Hepatoprotective Effects of Purple Potato Extract against D-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

We investigated the hepatoprotective effect of purple potato extract (PPE) against D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury in rats. PPE (400 mg) was administered once daily for 8 d, and then GalN (250 mg/kg of body weight) was injected at 22 h before the rats were killed. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and asparate aminotranferase (AST) levels increased significantly after injection of GalN, but PPE inhibited GalN-induced alterations in serum TNF-α, LDH, ALT, and AST levels. Hepatic lipid peroxide and glutathione levels in the control + GalN group were higher and lower respectively than those in the control group, and those in the PPE + GalN group did not differ from that in the control group. The lipid peroxide level in hepatic microsomes treated with 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride in the PPE group was significantly lower than that in the control group. This suggests that PPE has hepatoprotective effects against GalN-induced hepatotoxicity via inhibition lipid peroxidation and/or inflammation in rats.     

微波消解-FAAS法测定普通甘薯和紫甘薯中的金属元素

采用微波消解法处理普通甘薯和紫甘薯样品,运用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定其中的K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu 7种对人体有益的金属元素含量。结果表明,普通甘薯和紫甘薯中K、Ca、Fe、Mg元素含量较高,Mn、Zn、Cu元素含量较低,且7种金属元素含量在两者之间存在一定的差异,各元素在紫甘薯中的含量均比普通甘薯中含量高。方法的加标回收率介于98.5%～103.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于3.14%。可为普通甘薯与紫甘薯的品质评价提供理论参考。     

紫甘薯花色苷色素的抑菌机理研究

<正>人类和动物的食品安全有赖于生产的各个环节,使用无污染、无残留、无毒副作用的食品添加剂是解决食品中药物残留的关键。     

紫甘薯花色苷色素的抑菌作用研究

本文研究了紫甘薯花色苷色素抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、啤酒酵母和黑曲霉的作用及机理。结果表明：紫甘薯花色苷色素对大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用, 并与其浓度呈正相关, 而对啤酒酵母和黑曲霉无抑制作用。透射电镜观察和大肠杆菌生长曲线表明, 该色素的抑菌作用可能是通过增强细胞膜的通透性, 使细胞异常生长, 抑制对数生长期的细胞分裂, 使细胞质稀薄、细胞解体。SDS-PAGE 分析表明, 紫甘薯花色苷对大肠杆菌蛋白表达影响不明显, 未见特征性条带的消失, 仅对部分蛋白质合成量有影响。     

紫甘薯花色苷色素的抑菌作用研究

本文研究了紫甘薯花色苷色素抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、啤酒酵母和黑曲霉的作用及机理.结果表明:紫甘薯花色苷色素对大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用,并与其浓度呈正相关,而对啤酒酵母和黑曲霉无抑制作用.透射电镜观察和大肠杆菌生长曲线表明,该色素的抑菌作用可能是通过增强细胞膜的通透性,使细胞异常生长,抑制对数生长期的细胞分裂,使细胞质稀薄、细胞解体.SDS-PAGE分析表明,紫甘薯花色苷对大肠杆菌蛋白表达影响不明显,未见特征性条带的消失,仅对部分蛋白质合成量有影响.     

大孔树脂分离纯化“黑金刚”紫马铃薯花青苷工艺研究

以紫色马铃薯"黑金刚"花青苷为原料,采用D101、HDP100A、HDP450A、NK-9、AB-8五种大孔吸附树脂对花青苷的吸附与解析特性进行了比较研究,并在此基础上,采用最佳大孔树脂对花青苷纯化过程中的静态、动态吸附和解析附条件进行了优化研究。结果表明AB-8大孔树脂具有较好的吸附和解析能力,是纯化紫色马铃薯花青苷的最佳树脂,较优纯化条件为:上样液花青苷浓度为0.028mg.g-1,上样液pH=2,洗脱液乙醇浓度为50%,洗脱液pH=1,吸附流速为1mL.min-1,洗脱流速为1mL.min-1。经大孔树脂纯化后,色价值比纯化前提高了7.55倍。     

Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Purple Sweet Potato Underlies the Direct Evidence of Anthocyanins Function against Abiotic Stresses

Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) is a key enzyme in the catalysis of the stereospecific reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In the purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cv. Ayamurasaki, expression of the IbDFR gene was strongly associated with anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, stems and roots. Overexpression of the IbDFR in Arabidopsis tt3 mutants fully complemented the pigmentation phenotype of the seed coat, cotyledon and hypocotyl. Downregulation of IbDFR expression in transgenic sweet potato (DFRi) using an RNAi approach dramatically reduced anthocyanin accumulation in young leaves, stems and storage roots. In contrast, the increase of flavonols quercetin-3-O-hexose-hexoside and quercetin-3-O-glucoside in the leaves and roots of DFRi plants is significant. Therefore, the metabolic pathway channeled greater flavonol influx in the DFRi plants when their anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation were decreased. These plants also displayed reduced antioxidant capacity compared to the wild type. After 24 h of cold treatment and 2 h recovery, the wild-type plants were almost fully restored to the initial phenotype compared to the slower recovery of DFRi plants, in which the levels of electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were dramatically increased. These results provide direct evidence of anthocyanins function in the protection against oxidative stress in the sweet potato. The molecular characterization of the IbDFR gene in the sweet potato not only confirms its important roles in flavonoid metabolism but also supports the protective function of anthocyanins of enhanced scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals in plants under stressful conditions.     

甘薯茎线虫病抗侵入和抗扩展资源评价

对69份创新种质和具有200个单株的RAPD分析分离群体进行甘薯茎线虫病抗侵入和抗扩展鉴定,结果表明:可作为抗性亲本的材料仅占创新种质的23.2%,福薯13为高抗侵入和高抗扩展特异资源,泉紫薯1号、烟紫薯176、徐01-2-5、徐01-25-8具有高抗侵入、抗扩展特性,可作为双抗亲本加以利用.另对甘薯茎线虫病抗扩展性鉴定方法的研究表明:采用室内接种200条线虫,25℃室温下培养45d,以薯块的横切和纵切面的平均防效进行评价最为有效.     

解酒护肝饮解酒及对急慢酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

为了评价解酒护肝饮解酒效果及其对急、慢性酒精性肝损伤保护作用机制,本研究通过建立醉酒模型,确定致醉剂量;通过醉酒睡眠实验比较解酒护肝饮解酒特性;通过测定醉酒小鼠血乙醇含量的变化,研究解酒护肝饮对乙醇代谢的影响;通过建立急慢性酒精性肝损伤模型,测定AST、ALT、SOD活性,GSH、MDA水平,HE染色切片观察肝组织形态学的变化。研究发现小鼠最佳致醉剂量为11 m L/kg;与模型组比较,解酒护肝饮高(HD)、中剂量组(MD)均可延长醉酒时间、缩短醒酒时间(p<0.05),高、中剂量组可降低酒精灌胃后2 h、3 h时间点血乙醇含量(p<0.05);与模型组比较,急慢性酒精肝损伤模型各剂量组均能显著降低血清AST、ALT活性(p<0.05),急性酒精性肝损伤模型中,各剂量组肝组织SOD、GSH水平上升(p<0.05),MDA水平下降(p<0.05),而在慢性酒精性肝损伤模型肝组织中,低剂量组(LD)的SOD、GSH及MDA水平没有统计学差异;病理切片观察可见,急慢性酒精肝损伤模型高、中、低剂量组均能显著改善肝组织因乙醇而导致的肝损伤,并且高、中剂量组效果较好。本研究表明解酒护肝饮可显著延长醉酒时间,缩短醒酒时间,降低血乙醇的含量,对酒精诱导的肝损伤有较好的保护作用。     

紫色甘薯品系6种酶的同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,选用过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、细胞色素氧化酶(CYT)、淀粉酶(AMY)、酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)等六种酶的同工酶系统对14个紫色甘薯品种(系)进行了同工酶分析.结果表明:过氧化物酶(POD)、细胞色素氧化酶(CYT) 、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等三种酶的同工酶酶谱很丰富,分别有13、11、10条酶带;淀粉酶(AMY)、酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)等三种酶的同工酶酶带相对较少,分别为4、7、7条.聚类分析结果表明,所有供试紫色甘薯品系或品种分成7类:I类包括品系A1、A2、A7;II类包括品系B1～B3;III类包括品系B7和B8;IV类只有品系B9;V类包括品系A3、A4、A6;VI类只有品系A5;VII类只有品种"山川紫".     

