Comparative Study of Carbon Storage in Different Forest Stands in Subtropical China

Selection and development of tree species with high fixing CO₂ capacity is an increasing problem worldwide. A comparative study on carbon fixation ability of three forest stands was conducted at Linlong Mountain, Li’nan County, Zhejiang Province, China. The results showed that total carbon storage in the ecosystems of Moso bamboo, Chinese fir, and Masson pine stands were 104.83, 95.66, and 96.49 t C/ha, respectively. The spatial distribution of carbon storage in the three ecosystems decreased in the order: soil > tree story > the vegetation under the forests. Carbon storage in the soils under Moso bamboo, Chinese fir, and Masson pine stands accounted for 65.3, 61.4, and 55.6% of the total CSs, respectively. The Moso bamboo forest ecosystem fixed 1.69 and 1.63 times as much C (9.64 t C/ha/year) as the Chinese fir and Masson pine forest ecosystems, respectively.     

毛竹种群向针阔林扩张的根系形态可塑性

为了弄清毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)向针阔林扩张过程中根系的形态可塑性反应,在浙江天目山自然保护区毛竹向针阔林扩张的典型过渡地带,连续区域上设置毛竹纯林、针阔-毛竹混交林(以下简称过渡林)、针阔林3种样地。用根钻法采集样地毛竹根系、针阔树根系并比对其生物量密度、细根比根长、相邻同级侧根节点距等形态特征参数变化。结果表明:随着毛竹的扩张程度增加,林内根系生物量密度增加;且与针阔树竞争过程中毛竹将更多的根系放置于表层;同时在水平方向上随离样株距离的增加未出现明显变化,而针阔树根系则随离样木距离的增加而逐渐减少;毛竹根系比根长明显增加,平均增幅15%;一、二级侧根节点距则均有所下降,毛竹侧根数量增多。这些结果表明毛竹种群可通过根系生物量密度、细根比根长、相邻同级侧根节点距等形态可塑性方式实现向周边森林扩张。     

酸雨对毛竹入侵阔叶林缓冲区根系形态及分布格局的影响

为明确亚热带毛竹与阔叶树根系对酸雨的适应策略,于2017-2018年在浙江省杭州临安天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹入侵阔叶林过渡区开展酸雨模拟试验,选取T1（pH=4.0）、T2（pH=2.5）、CK（pH=5.5）3个模拟酸雨梯度,分析不同强度酸雨作用下毛竹与阔叶树的根系变化。结果表明：T1对阔叶树根系形态指标具有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）,导致阔叶树根系的总根长、总表面积、总体积及和细根比根长分别下降了39.9%,39.4%,42.3%和16.2%;T2对毛竹和阔叶树根系指标均有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）,导致毛竹的根系总根长、总表面积、总体积及细根比根长分别下降了41.5%,42.9%,46.4%和15.1%,阔叶树根系分别下降了60.2%,63.3%,61.8%和20.5%。随着酸雨强度的增加,林内根系生物量密度减少,毛竹将更多的根系置于土壤表层。在水平方向上阔叶树根系则随离树距离的增加而逐渐减少,毛竹2-5 mm径级根系生物量在离竹20 cm,离树40 cm和20 cm之间差异显著（P<0.05）。pH、有机质、可溶有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾对毛竹的根系可塑性具有显著的影响（P<0.05）。这些结果表明,毛竹在酸雨作用下利用根系形态可塑性实现种群竞争优势。     

毛竹入侵对森林植物和土壤的影响研究进展

植物与土壤稳定性和动态变化反映了森林生态系统在复杂生境下的自我调控和适应能力。毛竹入侵森林生态系统造成的诸多影响已经成为新的研究热点。系统综述了毛竹入侵的机制,以及对植物生存能力、物种多样性、植被碳储量,土壤理化性质以及土壤微生物结构与功能影响的最新研究进展。针对目前研究存在的问题,提出了丰富毛竹入侵管控手段、着重不同类型毛竹—森林临界面演替长期监测、明确毛竹入侵阶段划分、加强毛竹入侵生态后效研究等研究展望。有助于理解森林与毛竹入侵之间的相互作用、森林对毛竹入侵的响应和适应对策,对了解毛竹入侵机制,预测植物和土壤在毛竹入侵后的变化特征具有一定的借鉴意义。     

种植阔叶树种和毛竹对土壤有机碳矿化与微生物群落结构的影响

为探明种植阔叶树种和毛竹对土壤有机碳矿化与微生物群落特征的影响,本研究通过盆栽试验和室内培养法比较分析种植香樟、木荷、青冈等阔叶树种与毛竹的土壤有机碳矿化速率和累计矿化量,并结合末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)以及荧光定量PCR技术,分析土壤细菌、真菌群落组分与数量特征.结果表明:与种植阔叶树种的土壤相比,种植...     

