白头翁的受精及组织化学研究

成熟花粉为二细胞,生殖细胞的蛋白质染色较营养细胞的深,淀粉粒充满营养细胞。花粉管常见穿人正在退化中的助细胞,并释放出两个精子,大量稠浓的蛋白质和淀粉,个别的释放在助细胞与胚囊壁之间。在一些卵细胞核,次生核(或极核)中,受精前后有1—3个小核仁(约1微米);助细胞具丝状器;反足细胞宿存,具多核和多核仁。胚囊中各个细胞的原生质稠浓程度和蛋白质染色深浅不同,其中以反足细胞和助细胞的原生质最稠浓,蛋白质染色最深。淀粉十分贫乏,绝大多数卵细胞,中央细胞和几乎全部助细胞和反足细胞均不含淀粉。双受精属于有丝分裂前类型,两性核融合步骤为:精子核接近和贴附在卵核和次生核上(或极核上),两性核的核膜溶解,其染色质沉入融合核,并随之松解,同时出现雄性核仁,最终,雄性核仁和雌性核仁合并,形成具单核和单核仁的合子和初生胚乳细胞。另外,雄性核仁同卵核仁合并较雄性核仁和次生核的晚,所以卵细胞完成受精较次生核晚。     

在甜椒花药培养中马来酰胼对小孢子发育的抑制作用

选用甜椒的小孢子单核期花药,用100、300、500、2000ppm的马来酰肼溶液浸泡处理,并设对照,进行无激素MS固体培养基培养。分别取样用各种组化方法对花药内部多糖、蛋白质、核酸及ATP酶进行组化反应和形态学上的观察。与对照组相比,处理组花药外部形态和内部结构出现许多变异。小孢子内多糖,蛋白质含量减少;绒毡层无明显变化;两组中,核酸的含量均无明显变化;ATP酶的活性低于对照组。可能,马来酰肼对于花药中ATP酶等产生抑制作用,致使花药败育。     

胎儿附睾的组织化学观察

本研究用光镜观察了在６例不同胎龄的胎儿及２例新生儿的附睾各段内ＡＫＰ、ＡＣＰ和ＳＤＨ在胎儿期附睾起始段的活性比其它各段都强,并且以３３周时为最强;至新生儿期,ＡＣＰ和ＳＤＨ在胎儿期附睾起始段的活性比其它各段都强并以３３周时最强,至新生儿期,ＡＣＰ和ＳＤＨ的组织化学活性及ＰＡＳ反应,并进行了半定量评估。结果显示：ＡＫＰ只在新生儿时期有微弱的活性;ＡＣＰ和ＳＤＨ的酶活性都比３３周时弱。ＰＡＳ阳生反应首先出现在６月龄的附睾各段,随后逐渐增强,至３３周时,附睾体、尾段的反应最为强烈,此后至新生儿期则轻微地减弱。根据文献对上述不同胎龄胎儿及新生儿附睾内酶活性及ＰＡＳ反应的变化进行了讨论。     

肝炎平对D－氨基半乳精所致肝损害保护作用的酶组织化学研究

本实验采用Ｄ－氨基半乳糖（Ｄ－ＧａｌＮ）诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤模型,观察大鼠肝脏组织化学的变化,探讨肝炎平对急性肝损伤的保护作用。实验分为四组,即正常对照组、模型组、肝炎平及肝得健保护组。结果表明：肝炎平对肝细胞膜系统有一定的保护作用。肝炎平组和肝得健组ＳＤＨ、ＣＣＯ及ＣｈＥ活性明显高于模型组,且与正常对照组相近。本实验模型组ＡＣＰ的活性明显高于正常组,而肝炎平组ＡＣＰ的活性明显低于模型组,与正常对照组无显著性差异。提示：肝炎平可显著改善因Ｄ－氨基半乳糖所致肝损害的作用。且其对肝细胞的保护作用与肝得健一致。     

