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1.
Blanca Olivia Cañedo Ortiz Martha Evelia Pérez Reyes Eugenio Pérez Molphe Balch 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2000,36(4):268-272
Summary Efficient plant regeneration systems via somatic embryogenesis have been developed for Acacia farnesiana and Acacia schaffneri [Leguminosae (Mimosoideae)]. The protocol used in this study consisted of placing immature, zygotic embryos of these species
in Murashige and Skoog semi-solid basal medium supplemented with 9.05 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.65 μM kinetin to induce callus. Some parts of the callus were used for direct embryo differentiation and others for establishment
of cell suspension cultures. In the first case, somatic embryos were produced on semi-solid differentiation media without
growth regulators or with abscisic acid (ABA). The higher number of somatic embryos, 345 and 198 embryos per g callus in A. farnesiana and A. schaffneri, respectively was obtained in media without growth regulators, but adding ABA increased the percentage of embryos that reached
more advanced differentiation stages. The production of somatic embryos was achieved starting from cell suspensions only when
these suspensions were plated into the semi-solid differentiation medium. Somatic embryos germinated on medium containing
217 μM adenine sulfate with efficiencies of 69% in A. farnesiana and 47% in A. schaffneri. Some somatic embryos that developed into plantlets were acclimatized in the greenhouse, and they grew into normal plants. 相似文献
2.
Somatic embryos of Cyclamen persicum Mill. could be produced through a callus phase from juvenile explant material including anthers, ovaries and zygotic embryos. The auxin 2,4-D (1.0–1.5 mg l-1) and coconut milk (10% v/v) in MS medium were important factors for the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryos germinated into plantlets in MS medium without growth regulators. The plants grew well in the greenhouse and flowered normally. The plants were phenotypically identical to the mother plants with a few exceptions.Abbreviations 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- NAA
1-naphthylacetic acid
- IAA
3-indoleacetic acid
- BA
6-benzyladenine
- ABA
abscisic acid
- CM
coconut milk 相似文献
3.
Tissa Senaratna Bryan D. McKersie Stephen R. Bowley 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1990,26(1):85-90
Summary The use of somatic embryos from cell culture systems in the clonal propagation of plants would be greatly facilitated if the
somatic embryos could be dried and stored in a dormant state similar to true seeds. A cell culture system was developed for
alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) line RL34 which gave high yields of somatic embryos in an approximately synchronized pattern. These somatic embryos were
treated with abscisic acid (ABA) at the cotyledonary stage of development to induce desiccation tolerance. With no visual
preselection, approximately 60% of the dried embryos converted into plants upon reimbibition. When high quality embryos were
selected prior to drying, 90 to 100% conversion rates were observed. The timing of the application of ABA in terms of embryo
development was critical with an optimum being at cotyledonary stage spanning approximately 4 days; thus, synchronized embryo
development is required for optimal expression in bulk samples. The vigor of the seedlings from dried somatic embryos was
greater than those from embryos which had not been dried, but remained substantially lower than those from true seeds. 相似文献
4.
Michael E. Compton C. M. Benton D. J. Gray D. D. Songstad 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1992,28(4):197-201
Summary Maize (Zea mays L.) embryogenic type-II calli were grown on medium containing 0,0.1 μM ABA or 60 g/liter sucrose or both before dehydration of solitary somatic embryos under three relative humidity regimes for
up to 6 wk. Viability of dehydrated embryos after 2 wk rehydration was assessed by their ability to produce chlorophyll (greening),
roots, coleoptiles, and/or leaves. Only embryos sequentially pretreated with ABA and high sucrose remained viable after 2
wk of dehydration at 70% RH. Up to 34% of the somatic embryos survived 2 wk dehydration at 70% RH, whereas embryos dehydrated
at 50 or 90% RH exhibited reduced viability (8.7 and 0.8%, respectively). Approximately 15% of the embryos dehydrated at 70%
RH developed into plants, whereas 0.9 and 0% of embryos dehydrated at 50 and 90% RH produced plants. Three percent of maize
somatic embryos remained viable after 6 wk of dehydration at 70% RH, and 1.7% developed into plants. Embryo size influenced
the ability of maize somatic embryos to survive dehydration. Only embryos greater than 5 mm survived 2 wk dehydration at 70%
RH. 相似文献
5.