莫古礼(Floyd Alonzo McClure)在华采集和引种竹类植物的历史及其影响

竹类植物是美国采集者在我国采集和引种的一类主要植物。在众多的竹类植物采集者中, 莫古礼(Floyd Alonzo McClure)是最具代表性的一位, 他于1919-1940年在岭南大学开展竹类植物研究, 在此期间多次采集竹类植物标本并引种竹类植物到美国。本研究通过大量文献研究、档案查阅以及实地调研, 整理了莫古礼采集竹类植物的路线和采集地, 并对竹类植物学名进行校对, 分析了莫古礼在华研究、采集和引种竹类植物的历史及其影响。经统计, 莫古礼在华期间竹类植物标本采集地涉及12个省级行政区39个地级市, 主要集中在广东、海南、香港等地; 引种地涉及9个省级行政区的25个地级市; 共采集竹类植物标本727号1,840份, 隶属20属93种(含种下单位, 下同), 分别占我国竹类植物属和种的58.8%和17.4%; 共引种竹类植物255份, 隶属于17属77种, 分别占我国竹类植物属和种的50.0%和14.4%。莫古礼在华采集和引种竹类植物极大地发展了竹类植物分类学, 所采集的竹类植物标本为后人竹类植物研究提供了极大的帮助, 所引种的竹类植物极大丰富了美国竹类植物种类, 也促进了竹类植物在美国的应用。     

The responses of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest aboveground biomass to Landsat TM spectral reflectance and NDVI

Bamboo is a special forest type in subtropical regions of china. Its huge biomass and carbon storage and its ecological function play an important role in global carbon sink. In this paper, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest in Anji county, Zhejiang province, China was selected to examine the relationships between Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and aboveground biomass (AGB, Kg), This research indicates that (1) near infrared (TM4) and mid-infrared bands (TM5,TM7) are more important in explaining Moso bamboo AGB than the visible bands. In particular, TM band5 has higher path coefficient with AGB than any other TM bands, implying its important role in explaining Moso bamboo AGB; (2) the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has weak correlation with Moso bamboo AGB, however, other vegetable indices such as Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI), and Soil Adjust Vegetation Index (SAVI) which are related to soil adjustment parameters are significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB; (3) the new vegetation index developed in this paper is significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB (correlation coefficient is 0.48), and has higher correlation coefficient (R) than any other selected vegetation indices, implying that this new vegetation index can better explain Moso bamboo AGB than any other vegetation indices.     

The responses of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest aboveground biomass to Landsat TM spectral reflectance and NDVI

Bamboo is a special forest type in subtropical regions of china. Its huge biomass and carbon storage and its ecological function play an important role in global carbon sink. In this paper, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest in Anji county, Zhejiang province, China was selected to examine the relationships between Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and aboveground biomass (AGB, Kg), This research indicates that (1) near infrared (TM4) and mid-infrared bands (TM5,TM7) are more important in explaining Moso bamboo AGB than the visible bands. In particular, TM band5 has higher path coefficient with AGB than any other TM bands, implying its important role in explaining Moso bamboo AGB; (2) the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has weak correlation with Moso bamboo AGB, however, other vegetable indices such as Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI), and Soil Adjust Vegetation Index (SAVI) which are related to soil adjustment parameters are significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB; (3) the new vegetation index developed in this paper is significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB (correlation coefficient is 0.48), and has higher correlation coefficient (R) than any other selected vegetation indices, implying that this new vegetation index can better explain Moso bamboo AGB than any other vegetation indices.     

毛竹GRF转录因子家族的全基因组鉴定与分析

利用生物信息学方法,于毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) Lehaie)全基因组中鉴定获得18个GRF转录因子,并对其理化特性、保守结构域、系统发育关系、mi R396靶位点以及基因表达模式进行了分析。结果表明,18个Pe GRF蛋白长度为170～551 aa,分子量为18.5～58.8 k D;这些Pe GRF蛋白均具有QLQ和WRC结构域,部分Pe GRF含有FFD和TQL保守结构域。对毛竹、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh)和水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的系统进化分析结果显示,毛竹18个GRF可分为3个亚类,且单子叶植物毛竹和水稻的GRF转录因子亲缘关系更近。mi R396靶位点预测分析结果发现,在13个Pe GRF基因序列的编码区存在毛竹mi R396结合位点; Pe GRF基因表达模式分析结果显示,Pe GRF主要在毛竹的竹笋中表达。     