Distribution of biogenic amines in the slug,Limax maximus

Summary The distribution of monoamines inLimax maximus was studied by the histochemical fluorescent method of Falck and Hillarp. The number of 5-HT-containing and catecholamine-containing perikarya in the central nervous system is small compared with the non-fluorescent perikarya. However, all the ganglia except the proto-cerebral ganglia have some amine-containing neurons. There are relatively larger numbers of fluorescent cells in the cerebral, visceral, pedal and right parietal ganglia than in the other ganglia. A single, giant 5-HT-containing neuron was observed in each meta-cerebral ganglion.Monoamine neurons are localised in a number of peripheral tissues (heart, integument, tentacles, penis retractor muscle, sole of foot, kidney, alimentary canal, reproductive organs and tentacular, pharyngeal and cephalic retractor muscles). Neurons containing catecholamine are mostly associated with sensory structures such as the statocysts, the retina of the eye and the integument of the tentacles, whereas 5-HT-containing nerve fibres are mainly observed in muscle tissues.We wish to thank the Wellcome Trust for financial support.     

The glandular hairs of Valeriana officinalis subsp. collina. I. Some unusual features in their development and differentiation

The ontogeny, morphology, histochemistry and nuclear structure of glandular hairs in Valeriana officinalis L. subsp. collina (Wallr.) Nyman were investigated. An interesting characteristic of these glandular hairs is their remarkable variability, not only in morphology, but in their chromatin activity, and the reactions of the secretions to histochemical tests.     

胃癌癌旁肠化上皮酶组织化学研究

本文应用酶组化方法对６０例胃癌癌旁粘膜中４７例肠化上皮（７８．３％）的破性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、胞嘧啶单核苷酸酶（ＣＭＰ）、葡萄糖－６－磷酸酶（Ｇ－６－ｐａｓｅ）、焦磷酸硫胺素酶（ＴＰＰａｓｅ）、５－核苷酸酶（ＳＮａｓｅ）、三磷酸腺苷酶（Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）和细胞色素氧化酶（ＣＣＯ）等九种细胞器标志酶进行了定位观察。结果发现肠化上皮吸收细胞上述酶活性均较强,且分布具有极性,杯状细胞酶反应较弱,主要位于细胞基底部。癌旁粘膜肠化阳性率为７８．３％,其中ＡＬＰ阳性的酶完全型肠化和ＡＬＰ阴性的酶不完全型肠化分别占５３．２％,４６．８％,两者出现率相近。酶完全型肠化ＡＬＰ阳性率在胃分化型癌及未分化型癌瘤旁分别占６９．２％和３３．３％。ＡＬＰ阳性率在胃分化型及未分化型癌组织内分别为３５．５％和０％。提示肠化上皮具有与肠上皮相似的代谢特征,酶完全型肠化和酶不完全型肠化可能是肠化的二种不同的形式,在致癌环境下,二者都有可能转变成癌,其中酶完全型肠化与分化型癌的关系较为密切。     

不同食物饲养幼鼠对肝组织化学影响的观察

实验采用刚断乳的幼鼠２０ 只, 分为两组喂养, 每组１０ 只, 对照组和普通饲料喂养（简称Ａ 组）,另一组用奶粉喂养（简称Ｂ组）。分别喂养２０天后, 对其肝组织化学进行了分组定性对比观察。结果显示：Ａ 组肝细胞糖原ＰＡＳ反应, ＳＤＨ、ＣｈＥ活性高于Ｂ组, 分别为强阳性（）, 而Ｂ组ＬＤＨ, ＡＫＰ活性比Ａ组强, 分别为强阳性及最强阳性 （, ）。     

Fine structural and enzymehistochemical observations on the notochord of Ichthyophis glutinosus and Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Gymnophiona,Amphibia)

Summary The notochord of Ichthyophis glutinosus and I. kohtaoensis consists of peripheral flattened cells characterized by a well-developed system of rough endoplasmic reticulum, bundles of tonofilaments, and abundant glycogen particles. These cells contain furthermore fairly high activities of -naphtyl-acetate esterase and 4-chloro-5-bromoindoxyl acetate esterase as well as acid phosphatase which was found in lysosomal localization. The huge intracellular vacuoles of the centrally situated cells possibly originate from electron translucent spaces within the glycogen fields of the peripheral cells.The notochord sheath consists of variously differentiated layers of collagen fibers and of an elastica externa. The diameters of the collagen fibers increase from the inner towards the outer region of the sheath. A peculiar feature of the Ichthyophis notochord sheath is a ring of mineralized collagen. The notochord of the caecilians investigated is compared with that of anurans, urodeles, and several groups of fish.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