Summary Embryogenic cell lines of Picea abies are categorized into three groups (polar, solar, and undeveloped) based on the organization of the somatic embryos within the tissue and the ability of the somatic embryos to proceed through a maturation process when treated with ABA. The polar and the solar types consist of somatic embryos with densely packed embryonic regions subtended by vacuolated suspensors. Both types of tissue regenerate mature somatic embryos when treated with ABA. Almost all mature somatic embryos develop further into shoots or plantlets. The undeveloped type consists of somatic embryos comprised of only a few loosely aggregated cells in their embryonic regions. Mature somatic embryos were not observed with this tissue type.Abbreviations ABA
cis-trans abscisic acid
- A1
polar type
- A2
solar type
- B
undeveloped type
- BA
benzyladenine
- 2,4-D
2,4 di-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
- LP
von Arnolds medium (1987) 相似文献
6.
Kourosh Vahdati Shima Bayat Hassan Ebrahimzadeh Maryam Jariteh Masoud Mirmasoumi 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2008,93(2):163-171
Low efficiency of embryo maturation, germination and conversion to plantlets is a major problem in many species including
Persian walnut. We studied the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose, on the maturation and germination of Persian walnut
(Juglans regia) somatic embryos. Individual globular somatic embryos were grown on a maturation medium supplemented with different combinations
of ABA and sucrose for ca. 1 month, until shoot meristems and radicles had developed. White and opaque embryos in late cotyledonary
stage were subjected to desiccation after the culture period on maturation media. The number of germinated somatic embryos
was influenced by the concentrations of ABA in the maturation medium. The best treatment for germination, in which both shoot
and root were developed contained 2 mg l−1 ABA and resulted in 41% conversion of embryos into plantlets. Regeneration was reduced at higher levels of ABA. While ABA
always reduced the rate of secondary embryogenesis, treatments containing 4.0% sucrose significantly increased the number
of secondary embryos. On the other hand, sucrose had little influence on maturation. Normal and abnormal embryos were verified
anatomically. 相似文献
7.
Summary Somatic embryogenesis was obtained from hypocotyls and cotyledons of one month old plantlets of Picea abies. Embryogenic yield was higher with expiants from somatic embryo-derived plantlets (80 %) than with plantlets issued from zygotic embryos (10 %). This report also describes production of embryogenic calli from needles of 14 month old somatic embryo-derived plants cultivated in greenhouse. The influence of the physiological status and genotype of the mother plant on somatic embryogenic potential is discussed.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- (±) ABA
racemic ABA
- BAP
6-benzylaminopurine
- CI
callus inducing culture medium
- NAA
1-naphtaleneacetic acid 相似文献
8.
An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system characterized by rapid and continuous production of somatic embryos using leaf and petiole expiants has been developed in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)]. The optimal somatic embryogenic response was obtained in the genotype PI 318846-3 with a two-step protocol: (1) stage I-incubation of expiants in the dark for 2 weeks on Murashige Skoog (MS) medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (2.5 mg/l) and 6-benzylaminopurine (0.25 mg/l) and, (2) stage II-culture in the light on MS medium with abscisic acid (ABA) (2.5 mg/l). The addition of ABA was critical for enhanced production of somatic embryos. Secondary somatic embryos were produced from the primary embryos cultured on MS medium with 2,4-D at 0.2 mg/l. The somatic embryos were converted into normal plantlets when cultured on basal MS medium. Upon transfer to soil, plants grew well and appeared normal with no mortality. The system of somatic embryogenesis described here will facilitate tissue culture, germplasm conservation and gene transfer research of sweetpotato due to its rapidity (6 to 10 weeks), prolific plant production by direct embryogenesis, ease of secondary somatic embryo production and reproducibility.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- BAP
6-benzylaminopurine, 2,4-D-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- GA3
gibberellic acid
- KIN
kinetin
- MS
medium of Murashige and Skoog (1962)
- NAA
1-naph-thaleneacetic acid
- PIC
picolinic acid
- TDZ
thidiazuron 相似文献
9.
