香港长洲岛野生植物物种多样性与植被的研究

长洲岛共有野生维管植物237种,隶属于73科184属.植被类型以次生常绿阔叶林为主,其次为灌丛群落.植物区系以热带亚热带植物地理成分占优势,热带性质明显.该岛的植物区系与邻近岛屿植物区系具有极大的相似性,在香港植物区系组成中占有一定地位.由于人为活动和外来植物的影响,其植物多样性及植被的保护应引起注意.     

A vegetation map of The Netherlands,based on the relationship between ecotopes and types of potential natural vegetation

Summary The method of mapping the vegetation on scale 1: 200,000 and the starting points in relation to the potential natural vegetation and ecotopes, are discussed.In view of the planological background of this study, some restrictions have been added to the concept of potential natural vegetation, concerning the period of development and the human influence.The relationship between soil, ground water and vegetation was studied, which resulted in the map of the potential natural vegetation.Each type of potential natural vegetation stands for a series of vegetation types on the same site. Seven main series, with a number of sub-series are distinguished. Within each vegetation series the plant communities have been spread over five groups, according to their structure and naturalness.Ecotopes and ecotope complexes are considered as landscape ecological units. A list of ecotopes was obtained by interpreting topographical maps and by inventory data.The actual vegetation was mapped by estimating the size of the ecotopes within the separate areas. It was expressed in a five figure code for the five groups from the vegetation and ecotopes is combined into the vegetation map of The Netherlands.Interpretation problems, some of them specific for The Netherlands, are discussed and some remarks are made on the necessity of further research.Contribution to the Symposium on Plant Species and Plant Communities, held at Nijmegen, 11–12 November 1976, on the occasion of the 60th birthday of Professor Victor Westhoff.Nomenclature follows Heukels-van Ooststroom, Flora van Nederland, 18e druk, 1975, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen; nomenclature of syntaxa follows Westhoff & den Held (1969)     

长江中游(以湖北湖南为主)的植物生物多样性及其保护对策

在对植物调查研究的基础上,对长江中游(湖北、湖南为主)的植物区系、植被、生物多样性保护及保护对策进行了系统的论述。根据两省土著种子植物名录统计,本区共有202科1476属7037种(包括种下等级),其中裸子植物7科30属64种;被子植物196科1445属6973种。以鄂湘为代表的华中区分布类型复杂、物种丰富、起源古老,而且特有的科、属、种多,特有度高。北温带木本植物属高度集中,体现了长江中游具有古第三纪．泛北极植物区系的代表性。拥有众多的东亚特有属、东亚．北美间断分布属和中国特有属,它们既是本地植物区系的特色,也代表了中国植物区系的核心。本地中山以亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)为主的阔叶林系第三纪．泛北中生落叶阔叶林的后裔。在植被区划上,本区属于常绿阔叶林区域,包括北亚热带常绿阔叶．落叶阔叶混交林地带及中亚热带常绿阔叶林两个植被地带。后者分为北部典型常绿阔叶林亚地带,南部含华南植物区系成分的常绿阔叶林亚地带。本区主要的自然植被类型(以原生类型为主)有171个类型(相当于群系formations)。从生物多样性保护的三个层次上(物种、群落、景观)对保护现状、特点、保护方针和策略等进行了探讨并提出了建议。     

2000-2019年京津冀地区植被覆盖状况变化及驱动因素

近20年来中国和印度通过土地利用活动改变地表覆盖使植被变得更绿,京津冀地区是植被变得更绿的典型地区。收集京津冀地区2000-2019年MODIS增强型植被指数（EVI）、植被覆盖百分比数据,以及年平均温度和降水量等数据,分析该区近20年来自然植被和农田植被EVI变化过程和趋势,揭示其变化的驱动因素,结果显示2000-2019年京津冀地区自然植被和农田植被EVI显著增加,自然植被EVI增加速率是农田植被的1.8倍。99.51%的自然植被和96.95%的农田植被生长状况改善。2000-2019年京津冀地区自然植被EVI与年平均温度和年降水量相关性不显著。农田植被EVI与年平均温度显著相关,与年降水量相关性不显著。农田灌溉和年平均温度变化是农田植被EVI显著增加的主要驱动因素。近20年京津冀地区通过实施以造林为主的生态建设工程,自然植被生长覆盖状况呈现极显著变好。同时森林植被比非森林植被覆盖百分比增加趋势更明显。以造林为主的生态建设工程是京津冀地区自然植被生长覆盖状况显著变好的主要驱动因素。     