东亚三角头涡虫一氧化氮合酶的组织化学定位初步研究

采用一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）组织化学定位方法研究了三角涡虫的ＮＯＳ的分布。结果表明,三角涡虫的咽部具有ＮＯＳ分布,在神经系统中未发现ＮＯＳ分布。推测咽部ＮＯＳ可能与其摄食有关。     

胃粘膜肠上皮化生与胃癌的粘液组织化学研究

应用粘液组化技术对１８５例胃良恶性疾病进行了研究。结果：胃良恶性疾病伴肠化检出率无明显差异;但含有硫酸粘液的结肠型肠化在胃癌癌旁检出率明显高于良性疾病组。不同分化程度胃癌的转移及术后生存率无明显差异;但含有酸性粘液的肠型、混合型胃癌的淋巴结转移率明显较仅含中性粘液的胃型胃癌高。提示：结肠型肠化与胃癌有一定关系;癌细胞产生大量酸性粘液可能有利癌细胞的扩散与转移,对胃癌病人的预后有一定影响     

Validation of image analysis for enzyme histochemical and immunocytochemical staining

Immunocytochemical and enzyme histochemical analyses of cells and tissues are used to detect changes in the extent of injury and the expression of various molecules. Image analysis quantitation offers an easier, more efficient technique to evaluate these changes. We studied the application of image analysis for evaluating enzyme histochemistry and immunocytochemistry of cells and tissues as a way to assess stroke. Using brain sections, we compared investigator and computer-generated image analysis of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride stained cerebral infarcts in rats subjected to 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion and 22 h re-perfusion. Both methods documented the infarct volumes with a comparison of means of less then 5%. This suggests no difference between computer- and hand-calculated values. Computer-generated analysis was easier and faster to use. Using endothelial cell monolayers, immunocytochemical staining of a time course of heat shock protein expression was compared to a grading system using fast red chromagen counterstained with hematoxylin. Results demonstrated greater ease and efficiency with computer-generated image analysis compared to other subjective systems of analysis. Image analysis is more useful for detecting small differences in staining, especially when using 3,3-diaminobenzidine as a chromagen. Investigator bias is also reduced using this system. Our comparisons validate the use of this versatile technology to assess more easily both cell and tissues in stroke research.     

Comparative histochemical observations on the contributions of the acrosomal vesicle and granule to the acrosomal cap in the spermatozoa of mammals

Summary By applying the periodic acid-Schiff technique to frozen sections of material fixed in weak Bouin's solution and extracted with hot pyridine, the contributions of the acrosomal vesicle and granule to the acrosomal cap have been observed in the maturing spermatozoa of the American opossum, guinea pig, rabbit, marmoset and chimpanzee. In the spermatids of the opossum, the acrosomal granule is not developed and the thin, homogeneous carbohydrate layer of the acrosomal cap is derived from the concentrated material of the acrosomal vacuole. In the guinea pig, both the acrosomal vesicle and granule make the greatest contributions to the carbohydrates of the acrosomal cap; these continue to maintain their identity in the head of mature sperm. In the rabbit, marmoset and chimpanzee, the carbohydrate material of acrosomal vesicle origin is less developed and constitutes a thin layer in the lateral portions of the acrosomal cap; the carbohydrate material in its anterior portions is mainly derived from the acrosomal granule which becomes flattened; there is also a slight thickening of the intermediate layer of the acrosomal cap in this region. The distinction between the carbohydrate contributions from the acrosomal vesicle and granule disappears in the fully formed acrosomal cap which shows a homogeneously PAS-positive intermediate layer. In the chimpanzee, the acrosomal vesicle makes a relatively very small contribution to the carbohydrate layer of the acrosomal cap which is mainly formed by spreading of material from the acrosomal granule.     