Fine-scale genetic population structure of southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Mississippi forests

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, is the most destructive insect pest of pine forests in the southeastern United States, Mexico, and Central America. Southern pine beetle aggressively attacks pine trees, and when in epidemic stages, they are capable of killing even the most healthy pine trees in a short period of time. Despite the amount of destruction caused by the southern pine beetle and the amount of monetary loss faced by the timber industry and recreation, the population genetics of this species has been limited to comparisons among distant geographic locations. This study investigates the fine-scale genetic population structure of the southern pine beetle in Mississippi. Very little genetic differentiation was observed among samples. Bayesian assignment testing failed to detect multiple groups within all samples; estimates of genetic differentiation and genetic distance were very low in magnitude; and a Mantel test did not reveal a significant relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance. These results suggest that management of the southern pine beetle needs to consider the potential movements of individuals within and among national forests and should be focused on a large scale, at least as big as continuously forested areas and possibly even multiple forests. These results further suggest that removal of beetle-infested trees is important.     

毛竹扩张对杉木林土壤微生物残体碳积累的影响

亚热带毛竹扩张对杉木林土壤微生物残体碳积累的影响及机制尚不清楚。以毛竹向杉木林扩张带(包括杉木林、杉木-毛竹混交林和毛竹林)的凋落物(O层)和不同发生层土壤(A层、B层和BC层)为研究对象,通过分析凋落物和土壤样品中的氨基糖含量来表征微生物残体碳累积效应,并进一步评价微生物在土壤有机碳(SOC)形成过程中的作用。结果表明：毛竹扩张使杉木林凋落物数量和碳含量显著降低,但是凋落物中真菌残体碳(MRC-f)、细菌残体碳(MRC-b)和微生物残体碳(MRC)含量均显著增加;毛竹扩张显著提高了杉木林SOC、MRC-f、MRC-b和MRC含量,而且在毛竹扩张初期(杉木林演替为杉木-毛竹混交林)MRC-f、MRC-b和MRC在SOC中的比例也显著增加,说明毛竹扩张增强杉木林土壤MRC累积效应的同时,也提高了微生物对有机碳的贡献。而毛竹扩张后期MRC-f、MRC-b和MRC占SOC比例并没有显著变化,意味着毛竹扩张后期MRC和植物源残体碳对SOC含量的提升均有贡献,且两者贡献的相对比例保持不变。土壤MRC含量随着剖面深度的加深逐渐下降,而MRC占SOC比值却随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐升高,说明深层土壤中...     

Aluminum Tolerance in Moso Bamboo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllostachys pubescens</Emphasis>)

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is widely distributed in the acid soil region of Southern China, where great potential of aluminum (Al) toxicity exists. To evaluate the Al tolerance of Moso bamboo, seed germination and root elongation were compared with two rice cultivars, and physical and physiological damages were examined under various levels of Al stress. Results showed that Moso bamboo seed germination was inhibited when Al concentration increased to 500 μM, and the median lethal concentration was 2,000 μM. Comparatively, the rice seed germination was not inhibited even at a concentration of 2,000 μM Al. Aluminum accumulated mainly in the cell wall of root apices, and entered into protoplasts as treating time prolonged and/or Al concentration increased, which resulted in apoptosis. The bamboo root epidermis degraded significantly in the presence of 2,000 μM Al. In conclusion, Moso bamboo is moderately weak in Al tolerance.     

母岩与竹龄对毛竹竹叶中硅和植硅体碳含量的影响

在浙江省毛竹主产区,采集不同母岩类型(花岗岩、砂页岩、凝灰岩)和不同竹龄(1、3年生)的毛竹竹叶样品,研究了不同母岩和竹龄对毛竹叶片中硅与植硅体碳含量的影响,以及竹叶样品中硅和植硅体含量之间的相关关系.结果表明: 母岩、竹龄对毛竹竹叶中硅和植硅体含量均有显著影响,不同母岩土壤毛竹竹叶中硅含量表现为花岗岩(33.19 g·kg^-1)>砂页岩(32.64 g·kg^-1)>凝灰岩(24.51 g·kg^-1),植硅体含量表现为花岗岩(105.81 g·kg^-1)>砂页岩(93.50 g·kg^-1)>凝灰岩(59.40 g·kg^-1);3年生毛竹竹叶中硅与植硅体含量均显著高于1年生.母岩与竹龄对竹叶植硅体碳含量均无显著影响,而对竹叶干物质植硅体碳含量存在显著影响.3种母岩发育土壤上毛竹叶中硅与植硅体含量间呈显著正相关;但1年生竹叶中两者之间无显著相关性.要准确估算全国不同地域、不同土壤类型毛竹竹叶的植硅体含量时,需要考虑母岩、植物株龄的影响.     