Anatomical study of zygotic and somatic embryos of Tilia cordata 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A comparative anatomical study was carried out on zygotic and somatic embryos of Tilia cordata Mill. to evaluate the effect of growth conditions on their development. Zygotic embryos (heart-shaped, torpedo, cotyledonary),
collected during two autumn periods, were examined to investigate the effect of growing season on embryo development. In comparison,
the influence of growth conditions on the development of somatic embryos in vitro was also studied. Treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) and polyethylene glycol-4000 induced the development of somatic cotyledonary
embryos similar to zygotic embryos with respect to morphology and anatomy, as illustrated by the differentiation of the apical
meristems and of the procambium. The pattern of accumulation of starch and protein was also similar in these embryos. Somatic
cotyledonary embryos that developed spontaneously without ABA showed defective accumulation of storage material and a general
failure to form the shoot apical meristem, leading to very low germination rates. Vacuolar phenolic deposits were observed
along the procambium of both zygotic and somatic embryos regardless of the maturation stage. Tracheid formation was observed
only in somatic embryos formed without ABA in the medium and in precociously germinated somatic embryos. Phenolic vacuolar
inclusions were frequently observed in epidermal cells of these embryos.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Polyethylene glycol and abscisic acid improve maturation and regeneration of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Panax ginseng</Emphasis> somatic embryos 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Embryogenic culture was initiated from mature zygotic embryos of Panax ginseng. Multiple somatic embryos formed and proliferated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.26 M) and kinetin (0.046 M). Mature as well as immature somatic embryos grew into plantlets lacking roots on the same media. Histomorphological analysis of somatic embryos treated with abscisic acid (ABA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) showed a slight improvement in the root meristem organization of torpedo-stage embryos (embryos were more compact and their cells exhibited a lower degree of vacuolation). Shoot regeneration of non-treated somatic embryos was 31% while that for somatic embryos treated with PEG 4000 and ABA was 70%. Moreover, 75% of plants regenerated from PEG- and ABA-treated embryos formed roots while plants from non-treated embryos did not form roots.Abbreviations
ABA
(±)-Abscisic acid
-
BAP
N
6-Benzyladenine
-
2,4-D
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
-
GA
3
Gibberellic acid
-
Kin
Kinetin
-
MS
Murashige and Skoog medium
-
PEG 4000
Polyethylene glycol 4000
-
PGR
Plant growth regulators
Communicated by H. van Onckelen 相似文献
11.
Effects of Desiccation, Medium Osmolarity and Abscisic acid on the Maturation of Hevea brasiliensis Somatic Embryos 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
ETIENNE H.; MONTORO P.; MICHAUX-FERRIERE N.; CARRON M. P. 《Journal of experimental botany》1993,44(10):1613-1619
The effects of desiccation of Hevea somatic embryos and of sucroseand ABA concentrations in the maturation medium on their germinabilitywere investigated. Conversion into plant, water and histochemicalstatus of somatic embryos were compared systematically to thoseof the zygotic embryos used as reference. Slow desiccation ormaturation on 351 mol m3 sucrose supplemented with 1mmol m3 ABA strongly improved germinability and conversionof embryos into plants. The combination of the two treatmentswas the most effective, increasing the germination frequencyby 3·7 and plant conversion by 6·6 in clone PR107. Each of these two treatments increased the vigour of somaticembryos, stimulated the formation of root and shoot meristemsand the synthesis and accumulation of starch and protein reserves.At the end of maturation, the Hevea somatic embryos bore ananatomical and histochemical resemblance to mature zygotic embryos.Likewise, the two treatments brought the water status of somaticembryos closer to that of the mature zygotic embryos, but withoutachieving a perfect match. Optimization of the successful conversioninto plants may require full acquisition of this water status. Key words: ABA, embryo maturation, Hevea, somatic embryogenesis, water status 相似文献
12.