响应面法优化紫甘薯花色苷水解条件

使用响应面法优化了紫甘薯花色苷的水解条件.使用高效液相色谱-多波长检测器测定花青素含量.采用3因素3水平Box-Behnken中心组合设计,优化了水解时间、盐酸浓度和水解温度对矢车菊素和芍药素峰面积之和的综合影响.结果显示,紫甘薯花色苷的最佳水浴水解条件为:盐酸浓度4.54 mol/L,水浴温度100℃,水解时间45.8 min.在最优条件下进行验证试验,响应值为理论值的96.5％,说明该响应面法优化方法可行.     

Hepatoprotective Effect of MMP-19 Deficiency in a Mouse Model of Chronic Liver Fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is characterized by the deposition and increased turnover of extracellular matrix. This process is controlled by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), whose expression and activity dynamically change during injury progression. MMP-19, one of the most widely expressed MMPs, is highly expressed in liver; however, its contribution to liver pathology is unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of MMP-19 during the development and resolution of fibrosis by comparing the response of MMP-19-deficient (MMP19KO) and wild-type mice upon chronic liver CCl₄-intoxication. We show that loss of MMP-19 was beneficial during liver injury, as plasma ALT and AST levels, deposition of fibrillar collagen, and phosphorylation of SMAD3, a TGF-ß1 signaling molecule, were all significantly lower in MMP19KO mice. The ameliorated course of the disease in MMP19KO mice likely results from a slower rate of basement membrane destruction and ECM remodeling as the knockout mice maintained significantly higher levels of type IV collagen and lower expression and activation of MMP-2 after 4 weeks of CCl₄-intoxication. Hastened liver regeneration in MMP19KO mice was associated with slightly higher IGF-1 mRNA expression, slightly increased phosphorylation of Akt kinase, decreased TGF-ß1 mRNA levels and significantly reduced SMAD3 phosphorylation. In addition, primary hepatocytes isolated from MMP19KO mice showed impaired responsiveness towards TGF-ß1 stimulation, resulting in lower expression of Snail1 and vimentin mRNA. Thus, MMP-19-deficiency improves the development of hepatic fibrosis through the diminished replacement of physiological extracellular matrix with fibrotic deposits in the beginning of the injury, leading to subsequent changes in TGF-ß and IGF-1 signaling pathways.     

Biochemical Effects of Gamma Radiation on Potato and Sweet Potato Tissues

Relationship between the chemical constituents of tobacco leaves and the gaseous constituents of cigarette smoke from which K value¹⁾ was computed was discussed and the following presuppositions were demonstrated to be correct.

1. Fibrous substances in tobacco leaves are the main precursors of acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, methylethylketone, diacetyl, methanol, furan, an unknown compound, No. 6 and an unknown compound, No. 16 in cigarette smoke.

2. Sugars in tobacco leaves are the main precursors of 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethyl- furan in cigarette smoke.

3. Resinous substances in tobacco leaves are the main precursors of isoprene and an unknown compound, No. 2 in cigarette smoke.

     

玄参提取物对小鼠急性化学性肝损伤保护作用的研究

采用四氯化碳(CCl4)腹腔注射构建小鼠急性肝损伤模型;利用生物活性跟踪法,以小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性为检测指标,从玄参根提取物筛选保肝活性的物质。结果表明乙酸乙酯萃取部位保肝效果最好,能够显著降低血清ALT和AST活性(P0.01),其次为正丁醇相。对活性较好的乙酸乙酯部位进一步通过硅胶柱层析分离,结果表明段F02和段F03能显著降低血清ALT和AST活性(P0.05或P0.01),降低肝脏MDA含量(P0.05或P0.01),增强肝脏SOD活力(P0.05或P0.01),提示玄参提取物可能通过抑制脂质过氧化发挥保肝作用。     

