaceae. Integrated chromosomal data provided insights into chromosome and karyotype evolution in the Pinaceae. The evolutionary trend for GC-rich heterochromatic blocks seems to involve loss of blocks that are not associated with rDNA. Similarly, numerous large blocks of interstitial plant telomeric repeats that are typical for all analysed species of the genus Pinus were not observed in the evolutionarily younger genera, such as Abies, Picea and Larix. On the contrary, the majority of telomeric sequences in these three genera appeared confined to the chromosome ends. We confirmed the current position of Abies and Tsuga in subfamily Abietoideae and the position of Pinus in the subfamily Pinoideae based on ITS2 sequences. Pseudotsuga is placed together with Larix into the subfamily Laricoideae. We conclude that the current position of the genus Picea in the subfamily Abietoideae should be reconsidered and, possibly, the genus Picea should be reclassified as a separate subfamily, Piceoideae, as recently proposed.  相似文献   

8.
The systematic positions and taxonomic ranks of orders and families in Gymnosperms, especially those in Coniferopsida, are analysed and discussed in this paper based on the evolutionary trends in the wood structure. The opinions of the present authors are as follow: 1. The separation of the Araucariaceae from the Coniferae and establishment of the Araucariales are reasonable,because the intertracheid pitting in the wood is the Araucarioid type and there are no pits on both horizontal and end walls of ray parenchyma cells in the family. 2. The position of the genus Ginkgo in Cheng’s system is acceptable. Ginkgo is more similar to Coniferae than to Cycadaceae in the wood structure. 3. According to the characteristics of wood structure, arrangement of the Podocarpaceae, Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae between the Araucariaceae and the Pinaceae is reasonable. Among these families, the Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae are more closely related to each other in the view of the spiral thickenings which often appear on the inner wall of wood tracheids. 4. Further evidence for the establishment of the Sciadopitysaceae is provided. For example, most of cross-field pits in the wood of the Sciadopitysaceae are window like, while some of them are of the Lemon type or the Subtaxodioid type; bordered pits are of the Araucaria B type. 5. The characteristics of wood structure in the genus Platycladus differ greatly from Thuja. The former has cross field pits of the Cupressoid type, bordered pits of Araucaria B type and warty layer on the inner surface of tracheids. All of these characteristics have added further evidence for the separation of Platycladus from Thuja. 6. Based on the structural characteristics of woody rays in the Pinaceae, the most primitive genera are Abies, Keteleeria and Pseudolarix, while more advanced ones are Cedrus and Tsuga, and even more advanced ones are Pseudotsuga, Cathaya, Picea and Larix, all of which share normal resin canals. The most advanced genus is Pinus which is also of normal resin canals. Pinus can be divided into three subgenera, Haploxylon, Parry and Diploxylon, according to the presence or absence of dentation and warty layer in wood tracheids. 7. It is reasonable to place the genus Amentotaxus in the Taxaceae, because membrane of bordered pits in the genus is similar to that in the other four genera of the Taxaceae, both of the Araucaria type. 8. The present authors agree with Cheng’s (1978) treatment of Sect. Heopeuce in Tsuga, based on the fact that Tsuga longibracteata has traumatic resin canals and warty layer. Reducing Pinus hwangshanensis into P. taiwanensis, made by Cheng, is reasonable because of the similarities between P. hwangshanensis and P. taiwanensis in the wood structure. The establishment of a new subgenus, Patty, for Pinus bungeana is suitable based on chemotaxonomy, morphology and the distinct warty layer on the innersurface of wood tracheids.  相似文献   