2001年以来宝鸡地区植被覆盖时空演变及驱动力分析

植被在全球变化中影响着地-气系统的能量平衡,是自然和人文因素对环境影响的敏感指标。分析地表植被的覆盖现状并探究影响植被变化的驱动力因素对区域生态恢复以及区域经济发展和区域生态文明建设都有促进作用。本研究基于中分辨率成像光谱仪-归一化植被指数（MODIS-NDVI）数据,结合宝鸡11个气象站的气温和降水量实测数据、净初级生产力（NPP）以及宝鸡统计年鉴数据,采用趋势分析方法、Pearson相关分析法、主成分分析方法对2001-2013年宝鸡地区植被覆盖的时空演化特征进行了分析,并对自然驱动因子和人为驱动因子双重影响下的宝鸡地区植被覆盖演化状况进行了综合评价。结果显示：（1）2001-2013年宝鸡地区年均NDVI以0.025/10a的速度上升,比三北防护林工程区1982-2006年植被覆盖的增速（0.007/10a）快,且2001-2002年、2003-2004年两个年份段为年均NDVI值的两次高恢复期;（2）植被覆盖以轻度改善为主,基本不变和中度改善次之,严重退化和中度退化最弱。植被覆盖恢复状况整体上呈稳中上升的趋势（个别地区除外）;（3）自然因素中的降水量和NPP是制约植被生长的主要因素。整体来看,人为因素相对于自然因素对宝鸡全区的植被覆盖影响较大,贡献率在90%左右,呈先减小后增加的趋势。     

Spatial and temporal variation in the vegetation of dune slacks in relation to the ground water régime

Summary The aim of the study presented here is to determine the relation between the vegetation and the ground water régime in the dune slacks on the island of Voorne. A distinction is made between the spatial and the temporal variation in the vegetation. On the basis of data from a transect the relation between the spatial variation and the water-table is determined. With respect to the temporal variation data recorded on permanent plots were used. Both the variation in space and that in time proved to be related to differences in the ground water régime. The supposition is put forward that the amount of variation in time depends on the height of site relative to the water-table.Contribution to the Symposium of the Working Group on Succession Research on Permanent Plots held at Yerseke, the Netherlands, October 1975.Nomenclature of phanerogams follows Heukels & van Ooststroom 1975, Flora van Nederland, 18e druk Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen; that of bryophytes Margadant 1959, Mossentabel, 3e druk, Amsterdam.The author is very much indebted to Mr. P.A. Bakker, Society for the Preservation of Nature reserves in the Netherlands, for the use of the 1966 relevé of site 46, and to Mr. W. Smant for his assistance in field work and the preparation of the data.     

三工河流域荒漠绿洲植被动态及其成因分析

以三工河流域为例,讨论了植被动态及其地貌、水资源利用、河流廊道和排碱渠等景观要素的变化对植被产生的影响．结果表明,随着景观格局的变化,流域内的植丛高度、盖度及生物量均表现出较大变异性．以河流廊道为核心,通常荒漠绿洲景观格局呈带状分布,且由内向外随水热条件的改变,植被类型由乔灌木林依次向灌丛草甸、盐化草甸、荒漠化草甸和荒漠层次结构过渡．人类活动影响强烈的景观要素。其斑块多样性、破碎度、分离度和斑块密度等指数值较高,而人类活动影响较小的,其优势度和均匀度较高．各景观要素的稳定性不同,其大小顺序为：荒漠>沙砾石地>城镇用地>水体>农田>牧草地>莱地>林地>居民点>盐碱地>荒草地>水浇地>果园．梭梭群落的净生长量高峰值出现在8月,而博乐蒿、琵琶柴群落的净生长量高峰值出现时间各年度不同．博乐蒿群落与海拔相关系数最大,而琵琶柴群落则与土壤水含量、地下水位关系密切,梭梭群落与4～9月降雨量相关系数最大。     

2004-2013年珠江流域植被变化及其胁迫分析

植被对区域气候调节、水文循环等有着重要作用,在近年来中国南部地区极端气候频发的背景下,研究植被变化及胁迫意义重大。以珠江流域为研究区,利用MODIS EVI分析了植被的变化规律,并通过美国军事气象卫星DMSP灯光数据和气象数据探讨分析了人类活动和自然环境对植被变化的胁迫。结果显示：2004年到2013年期间珠江流域内年平均EVI介于0.33-0.38之间,EVI从高到底依次是常绿阔叶林 > 混交林 > 多树的草地 > 常绿针叶林 > 草地,不同植被类型的EVI变化趋势基本一致,同一植被类型EVI年际变化较小,其中混交林和草地年际最大变化量分别为0.07和0.04,而常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林和多树的草地年际最大变化量均为0.06;在2004年至2013年年间,城市化水平增长了约71%,其年发展变化与EVI的年变化趋势相反;通过对比分析发现珠江流域人类活动对植被变化影响高于自然环境,即DMSP灯光变化与EVI变化的相关系数明显高于气温和降水。     