带状采伐毛竹林恢复的质量特征研究

以安徽省黄山区毛竹林样地内2018年春笋和新竹为研究对象,以传统择伐林为对照(CK),设置4个梯度的采伐强度,分别为3m采伐带(D1)、6m采伐带(D2)、9m采伐带(D3)和12m采伐带(D4),分析带状采伐后毛竹林主要生产力指标(春笋数量、新竹数量、胸径和生物量等)的差异,探讨不同强度带状采伐方式对毛竹林恢复更新的影响程度,为毛竹林合理带状采伐提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)4种带状采伐处理单位面积发笋数量均大于对照,且随采伐强度增加,单位面积发笋数量呈现增加的趋势;较高采伐强度(9m和12m采伐带)下单位面积退笋数量和退笋率比采伐强度较低处理(3m和6m采伐带)和CK更低;单位面积成竹数量和成竹率以较高采伐强度(9m和12m采伐带)处理下相对较高。(2)4种带状采伐处理的新竹平均胸径均小于对照,较高采伐强度(9m和12m采伐带)下新竹平均胸径显著小于母竹,林地中小径级新竹比例增加,且新竹胸径与采伐带边距呈负相关关系。(3)4种带状采伐处理下单位面积新竹地上生物量均小于对照,表现为CK>D3>D4>D2>D1。研究认为,毛竹林恢复的质量特征对不同强度带状采伐措施存在响应差异,6~9m采伐带的毛竹林恢复能力较强,但毛竹林带状采伐后恢复是一个周期性过程,需要综合考虑不同强度带状采伐措施对新竹质量影响的长期效应。     

毛竹根际与非根际土壤重金属、理化性质及酶活性特征

于2014年2月至2015年1月在浙江省衢州市铅锌矿附近毛竹林地采集土样,对土壤重金属含量、pH以及土壤酶活性等的动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:根际土与非根际土的p H在1a中变化均不明显,且变化范围都处在4.50—4.85之间;非根际土的土壤含水率大于根际土,两者的变化幅度较大,最低值均出现在6月和10月;根际土中Zn和Cd的有效态含量远高于非根际土,而Pb的有效态含量则表现出非根际土大于根际土的特点;过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶和脱氢酶在根际土中的活性明显高于非根际土;从土壤重金属有效态与土壤酶活性相关性来看,根际土中,除有效态Pb与过氧化氢酶呈显著负相关外,其余重金属元素有效态与土壤酶活性相关性均没有显著相关性,而在非根际土壤中,有效态Cd与过氧化氢酶呈极显著负相关,与脲酶呈显著负相关,Zn和Cd则与土壤酶活性之间没有显著相关性。综合研究结果表明,毛竹根际土壤质量总体上明显优于非根际土,这为毛竹今后作为植物修复的材料提供了一定的理论依据。     

Role of ipsdienol, ipsenol, and cis-verbenol in chemical ecology of Ips avulsus, Ips calligraphus, and Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Stressed or damaged pine (Pinus sp.) trees in the southeastern United States are often colonized simultaneously by three southern Ips species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): small southern pine engraver, Ips avulsus (Eichhoff); sixspined ips, Ips calligraphus (Germar); and eastern fivespined ips, Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff). All three species mediate colonization of host material with volatile pheromones. All of the southern Ips produce cis-verbenol, and either ipsdienol or ipsenol, and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that all three southern Ips are able to detect all three compounds. This study examined the role of ipsdienol, ipsenol, and cis-verbenol in the chemical ecology of the southern Ips in Georgia and Louisiana. The most attractive blends of pheromones, with the fewest number of components, were ipsdienol plus ipsenol for I. avulsus, cis-verbenol plus ipsdienol for I. calligraphus, and either cis-verbenol plus ipsenol or ipsdienol plus ipsenol for I. grandicollis. Cross-attraction of I. grandicollis to the pheromone blend most attractive to I. avulsus was observed. Although the presence of heterospecific pheromone reduced the catches of all three species (i.e., the tertiary blend captured fewer beetles than the most attractive binary blends) in both states (significantly in two cases), high numbers of all three species were still captured in traps baited with all three compounds. These results suggest that the pheromones cis-verbenol, ipsdienol, and ipsenol can be combined for monitoring all three species of the southern Ips simultaneously.     