9.
10.
本文主要对早白垩世到老第三纪渐新世这段时间的松科化石球果的研究作了系统回顾和总结。松科化石球果的研究经历了一个由分散、幼稚到系统、成熟的发展过程,现在将松科化石球果分为三个属:Pityostrobus、Pseudoaraucaria 及Pinus。其中Pseudoaraucaria及Pinus为两个自然属,Pseudoaraucaria已经绝灭。Pityostrobus作为一个器官属,包括那些在松科中分类位置不明的球果。对松科化石球果进行细致的外部形态及内部结构的研究主要目的在于演化关系的探讨上:对于Pinus,主要探讨这个属内各个亚属、组、亚组之间的演化关系;对于Pityostrobus和Pseudoaraucaria,通过绝灭类型的分析,探索松科内各个类群(包括绝灭的)的演化关系进而完成进化树是研究的主要方向,现在这方面已有了Pinus中心说及Pseudoaraucaria分支说两个假说。  相似文献   

11.
松科早期球果研究的历史与现状   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文主要对早白垩世到老第三纪渐新世这段时间的松科化石球果的研究作了系统回顾和总结。松科化石球果的研究经历了一个由分散、幼稚到系统、成熟的发展过程,现在将松科化石球果分为三个属:Pityostrobus、Pseudoaraucaria及Pinus。其中Pseudoaraucaria及Pinus为两个自然属,Pseudoaraucaria已经绝灭。Pityostrobus作为一个器官属,包括那些在松科中分类位置不明的球果。对松科化石球果进行细致的外部形态及内部结构的研究主要目的在于演化关系的探讨上:对于Pinus,主要探讨这个属内各个亚属、组、亚组之间的演化关系;对于Pityostrobus和Pseudoaraucaria,通过绝灭类型的分析,探索松科内各个类群(包括绝灭的)的演化关系进而完成进化树是研究的主要方向,现在这方面已有了Pinus中心说及Pseudoaraucaria分支说两个假说。  相似文献   

12.
The abundance of Coniferae in Szechuan Province is a well-known fact, especially of the Order Pinales. There are so far 19 genera 68 species and varieties belonging to the Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae. This paper dealing with the fundamental features in the distribution of these plant-groups may be not only of scientific interest but also of great importance to forestry. According to an analysis of the influence of historic, geographic and ecological conditions on the distribution of plants, it is shown that the differantiation of geographical distribution of genera and species in these 3 familias between the eastern and the western areas is very evident. There are (Tab. 1) 18 genera and 27 species in the eastern area, including 6 monotypic genera, they are Cathaya, Pseudolarix, Metosequoia, Glyptostrobus, Fokienia and Platycladus. As the great concentration of the monotypic and paleo-endemic genera is not found elsewhere, this area therefore distinctly indicates the relic nature. It seems most probably that they came originally into existence in subtropical and warm-temperate climates of middle lalitudes in the northern hemisphere, and most of them are in the lands bordering the Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, there are 13 genera and 56 species in the western area with only one monotypic genus (Platycladus) present, and most genera are polytypic with wide ranges. The number of species in these genera here is larger than in any other areas, for example, Abies and Picea are represented 12 species each (Fig. 1-4). There are 10 species in Sabina (Fig. 5). It might be considered that each genus has developed into a great centre, In addition, it has been discussed in detail regarding the vicarious distributions in geography, verticality, and ecology of ralated species in Abies, Picea, Tsuga, Keteleeria, Larix, Pinus and Cupressus (Fig. 3-5), as well as the re lationship of these species. As shown above, these plants are also, without doubt, of very old origin. Moreover, they are most likely very much closely related with Tethys in the past, but the majority species apparently have arisen in relalively recent times. They are due to the effect of mountain-making and glaciation, principally in consequence of the cooling process of the climatic vicissitude.  相似文献   