三工河流域荒漠绿洲植被动态及其成因分析

以三工河流域为例,讨论了植被动态及其地貌、水资源利用、河流廊道和排碱渠等景观要素的变化对植被产生的影响.结果表明,随着景观格局的变化,流域内的植丛高度、盖度及生物量均表现出较大变异性.以河流廊道为核心,通常荒漠绿洲景观格局呈带状分布,且由内向外随水热条件的改变,植被类型由乔灌木林依次向灌丛草甸、盐化草甸、荒漠化草甸和荒漠层次结构过渡.人类活动影响强烈的景观要素,其斑块多样性、破碎度、分离度和斑块密度等指数值较高,而人类活动影响较小的,其优势度和均匀度较高.各景观要素的稳定性不同,其大小顺序为:荒漠>沙砾石地>城镇用地>水体>农田>牧草地>菜地>林地>居民点>盐碱地>荒草地>水浇地>果园.梭梭群落的净生长量高峰值出现在8月,而博乐蒿、琵琶柴群落的净生长量高峰值出现时间各年度不同.博乐蒿群落与海拔相关系数最大,而琵琶柴群落则与土壤水含量、地下水位关系密切,梭梭群落与4～9月降雨量相关系数最大.     

Reforestation of abandoned pasture on Hokkaido, northern Japan: effect of plantations on the recovery of conifer-broadleaved mixed forest

When pasture land is abandoned, there are, in many cases, inhibitory factors that slow the rate of transition to a natural vegetation. Accordingly, the planned management of restoration has become an important issue in various parts of the world, where environmental conditions can vary widely. Although tree plantations are widely used as a management tool for restoration, there have been few studies addressing the practical aspects of the procedure. I examined effects of tree plantations within the framework of an evaluation of methods for restoring abandoned pasture on Hokkaido, northern Japan. I developed and analyzed vegetation maps spanning the past 57 years for the old-growth site influenced by artificial disturbance; the procedure revealed the pattern of change in the vegetation cover. Matrix model analysis showed that intensive use of plantations contributed to reduction of the area occupied by dwarf bamboo and pasture land (i.e., superior to simple abandonment). Furthermore, the field study of vegetation types and changes in species composition over 20 years suggests that plantations have contributed to a reduction in the effects of factors that inhibit revegetation. However, the establishment of monoculture plantations is frequently viewed skeptically as a procedure that is applied without fundamental ecological knowledge. For sustained management, adequate historical and ecological information on the restoration site should be provided to all stakeholders. An erratum to this article can be found at     

近17年陕西榆林植被指数的时空变化及影响因素

植被指数是研究区域植被变化的重要手段。基于MODIS/Terra NDVI遥感影像数据,对陕西榆林市2000—2016年8月份NDVI进行像元尺度的时空变化及影响因素分析。结果表明,榆林有96.44%的区域植被指数是增加的,增加值在0—0.02/a区域面积占榆林的93.63%,呈显著增加趋势的面积占榆林的80.72%。复直线回归分析显示,气象因素对植被生长、演化起到了促进作用,人类活动使得植被指数等级变得更加均匀。人类活动抑制植被生长演化的区域占榆林总面积的45.04%,主要分布在榆林市最北部的府谷县、榆林市南部及西部的大部分区域;人类活动促使植被指数增加的区域占榆林总面积的54.96%,说明有一半以上的区域,人类活动对植被生长起到了促进作用,这些地区的封山育林、退耕还林、退牧还草等措施的实施效果较好。     

Vegetation and condition of arid rangeland ecosystem in Central Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia rangeland ecosystems have undergone intense processes of degradation for many decades because of extreme climate and human activities such as overgrazing and socioeconomic changes. In this study, Hail and Qassim Regions of Saudi Arabia covering an area about 79610.73 km² were selected to study the rangeland vegetation and condition. Haloxylon salicornicum was the most dominant species, covering more than 56% of the total area. The second prominent community was Acacia-Lycium shawii, which covers about 21% of total area. It was found that about 65% of vegetation in the surveyed area is in good or very good condition compared with about 31% in poor or deteriorated condition. Effective measures such as determination of carrying capacities and development of grazing systems have to be implemented to ensure resources sustainably.     