Direct regeneration of somatic embryos was obtained from immature zygotic embryos of Dalbergia latifolia. Immature embryos dissected from green pods 90 d after flowering gave the highest frequency of somatic embryo formation. Preculture on high 2,4-D medium for 4 weeks induced direct somatic embryogenesis, which was expressed during the second culture phase in the presence of low 2,4-D along with a high sucrose concentration. Embryos were separated and transferred to the maturation medium containing MS + 0.5–1.0 mg/L BAP, where embryos developed into plantlets. Somatic embryos failed to convert into complete plants without BAP treatment. This method of direct regeneration of somatic embryos without a callus phase has direct application for genetic manipulation studies.Abbreviations MS
Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium
- 2,4-D
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- BAP
6-benzylaminopurine
- ABA
Abscisic acid
- KIN
Kinetin 相似文献
13.
The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in relation to abscisic acid (ABA) on different phases of somatic embryogenesis were
studied in Medicago sativa L. Different concentrations of both the growth inhibitors (0.0, 0.5, 5.0, 50.0 and 500.0 μM) were tested in five distinct phases of somatic embryogenesis, viz., induction, proliferation, differentiation, maturation
and regeneration. Like ABA, MeJA also inhibited callus induction, callus growth, proliferation of embryogenic suspension as
well as germination and conversion of somatic embryos. However, its inhibitory effects on various phases of somatic embryogenesis
were less pronounced as compared to that due to ABA. In contrast to ABA, MeJA did not have any significant influence on the
development of somatic embryos when applied in the differentiation phase. The study showed that ABA used routinely as an inducer
of somatic embryo maturation in M. sativa could not be replaced by MeJA. 相似文献
14.
S. Kiran Ghanti K. G. Sujata M. Srinath Rao P. B. Kavi Kishor 《Biologia Plantarum》2010,54(1):121-125
A protocol for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was developed in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars ICCV-10 and Annigeri. Somatic embryos were induced from immature cotyledons on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium
supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T),
α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and picloram alone or in combination with 0.5 — 2.0 mg dm−3 N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or kinetin (KIN). NAA was better for somatic embryo induction compared to other auxins. The well formed,
cotyledonary shaped embryos germinated into plantlets with 36.6 % frequency on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg dm−3 BA + 0.5 mg dm−3 abscisic acid (ABA). The frequency of embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration was higher in cv. ICCV-10 as compared to cv.
Annigeri. Regenerated plants were transferred to soil (40 % survival) and grown to maturity. Histological studies of explants
at various developmental stages of somatic embryogenesis reveled that somatic embryos developed directly from the cotyledon
cells and they were single cell origin. 相似文献
15.
Vegetatively propagated material offers many advantages over seed material in forest tree breeding research and in reforestation programmes. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that using somatic embryos in forestry is a viable option. However, before somatic embryos can be used optimally in forestry, basic research aimed at increasing the number of responsive genotypes as well as the age of the primary explant is needed. This in turn requires the establishment of a basic understanding of the physiological and molecular processes that underlie the development of somatic embryos. The functions of genes and their developmental and tissue specific regulation are studied using transient and stable transformation techniques.The process of somatic embryogenesis can be divided into different steps: (1) initiation of somatic embryos from the primary explant, (2) proliferation of somatic embryos, (3) maturation of somatic embryos and (4) plant regeneration. Cortical cells in the primary explant are stimulated to go through repeated divisions so that dense nodules are formed from which somatic embryos differentiate. The first formed somatic embryos continue to proliferate and give rise to embryogenic cell lines. Embryogenic cell lines of Picea abies can be divided into two main groups A and B, based on morphology, growth pattern and secretion of proteins. Our results suggest that extracellular proteins play a crucial role in embryogenesis of Picea abies. Somatic embryos from group A can be stimulated to go through a maturation process when treated with abscisic acid. Mature somatic embryos can develop into plants.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- BA
N6-benzyladenine
- 2,4-D
dichlorophenoxy acetic acid 相似文献
16.