13.
在检索C值数据库和种子数据库的基础上,对松科具有完整C值和种子千粒重等数据信息的5个属108种植物进行统计分析,并利用线性回归模型分析了二者之间相关性。结果显示,松科植物C值从9.5~36 pg呈正态分布,种子千粒重从1.2~1 269 g呈偏态分布,种间千粒重相差悬殊,高达1058倍。ANOVA分析表明,松属C值平均为25.79 pg,显著高于其它4个属;落叶松属C值最低(12.53 pg),显著低于云杉属(18.44 pg),而云杉属、冷杉属和雪松属C值间却无显著性差异。结合前人研究结果,从C值的角度分析,松科5属间的演化顺序为:松属→云杉属→雪松属→冷杉属→落叶松属。松科5属间种子千粒重均值差异显著,松属种子均值最大(123.7 g),其次为雪松属(84.5 g)和冷杉属(26.4 g),最后为落叶松属(5.5 g)和云杉属(3.9 g)。除松属外,其它4个属ANOVA分析,雪松属种子千粒重显著高于云杉属、冷杉属和落叶松属(P<0.01),而云杉属和落叶松属种子千粒重间无显著差异(P>0.05)。对数回归分析和线性相关性分析表明,松科108种植物的C值和种子千粒重回归方程为:y=3.145x-7.248,决定系数(R2)为0.346,存在显著正相关性(P<0.000 1),线性相关系数(γ)高达58.8%,这说明松科植物随着C值增大,其种子千粒重呈明显增加趋势。综上所述,松科属间种子千粒重差异显著,且随着属间进化程度的提高,C值和种子千粒重均呈明显下降趋势,其具体机理尚有待于结合其它功能性状做深入分析。  相似文献   

14.
Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) has been considered as an important tool for inferring phylogenetic relationships at many taxonomic levels. In comparison with its fast concerted evolution in angiosperms, nrDNA is symbolized by slow concerted evolution and substantial ITS region length variation in gymnosperms, particularly in Pinaceae. Here we studied structure characteristics, including subrepeat composition, size, GC content and secondary structure, of nrDNA ITS regions of all Pinaceae genera. The results showed that the ITS regions of all taxa studied contained subrepeat units, ranging from 2 to 9 in number, and these units could be divided into two types, longer subrepeat (LSR) without the motif (5'-GGCCACCCTAGTC) and shorter subrepeat (SSR) with the motif. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the homology of some SSRs still can be recognized, providing important informations for the evolutionary history of nrDNA ITS and phylogeny of Pinaceae. In particular, the adjacent tandem SSRs are not more closely related to one another than they are to remote SSRs in some genera, which may imply that multiple structure variations such as recombination have occurred in the ITS1 region of these groups. This study also found that GC content in the ITS1 region is relevant to its sequence length and subrepeat number, and could provide some phylogenetic information, especially supporting the close relationships among Picea, Pinus, and Cathaya. Moreover, several characteristics of the secondary structure of Pinaceae ITS1 were found as follows: (1) the structure is dominated by several extended hairpins; (2) the configuration complexity is positively correlated with subrepeat number; (3) paired subrepeats often partially overlap at the conserved motif (5'-GGCCACCCTAGTC), and form a long stem, while other subrepeats fold onto itself, leaving part of the conserved motif exposed in hairpin loops.  相似文献   

15.
The authors have for the time observed that somatic cell of Cathaya argyrophylla contains 24 chromosomes (2n=24) (plate I, 3). One pair of them are subtelocentric chromosomes and the rest are metacentric or submetacentric (Fig. 1). This shows that Cathaya is similar to most of genera in Pinaceae in chromosome numbers, but different from Pseutotsuga (2n-26). It seems that Cathaya is not closely related to Pseudot-suga, although its wood anatomy is very similar to that of Pseudotsuga.  相似文献   