甘薯品种抗旱适应性综合评价的方法研究

在对水分胁迫下甘薯形态、生长势、生理生化和产量性状等指标与品种抗旱性进行相关分析的基础上,采用抗旱系数法、聚类分析法、隶属函数法对品种抗旱适应性予以综合评价.综合评价的结果,将15个供试甘薯品种按抗旱水平由弱到强划分为不抗（农大红、漳薯1号、8908-383）、低抗（宿芋1号、9318-58、渝苏303、89-1、95-411-153、西蒙1号）、中抗（92-111-107、渝薯34、南薯88、92-103-30）和高抗（Y3、潮薯1号）四级.上述几种关于甘薯品种抗旱适应性综合评价的方法具有较好的一致性.     

抗甘薯黑斑病优异种质资源的筛选与评价

通过对1107份甘薯种质资源抗黑斑病鉴定,筛选出高抗品种8份,占鉴定品种总数的0.7%;抗病品种128份,占11.6%.并进一步对这些抗性资源的兼抗病性、抗逆性、产量及品质进行分析研究,从中筛选出了兼抗两种或两种以上病害的优异种质资源若干份,以期为育种和生产提供依据.     

甘薯薯干高淀粉资源的鉴定及综合评价

通过对332份新征集甘薯品种资源薯干粗淀粉含量的分析测定,鉴定得到58份高淀粉种质资源。通过烘干率测定,得到36份兼具高干的高淀粉种质资源。通过抗病性、时逆性鉴定,得到5份兼抗多病的优异高淀粉品性种质资源,5份兼具耐旱性的高淀粉种质资源,29份兼具耐贮性的高淀粉种质资源。     

Effects of Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle Virus and Sweet Potato Chlorotic Stunt Virus on the Yield of SweetPotato in Uganda

Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) are the most common viruses infecting sweetpotato in Uganda. Field plots planted with graft inoculated plants of virus‐free cultivars Beauregard, Dimbuka, Ejumula, Kabode and NASPOT 1 were used to assess the effect of SPFMV and SPCSV on yield and quality of sweetpotatoes in two agro‐ecologies. SPFMV spreads rapidly to control plots at Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute Kabanyolo (MUARIK), and these plots had similar yields to those singly infected with SPFMV but at the National Semi Arid Resource Research Institute (NaSARRI) where SPFMV spreads slowly, plots infected with SPFMV yielded 40% less than the control. Recovery from SPFMV appeared to be more frequent at NaSARRI than at MUARIK. Infection by SPCSV alone resulted in yield losses of 14–52%, while mixed infections of SPFMV+SPCSV resulted in yield losses in both locations of 60–95% depending on the cultivar. SPCSV and mixed infections of SPFMV+SPCSV also reduced the number of roots formed as well as the diameter of the roots, resulting in a greater length to diameter ratio compared to the healthy control. This study, therefore, confirms that both SPFMV and SPCSV, both singly and when mixed, can reduce yield, the extent depending on the cultivar. To mitigate the effect of these viruses, farmers should use clean planting materials of resistant varieties.     

辅色剂对紫淮山花色苷稳定性的影响及其热降解动力学研究

为探究谷胱甘肽和没食子酸对紫淮山花色苷的辅色作用,本文研究了谷胱甘肽和没食子酸对紫淮山花色苷降解率、热稳定性及色差的影响。试验表明,谷胱甘肽和没食子酸能有效抑制花色苷的降解,且最佳添加量分别为0.03%和0.2%。在此添加量条件下,紫淮山花色苷在50、70、90℃水浴中的热降解均符合一级降解反应动力学规律。添加谷胱甘肽和没食子酸的紫淮山花色苷降解速率常数(k)小于对照组,半衰期(t 1/2)和活化能(Ea)高于对照组,说明谷胱甘肽和没食子酸能够增强花色苷的热稳定性。色差测定结果表明,经谷胱甘肽和没食子酸辅色后的紫淮山花色苷,其明度指数(L*)和色品指数(a*、b*)较对照组变化缓慢,颜色的稳定性增强。