毛竹林植硅体碳封存速率估算的最佳鲜叶采样时间

本研究测定了毛竹林1年中不同月份现存鲜叶和凋落物的植硅体碳含量,通过比较不同月份鲜叶植硅体碳封存速率与全年凋落物植硅体碳封存速率,估算毛竹林植硅体碳封存速率的最佳鲜叶采样时间.结果表明: 毛竹鲜叶中植硅体和植硅体碳含量分别为23.45～101.07 g·kg^-1和0.73～1.98 g·kg^-1,且不同月份间差异显著;不同月份毛竹鲜叶植硅体碳封存速率为0.75～7.68 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,最大值和最小值分别出现在12月和4月,且差异显著;2月和12月毛竹鲜叶植硅体碳封存速率与全年凋落物植硅体碳封存速率之间无显著差异,可将2月和12月作为估算毛竹林植硅体碳封存速率的最佳采样月份.     

美国在华采集竹类植物标本的历史(1840-2010年)

植物标本采集是植物学研究的重要内容, 与植物引种密切相关。自19世纪以来, 美国植物采集者在全球尤其是中国进行了广泛的植物采集。在众多的植物类群中, 中国的竹类植物引起了美国采集者的极大关注, 并开展了大量调查研究和标本采集工作。研究美国植物采集者在中国采集竹类植物标本的历史, 对了解竹类植物从中国引种到美国的历史具有重要意义。本文基于国内外有关美国在华采集的竹类植物标本数据, 对其学名、采集地、采集人以及采集时间进行整理校对, 分析了美国采集者在华采集竹类植物标本的历史。结果表明: 1840-2010年, 美国在华共采集竹类植物标本960号2,238份, 隶属于25属120种(含变种和变型), 分别占中国竹类属和种数的73.5%和22.5%; 有45位(支)采集者(采集队), 在这些采集者中莫古礼最为重要; 采集地涉及20个省级行政区; 采集时间前后跨度约170年, 主要集中在20世纪上半叶。     

Climate change and the outbreak ranges of two North American bark beetles

Abstract

• 1 One expected effect of global climate change on insect populations is a shift in geographical distributions toward higher latitudes and higher elevations. Southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis and mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae undergo regional outbreaks that result in large‐scale disturbances to pine forests in the south‐eastern and western United States, respectively.
• 2 Our objective was to investigate potential range shifts under climate change of outbreak areas for both bark beetle species and the areas of occurrence of the forest types susceptible to them.
• 3 To project range changes, we used discriminant function models that incorporated climatic variables. Models to project bark beetle ranges employed changed forest distributions as well as changes in climatic variables.
• 4 Projected outbreak areas for southern pine beetle increased with higher temperatures and generally shifted northward, as did the distributions of the southern pine forests.
• 5 Projected outbreak areas for mountain pine beetle decreased with increasing temperature and shifted toward higher elevation. That trend was mirrored in the projected distributions of pine forests in the region of the western U.S. encompassed by the study.
• 6 Projected outbreak areas for the two bark beetle species and the area of occurrence of western pine forests increased with more precipitation and decreased with less precipitation, whereas the area of occurrence of southern pine forests decreased slightly with increasing precipitation.
• 7 Predicted shifts of outbreak ranges for both bark beetle species followed general expectations for the effects of global climate change and reflected the underlying long‐term distributional shifts of their host forests.

     

集约经营对毛竹林土壤碳氮库及酶活性的影响

为探明集约经营对毛竹林土壤碳库、氮库以及酶活性的影响,在浙江省临安市选取相邻的粗放经营毛竹林和集约经营毛竹林(经营年限为15年),测定表层(0～20 cm)与亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤不同形态碳氮和蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性.结果表明: 长期集约经营显著降低毛竹林土壤有机碳含量和储量,表层和亚表层土壤有机碳储量分别下降13.2%和18.0%;集约经营15年后,毛竹林表层和亚表层土壤水溶性碳、热水溶性碳、微生物生物量碳和易氧化碳含量均显著降低;与粗放经营毛竹林相比,集约经营毛竹林表层和亚表层土壤氮储量分别增加50.8%和36.6%;集约经营显著增加毛竹林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,显著降低土壤水溶性氮和微生物生物量氮含量;集约经营15年后,毛竹林表层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著下降,亚表层土壤酸性磷酸酶活性显著下降,而其他酶活性均无显著变化.长期集约经营导致毛竹林土壤碳储量、活性碳库和微生物活性显著下降,在以后的经营过程中要注意化肥与有机肥配合使用,以保证毛竹林的可持续经营.