16.
Resin canal patterns in the Pinaceae differ significantly from those in other conifers. In this paper, Pinus type, Picea type and Larix type are defined.Pinus has the Pinus type pattern, in spite of the possession of a system of peripheral canals in some members. The patterns inAbies, Picea, Cedrus, Keteleeria andPseudotsuga are varied. Both Pinus and Picea types are usually observed, although many other types are also seen in these five genera.Larix andPseudolarix have the Larix type pattern, andTsuga has a modified Torreya type pattern. From the data obtained in the present series of studies (Suzuki, 1979a, b), two main evolutional trends of resin canal patterns are suggested. In the Pinaceae, the patterns probably evolved from the complicated type to the simple type. In the other families, they evolved from the simple type to the complicated type. Moreover, it is to be considered likely that the patterns have evolved independently in each family. Patterns of resin canals are very similar to the primary vascular patterns. The similarity is probably not fundamental, but superficial, because most of the conifer species, of which resin canal patterns are varied, have but a single type of the primary vascular system.  相似文献   

17.
The Adelgidae form a small group of insects in the Aphidoidea. They are cyclically parthenogenetic with host alternating, multiple-generation complex life cycles and are restricted to certain host genera in the Pinaceae. Species that host alternate always have Picea as the primary host where sexual reproduction and gall formation occur, and another genus in the Pinaceae as the secondary host where a series of parthenogenetic generations are produced. Other species that do not host alternate complete their entire life cycle on one host and only reproduce parthenogenetically. We studied relationships within Adelgidae using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial COI, COII, and cytb genes, and the nuclear EF1alpha gene. Analysis of the combined data resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny in which the major adelgid clades correspond neatly to their association with secondary host genera. Specialization on each secondary host genus occurred only once and was followed by diversification on the host genus. Molecular dating of divergence times in the Adelgidae suggest that diversification among host genera occurred in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary when the Pinaceae genera were diverging. It is not clear, however, whether the Adelgidae and Pinaceae co-diversified because the relationships among the Pinaceae genera are not fully resolved. We discuss implications for adelgid taxonomy, life cycle evolution, and evolution of the interaction between adelgids and their host plants.  相似文献   

18.
松科4属植物茎初生结构比较研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究比较观察了松科云杉属的云杉(Picea asperata)、油杉属的油杉(Keteleeria fortunei)、雪松属的雪松(Cedrus deodera)、松属的海南五针松(Pinus fenzeliana)和大明松(P.taiwanensis Hayata var.damingshanensis)5个种的幼茎初生结构。结果表明,皮下层的细胞层数、皮层细胞的组成,树脂道的分布,鞘细胞的排  相似文献   

19.
The phylogenetic relationships and systematic position of the digenean genus Omphalometra Looss, 1899 and several other closely related genera, have always been controversial and opinions of different authors on the systematic rank and content of this group have varied greatly. Molecular analysis based on the partial sequences of the large subunit ribosomal DNA gene of representatives of the genera Omphalometra, Rubenstrema and Neoglyphe as well as previously published sequences of members of five families of Plagiorchioidea, has demonstrated: (1) close phylogenetic relationships between these three genera, and (2) a strong support of their position within the family Plagiorchiidae as a well-defined separate clade considered here as a subfamily Omphalometrinae. Molecular data do not support the close affinities of the members of Omphalometrinae and genus Opisthioglyphe as has been suggested by majority of previous authors. Among Omphalometrinae, Omphalometra flexuosa (a parasite of moles, Talpidae) occupies a basal position in relation to Rubenstrema exasperatum and Neoglyphe locellus (both parasitic in shrews, members of the more evolutionary advanced family Soricidae). An extremely low level of lsrDNA sequence divergence between Neoglyphe and Rubenstrema suggests very close phylogenetic relationships of these two genera. Results of the molecular analysis are briefly discussed in comparison with the previously published systems.  相似文献   

20.
中国松科花粉形态研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
张金谈 《植物研究》1989,9(3):87-98
本文研究了我国松科(Pinaceae)9属61种的花粉形态, 其中有6种进行扫描电子显微镜观察和照相, 4种进行透射电子显微镜观察和照相, 每属都有代表种的绘图, 对该科花粉形态类型、科下的分类及演化问题进行讨论, 为本科的亚科、属、种的划分提供孢粉学方面的参考依据。  相似文献   

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