Validation of image analysis for enzyme histochemical and immunocytochemical staining

Immunocytochemical and enzyme histochemical analyses of cells and tissues are used to detect changes in the extent of injury and the expression of various molecules. Image analysis quantitation offers an easier, more efficient technique to evaluate these changes. We studied the application of image analysis for evaluating enzyme histochemistry and immunocytochemistry of cells and tissues as a way to assess stroke. Using brain sections, we compared investigator and computer-generated image analysis of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride stained cerebral infarcts in rats subjected to 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion and 22 h re-perfusion. Both methods documented the infarct volumes with a comparison of means of less then 5%. This suggests no difference between computer- and hand-calculated values. Computer-generated analysis was easier and faster to use. Using endothelial cell monolayers, immunocytochemical staining of a time course of heat shock protein expression was compared to a grading system using fast red chromagen counterstained with hematoxylin. Results demonstrated greater ease and efficiency with computer-generated image analysis compared to other subjective systems of analysis. Image analysis is more useful for detecting small differences in staining, especially when using 3,3-diaminobenzidine as a chromagen. Investigator bias is also reduced using this system. Our comparisons validate the use of this versatile technology to assess more easily both cell and tissues in stroke research.     

Avian enteric nerve plexuses

Summary The enteric nerve plexuses of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) were investigated in sections and stretch preparations by means of the cholinesterase and glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical techniques. Cholinesterase-positive and varicose and non-varicose fluorescent nerve fibres were distributed at all levels of the gut in myenteric, submucosal, muscle and mucosal plexuses, and in a perivascular plexus. The density of the innervation and the detailed distribution of the nerves varied in different parts of the intestinal tract. All nerve plexuses appeared to be best developed in the rectum. Whereas the circular muscle coat contained a substantial number of nerves at all levels of the gut, the longitudinal coat was well innervated only in the rectum. The major portion of the mucosal plexus appeared to be associated with the intestinal glands. The nerve cell bodies were restricted to the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were mainly cholinesterase-positive. Fluorescent ganglion cells were not observed. Pretreatment of stretch preparations with NADH: Nitro BT to stain ganglion cells showed that the majority of the cells were surrounded by a meshwork of fluorescent varicose fibres, although none of the fibres appeared to be associated with individual cells. The perivascular plexus was mainly associated with the arteries. The functional significance of the innervation is discussed.We would like to thank the British Council for financial support for Mr. H.A. Ali     

尼罗罗非鱼消化道肥大细胞的组化性质

实验采用改良甲苯胺蓝(MTB)、阿利新蓝-沙黄(AB/SO)、甲基绿-派洛宁(MG-P)、天青Ⅱ-伊红-瑞氏混合液和硫堇5种组化染色法,对尼罗罗非鱼(Nile tilapia)消化道组织中的肥大细胞(Mast cell,MC)组化性质进行研究。尼罗罗非鱼的食管、胃及小肠壁内均显示有肥大细胞,在食管和胃的切片标本上肥大细胞主要分布在黏膜固有层和胃腺体之间。在肠道中的肥大细胞主要分布在黏膜固有层和肠上皮下方,少量肥大细胞存在于黏膜下层结缔组织中。细胞呈圆形、椭圆形,也有长梭形的。而且肥大细胞有沿血管分布的特点。5种组化染色结果表明:AB/SO、MTB和MG-P显示的MC效果较好,尤其AB/SO染色效果最好,肥大细胞轮廓清楚,胞质颗粒较清晰;尼罗罗非鱼肥大细胞胞浆颗粒都呈红色,即肥大细胞胞浆主要含肝素,不含组胺。天青Ⅱ-伊红-瑞氏混合液染色效果也很好,但被染的肥大细胞较少;80%乙醇硫堇染色,在尼罗罗非鱼消化道各段组织中均未能鉴定出肥大细胞。尼罗罗非鱼消化道肥大细胞大多分布于浅层的黏膜或血管、腺体周围的结缔组织等易表露于环境抗原的位点。罗非鱼消化道黏膜层结缔组织中的肥大细胞与大多数脊椎动物的肥大细胞一样,具有沿血管分布的特性,说明硬骨鱼的肥大细胞如哺乳动物肥大细胞一样与血管有着密切的关系。     

