天麻矿物质吸收及其营养机理探讨

探讨了天麻吸收矿物质过程和天麻的营养机理。研究蜜环菌在天麻的金属元素、非金属元素吸收中起的作用, 阐明天麻的有机营养吸收过程。提出了天麻吸收非金属元素的两个途径,分析了天麻吸收金属元素的“泵”的作用机理。指出了天麻蜜环菌之间的游离氨基酸特别是天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的交流是天麻和蜜环菌生长发育的关键。     

蜜环菌和天麻共生营养关系的放射性自显影研究

本文利用3H-葡萄糖以打孔浇灌法标记天麻。用标记的天麻伴栽蜜环菌,追踪标记化合物是否存在蜜环菌中。显微放射自显影的结果表明：天麻自身能吸收标记物,同化的标记物其长距离运输靠天麻的纵向维管组织进行。天麻表皮外的蜜环菌菌索的光镜、电镜自显影显示,蜜环菌能从天麻中获取营养,蜜环菌和天麻之间存在营养物质的相互交流,菌麻之间存在着特殊的共生关系。     

密环菌胞外多糖的发酵条件研究

密环菌是天麻的共生菌,有研究证明,密环菌的菌丝及发酵液有与天麻相类似的药理作用,为此,我们进行密环菌深层发酵产胞外多糖条件的研究。研究结果表明：菌丝生长和多糖产生的最适初始pH为5．9左右;消泡剂用量在一定内增加,有利于菌丝的生长,但增加消泡剂用量会不利于多糖的产生;接种量大,菌丝得率高,但接种量为10％时的多糖得率最高;装液量试验表明,通气量大,有利于菌丝的生长和多糖的产生;机械搅拌对菌丝的生长和多糖的产生都不利;生长动态实验证明,密环菌可在6d内完成液体发酵;以豆粕粉作氮源时,菌丝得率最高,以麸皮作氮源时,多糖产量最高;红薯粉为密环菌菌丝生长和多糖产生的最适碳源。     

不同蜜环菌菌株对乌天麻产量的影响

用不同的蜜环菌(Amillaria mellea)菌株与长白山乌天麻(Gastrodia elata)进行伴栽试验,以探索不同蜜环菌菌株对乌天麻产量的影响。结果表明:不同蜜环菌菌株对乌天麻产量的影响不同,其中菌株Ar-4能显著提高天麻产量,仿野生栽培和室外箱栽试验均表现出良好的伴栽效果。     

The Structure and Antifungal Functions of Vegetative Propagation Corm of Gastrodia elata

The growth of Gastrodia elata Bl. and Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quel. shares a special symbiotic relation. In general, A. mellea invades the G. elata , the epidermal cells, the cortical cells and the large cells of the growing vegetative propagation corm of G. elata . The empty cavity cells, the cork cells of the isolation in the vegetative propagation corms and the large cells of G. elata were the defensive structure, protecting the new G. elata from pathological invasion by A. mellea . In winter, G. elata enters the stage of hibernation.　The faulting layer derived from the cork cells of the isolation was the last defensive structure by which new G. elata could safely live through the winter.     

The Relation Between Growth of Gastrodia elata Protocorms and Fungi

Armillaria mellea penetrated protocorms from seed germination and vegetative multiplication corms of Gastrodia elata with rhizomorph. At beginning, they formed a hypha passing road and a hypha flow in the inner cells of cortex, and then, they both penetrated inside of large cells and penetrated outside of cortical cells. Gastrodia elata seeds depended on digesting Mycenct osmundicola etc gain nutrition to germinate at the stage of sexual reproduction, but its corms of vegetative multiplication must be penetrated by Armillaria mellea obtaining nutrition for normal growth at the stage of vegetative propagation.     

天麻生长过程中可溶性蛋白和多糖的累积规律

以不同来源的蜜环菌 [(Armillariamellea(Vahl.exFr.)Qu啨ｌ.) ]4个菌株分别伴栽红天麻 (GastrodiaelataBl.f.elata)、乌天麻 (GastrodiaelataBl.f.glaucaS .Chow)以及红乌杂交天麻 ,对天麻生长发育过程中可溶性蛋白和多糖含量的变化规律进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,随着天麻的生长 ,菌株M1 、M2 、M3和M4 伴栽的红天麻、乌天麻以及红乌杂交天麻中 ,其可溶性蛋白含量均在逐步增加 ;在同一生长期内 ,4个菌株伴栽的红乌杂交天麻中可溶性蛋白含量大于红天麻和乌天麻。由菌株M1 、M2 、M3和M4 伴栽的红天麻、乌天麻以及红乌杂交天麻 ,其多糖含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势 ;在同一生长期中 ,4个菌株伴栽的红天麻的多糖含量大于乌天麻和红乌杂交天麻。     

天麻球茎不同部位的细胞对蜜环菌侵染的反应

用电镜技术比较研究了天麻球茎皮层细胞和中柱细胞对蜜环菌侵染的反应,皮层细胞在蜜环菌菌丝的刺渺下能产生囊状结构,然后这些小囊将入侵的菌丝包围和消化,而中柱细胞则不能,上述两种细胞在功能上的主要差别就在于此。     