Maturation of somatic embryos in conifers: Morphogenesis,physiology, biochemistry,and molecular biology 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Summary In the past 15 years tremendons progress has been made towards the development of systems for the induction and development
of somatic embryos of coniferous species. Since the first report in 1985, several species have been induced to produce somatic
embryos. This has been rendered possible by the development of rational media and improvement of culture conditions, which
have resulted in increased embryo quality and higher conversion frequency. Understanding the physiological and biochemical
events occurring during in vivo embryogenesis has been fundamental in the design of new protocols for improving the somatic embryogenic process. Specifically,
the inclusions of abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic agents, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), have been shown to be necessary
for the functional development of somatic embryos. In the past few years, physiological and biochemical investigations have
been useful in increasing our knowledge on the mode of action of ABA and PEG during embryo development. In comparison with
the flowering plants, our understanding on the molecular mechanisms regulating the embryogenic process in coniferous species
is still very limited. The application of new molecular techniques is therefore fundamental towards this end. The emphasis
of this review is on recent information dealing with the maturation of conifer somatic embryos. 相似文献
17.
Javed A. Qureshi Kutty K. Kartha Suzanne R. Abrams Lee Steinhauer 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1989,18(1):55-69
Zygotic embryos from ten spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were tested for embryogenic callus induction in the presence or absence of externally supplied (±)-abscisic acid (ABA) and two of its analogs, methyl abscisate and methyl epoxy-beta-ionylideneacetate. (±)-ABA and its analogs suppressed precocious germination of cultured late-stage embryos and promoted embryogenic callus induction. A significantly greater number of plants was regenerated from calli induced in the presence of ABA and ABA analogs. Early-stage embryos when cultured in the presence of (±)-ABA showed a negative response. Possible roles of ABA with respect to the expression of somatic embryogenesis are discussed.Dedicated to Dr. Friedrich Constabel on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
18.
This study examined the role of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in indirect somatic embryogenesis of
Medicago sativa L. A multiplex GC-MS/MS technique allowed quantitative single-run analyses of ABA, JA, 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) and
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The preparation of initial explants led to a strong accumulation of ABA, JA and OPDA but not of
IAA. Substantially higher levels of ABA, JA and OPDA were detected in developing somatic embryos than in callus or embryogenic
suspension. Fluridone (FLD) decreased ABA, JA and OPDA levels. Indoprofen (INP) appeared to be a specific inhibitor of octadecanoid
biosynthesis. Somatic embryo production and development were negatively affected by FLD or INP. Only INP (0.5 μM) applied
during proliferation phase increased the number of cotyledonary embryos. The results strongly indicate the involvement of
ABA and JA in somatic embryogenesis of M. sativa. Surprisingly, low IAA contents in comparison to stress-related compounds (ABA, JA and OPDA) were detected in explants, embryogenic
tissues and somatic embryos. 相似文献
19.
20.
Abscisic acid and osmotic induction of synchronous somatic embryo development of sweet potato 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Antonio C. Torres Nicolas Mfe'e Ze Daniel J. Cantliffe 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(2):262-267
Summary Somatic embryos of sweet potato have potential as synthetic seeds. The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) (0,0,0.1, 1.0, 10.0
and 50.0 μM) were examined to improve synchrony and proliferation of somatic embryos. Transferring embryos compared to those cultures
transferred at day 0. The development of embryos in suspension culture supplemented with ABA was poor. However, when calli
proliferation cultures were in gelled medium and pulsed with 0.1 μM ABA for 14 d, the number of somatic embryos increased. Proembryonic masses cultured in mannitol-containing medium (Y=−1.5
MPa) increased embryo development and synchrony of embryo development. Thus, in this work ABA and mannitol have been shown
to improve both the total number and the synchrony of sweet potato somatic embryos. 相似文献