慢性缺氧对大鼠膈肌组织化学和超微结构影响的研究

研究慢性缺氧和参麦注射液治疗对大鼠膈肌组织化学和超微结构的影响,结果显示：缺氧使膈肌ＳＤＨ活性降低,Ⅰ类纤维极显著减少,运动终板ＣｈＥ活性极显著降低,线粒体肿胀变性,神经肌肉运动终板突触前部囊泡减少,突触间隙模糊,终板模电子密度降低;参麦治疗可恢复缺氧膈肌的ＳＤＨ活性及Ⅰ类纤维数目,显著提高终板ＣｈＥ活性,线粒体结构恢复正常,运动终板突触前部囊泡丰富,突触间隙清晰,终板膜电子密度正常。表明慢性缺氧降低膈肌有氧氧化能力,影响其能量代谢及神经冲动的传递,从而减弱其收缩力,而参安治疗可改善缺氧造成的上述损害,为其临床应用提供了实验医学依据。     

Developmental regulation of presence of binding sites for neoglycoproteins and endogenous lectins in various embryonic stages of human lung,liver and heart

Protein-carbohydrate interactions are supposed to play key roles in the mechanisms of cell adhesion, biosignalling and intracellular routing, warranting the analysis of the developmental course of expression of epitopes of this system. Thus, a panel of carrier-immobilized carbohydrate ligands was used as probes, namely lactose,N-acetylgalactosamine,N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, fucose and maltose. Additionally, an antibody to an endogenous -galactoside-binding lectin (anti-galectin-1), the biotinylated lectin and two further human lectins, namely the macrophage migration inhibitory factor-binding sarcolectin and serum amyloid P component (SAP) that displays selectivity for sulphated sugars and mannose-6-phosphate, were included. They enabled us to assess the extent of the presence of respective binding sites in fixed sections from human lungs (pulmonary epithelial cells), livers (hepatocytes) and hearts (myocard cells) of 10–50 weeks gestation. Invariably, specific binding was detected in the three organ types, at least in certain stages. In most of the cases, the intensity of staining exhibited developmental regulation. The apparent patterns reveal similarities between the different cell types, as seen with immobilizedN-acetylglucosamine as well as with labelled galectin-1 and sarcolectin. However, drastic differences among such patterns with nearly opposite developmental courses do also occur, as detected for carrier-attached mannose and maltose residues. These results point to a potential importance for the detected glycohistochemical features in human development and substantiate the possibility of differential regulation of the presence of binding sites for distinct sugars within a certain organ and between the individual cell types of the monitored organs.     

骤冷与饥饿对小鼠胃影响的实验研究

当机体受饥饿与寒冷等因素刺激后, 由于应激反应, 可导致物质代谢的变化, 并造成机体损害。为探讨饥饿及饥饿与骤冷对动物胃的影响,本实验用健康昆明种小鼠２５ 只,随机分成正常组５ 只,饥饿组１０只, 饥饿后再予冷刺激组１０ 只（下称骤冷组）。采用组织化学及酶组织化学方法观察糖原（ＰＡＳ反应）,ＳＤＨ（琥珀酸脱氢酶）, ＬＤＨ （乳酸脱氢酶）, ＣｈＥ （胆碱酯酶）, Ｍｇ２＋ －ＡＴＰａｓｅ （镁激活三磷酸腺苷酶）, ＭＡＯ（单胺氧化酶）。结果显示： １． 饥饿时胃粘膜层ＰＡＳ反应, ＳＤＨ、ＣｈＥ活性显著下降, 肌间神经丛ＭＡＯ活性增强。２． 饥饿后骤冷时胃粘膜层出血, 胃粘膜ＰＡＳ反应、ＳＤＨ 活性更显著下降, 而肌间神经丛的ＣｈＥ、ＭＡＯ 活性明显增强。