Study of Factors for Cultivating the Orchid Species Gastrodia elata,a Traditional Chinese Medicine

The orchid speices Gastrodia elata is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine and has been widely applied for treating a variety of diseases. The yield of wild Gelata is very limited since its vegetative growth is exclusively dependent on its symbiosis with the fungus Armillaria mellea, from which Gelata is able to obtain nutrients from rotten wood in the forest. To develop a standard for cultivating Gelata in large quantities, four factors that may influence the yield of Gelata need to be further investigated, including cultivation environment, inoculation volume of Armillaria, wood from different tree species, and the effect of fertilizer on the maturation of Gelata. To optimize these factors, a large scale orthogonal experiment was performed in the farmland of Xiaocaoba, Zhaotong, Yunnan Province. Among the four factors tested, inoculation of Armillaria played the most important role in the maturation of Gelata. The yield of mature tubers, in terms of both tuber weight and quantity, on open ground is greater than that in forested areas. Of the 12 tree species tested, Dipentodon sinicus stimulated the largest amount of growth of Armillaria and produced the greatest yield of Gelata in the farmland. In comparison to the other factors tested, fertilizer showed no effect on the yield of G-elata.     

Studies on the Character istic of the Structures in the Cortical Cells of Gastrodia clara after Infection of Armillaria mellea

Aided by the techniques of thin and ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy, the characteristic of structures in the cortical cells of Gastrodia elata was further investigated after infection of Armillaria mellea. It was found that the “hyphal coils”, observed with light microscope, in the cortical cells of G. elata were saccate structures deriv- ed from the cytoplasm of cortical cells and enclosed hyphae. And the cell walls of hyphae were digested in these sacs. Then, these hyphae without cell wall were cut into protoplast fragments in inner-most cortical cells. The results indicated that the cortical cells of G. elata possess digestive function.     

天麻中抗真菌蛋白质的诱导和积累

前曾报告从天麻（Ｇａｔｒｏｄｉａ ｅｌａｔａ Ｂｌ）中分离出一种对木霉丝生长有强抑制作用的蛋白质,命名为天麻抗真菌蛋白,简称ＧＡＦＰ,也称为Ｇａｓｔｒｏｄｉａｎｉｎ。对不同天麻材料来源的ＧＡＦＰ分析表明：ＧＡＦＰ的相对分量为１４ｋＤ,等电点可能不同,变动范围８．１－９．３。体外抑菌试验证明ＧＡＦＰ对腐生性真菌如木霉如木霉和密环菌等有强抑制活性,半抑制浓度ＩＣ０．５为０．０８ｍｇ／ｍＬ;对寄生免疫荧     

天麻生长过程中酸性磷酸酶的研究

以蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)伴生的天麻(Gastrodia elata)块茎为材料,研究了天麻生长发育过程中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性及其同工酶的变化。结果表明,在天麻生长90d时,其酶谱中有3条谱带,且均显色较弱;生长至120d时,其酶谱与生长90d的酶谱相同,但谱带显色加深;而在生长150d时,酶谱中缺少了一条Rf 0.852的谱带。在90~150d的天麻生长发育过程中,酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性呈现先升高后下降的趋势。讨论了酸性磷酸酶(ACP)同工酶变化的生理学意义。     

天麻抗真菌蛋白对木霉菌丝的作用位点

天麻抗真菌蛋白(Gastrodia Antifungal Protein,GAFP)能强烈抑制腐生真菌菌丝的生长,在天麻限制和防止蜜环菌[Armillariella melles (Vahl.ex Fr.) Karst.]侵染球茎的防卫机制中起重要作用。本文报告GAFP抗菌机理研究的部分内容——GAFP对木霉菌丝的作用位点。用荧光试剂异硫氰酸荧光素(Fluorescein isothiocyanate,FITC)标记GAFP,试验表明,标记后的GAFP与未标记的GAFP对木霉菌丝生长均有抑制作用。在荧光显微镜下观察GAFP在木霉菌丝上的作用位点,发现被“标记GAFP”作用后的菌丝边缘有荧光,并主要集中在木霉菌丝的顶端和菌丝横隔处,表明GAFP对木霉的作用位点在菌丝的细胞壁上。     

四株昭通乌天麻共生蜜环菌的生理生化特征及其分子鉴定

目的 对4株昭通乌天麻（Gastrodia elata）共生蜜环菌（Armillaria mella）的生理生化活性进行研究,并鉴定其分类地位。方法 通过测定不同碳源和氮源对蜜环菌生长的影响以及胞外酶活性,掌握该蜜环菌生理生化特性,再结合rDNA-IGS序列分析方法进行鉴定。结果 不同蜜环菌需要不同的碳源、氮源;3种胞外酶活性中木聚糖酶活性最大,其次是羧甲基纤维素酶,漆酶活性最小;供试蜜环菌与云南、贵州地区天麻共生蜜环菌以及猪苓共生蜜环菌的亲缘关系比较远。结论 蜜环菌能否作为天麻共生菌与其分类地位无关。     

天麻种子／原球茎和营养繁殖茎被菌根真菌定殖后的细胞分化

天麻（Gastrodia elata Bl.)种子可与紫萁小菇（Mycena osmundicola Lange),兰小菇（M.orchidicola Fan et Guo)等一类小菇属真菌共生萌发形成原球茎。侵入种皮的菌丝集结在柄状细胞外周的胚柄残迹中,首先侵入胚的柄状细胞,然后自柄状细胞侵入其他原胚细胞。原胚细胞发生功能分化,形成菌丝结细胞和消化细胞,初被菌丝定殖的原胚细胞具有消化菌丝的功能,随后,部分原胚细胞逐渐被菌丝充满,充育成菌丝结细胞。菌丝由菌丝结细胞进一步侵入消化细胞后最终被消化。由原球茎分化形成的营养繁殖茎（以下简称营繁茎）进一步被蜜环菌（Armilariella mellea(Vahl.Fr.)Karst.)定植,蜜环菌与紫箕小菇的菌丝同时存在于营繁茎中,但两菌相遇时都停止蔓延,互不交错侵染。     

Studies on the Morphological Changes of Intracellular Structures of Gastrodia elara Bl.in the Period of Hyphae Digested

A primary study on the process of Hyphae Digested of Gastrodia elata BI. has been made through cytological and idstoebemieal methods. 1. When the cortical ceils of Gastrodia elata corm had been infected by Armillaria mellea Fr., its vacuole disrupts and disappears in the protoplast, so that the hyphae were changed in nature and then hydrolyzed; The cells themselves too, were bydroiyzed at the same times. In our inference, this period of hydrolysis happens because of the function that the vacuole release the hydrolases. Thus, the cells and fungal hyphae have been changed in their form and histoehemisty. 2. During the changes of cortical cells of corm, the outer-most part of the columella parenchyma cells also changs greatly, such as the appearing of renewable nuclei, the changes of the form and the structures of nucleoli, the disappearing of polysaccharide particles, the increasing of the content of RNA, the increasing of mitochondrias in large quantity etc. All these changes show the active process of synthesis in the large cells.     

Cytodifferentiation of the Seeds (Protocorms) and Vegetative Propagation Corms Colonized by Mycorrhizal Fungi

The stipecell, subepidermal parenchyma cells and inner cortical parenchyma cells were differentiated from Gastrodia elata Bl. seed and protocorm cells when they were colonized by the fungal hyphae of Mycena osmundicola Lange and M. orchidicola Fan et Guo. The hyphae aggregated in the suspensor remnant surrounding stipecell, primarily penetrated the stipecell, and then colonized the embryo of seed. Stipecell is the unique invading site of the hyphae. Subepidermal parenchyma cells containing pelotons of hyphae is also a kind of passage cells of hyphae, but, when primarily colonized by hyphae, they can degenerate a little of hyphae. The hyphae colonizing inner cortical parenchyma cells were totally degenerated, and the function of inner ocrtical parenchyma cells is digestive. The vegetative propagation corms, which differentiated from protocorms, were recolonized by Armilariella mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Karst., and the hyphae of A. mellea and M. osmundicola were found in the same cell, but there is a layer of cells uncolonized by mycorrhizal fungal hyphae. This means the two fungal species can not crisscross colonize the cell of G. elata.     

The Biological Relationship of Gastrodia elata and Armillaria Melle

We have done a series of experiments on the biological relationship of G. elata and Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Quel on the basis of popular experience. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The whole ontogenetic pattern of G. elata may be generally divided into four stages: seedling formation, tuber formation, flowering and fruiting. Except for the flowering and fruiting stage, the activity of Amella determines the formation of G. clara seedlings, the renewal of its vegetative organs, and transformation of vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The germination of tile dormant buds and their development are also decided by the sites and the influence of infection of A mellea . In some cases, when the mixed bud of G. elara was injured, it could also form several tubers with the infection of A. mellea . 2. The infecting process of A. mellea on G. elata has been studied in detail. Some of our observations are not well fitted with Kusano's experimental results. We find that there are two modes of infection of A. mellea on G. clara: physiological infection and pathological infection. Under normal environmental conditions, A. mellea infects the tissues of cortical layer only, and may also lead to the enlargment and malformation of nuclei. On the other hand; the digestive cells possess both the functions of defense and infecting hyphae. The pathological infection often exists under unfavorable conditions. 3. The tuber of G. data is not the only organ to assimilate the A. mellea, the vegetative stem also has a function of assimilation. 4. The growihg tuber would not become an assimilating organ until winter was over.     

我国猪苓研究的进展

猪苓菌核同密环菌建立起共生关系才能继续生长。从猪苓菌核生长、菌核与蜜环菌的关系、猪苓菌种培养与猪苓多糖提取、猪苓人工栽培等方面进行了综述