元江干热河谷肉质多利灌丛的研究

以内质多刺植物霸王鞭(Euphorbia royleana)和仙人掌(Opuntia monacantha)为特征的具有荒漠植被景观的元江干热河谷肉质多刺灌丛是一种特殊的次生植被,是在近代原生植被的强烈破坏下,栽培逸生的霸王鞭和仙人掌在局部特别千热土薄多石之处发展而形成的。该群落外貌和结构特殊,可初步定为一个群丛,下分两个亚群丛。在种类组成上,该群落与热带亚洲干早植物区系联系密切,在区系起源上具有古南大陆残余背景,在群落形成和发展上又与人为活动相联系。     

香港索罟群岛植被与植物物种多样性研究

索罟群岛植被的次生性很强,以常绿灌丛为主,兼有次生性常绿阔叶林、滨海沙生灌草丛及少量半红树植物,其中灌木、草本植物种类丰富。群岛共有维管植物259种,隶属于85科207属,其中本土野生植物70科193属245种,包括2种受国家或地方保护的植物。其植物区系热带性质明显,56.47%的科属于泛热带分布,94.69%的属为热带分布类型,83.40%的种为热带分布,与邻近的广东内伶仃岛植物区系具有较高的相似性。受岛屿面积、海拔、隔离程度及人类活动等因素影响,群岛各岛屿的植物物种多样性各有特点,其中大鸦洲、小鸦洲植物种类最丰富。     

三峡库区消涨带植被重建

重建三峡水库消涨带植被对于恢复消涨带功能、维持三峡工程安全和修复长江流域退化生态系统具有十分重要的意义.消涨带可分为自然消涨带和人工消涨带,自然消涨带及其植被是流域生态系统的组成部分,具有重要的生态、社会和经济价值.人为控制水位涨落而形成的人工消涨带很少有植被覆盖,属于退化的生态系统.三峡消涨带包括三峡自然消涨带和三峡水库消涨带,三峡工程的建设将淹没三峡自然消涨带及其植被并产生没有植被覆盖的三峡水库消涨带.作者认为开发利用三峡水库消涨带土地资源,发展库区经济将导致库区生态环境恶化、危及三峡工程安全且不利于长江流域生态系统的健康.解决三峡水库消涨带问题的关键是重建消涨带植被,并恢复其功能.该文从水利建设与环境保护的关系、三峡水库管理与库区景观建设的需要、消涨带功能恢复与流域生态系统康复和促进水库消涨带研究的深入阐述了开展三峡水库消涨带植被重建的必要性.     

A palynological study of environmental changes and their implication for prehistoric settlement in the Ilan Plain, northeastern Taiwan

Pollen records from two sediment cores taken from Ilan Plain, northeastern Taiwan provide new insights into the environmental and cultural history of the last 4200 years. The record indicates a relatively warm climate at around 4200 cal b.p. The environmental conditions would have been suitable for people whose settlements and activities were mainly in the littoral zone during this period. However, at ca. 3800 cal b.p., elements tolerant of brackish water dominated the vegetation, indicating that the environment was influenced by marine incursion. The remarkable increase in wetland flora suggests the presence of widespread marshlands thereafter. It is quite conceivable that settlement movement from the fluvial plain to hills between 3800 and 2400 cal b.p. can be correlated with the environmental changes in lowlands. A conspicuous gap in the archaeological sequence between 2400 and 1300 cal b.p. corresponds chronologically with a period of heavy rainfall or frequent typhoons as indicated by the aggradational episode in the Lanyang drainage basin as well as the flourishing of Alnus forests. The persistence of frequent landslides and climate deterioration would have had a dramatic impact on ancient humans and led to abandonment of the settlements. By 1300 cal b.p. a lowland flora is widespread indicating a shift from a marsh to a terrestrial environment in response to a well-developed fluvial plain. Decrease of landslides and the amelioration in climate could have advantages to human activities again. However, both the pollen and archaeological records indicate that intensive colonisation had a profound effect upon the vegetation within the Ilan region about 400 years ago.     

江苏宜兴森林自然保护区种子植物区系特点及植被性质

对江苏宜兴森林自然保护区及周边地区的种子植物区系成分进行统计分析,归为４大类１５个分布类型。属的成分以温带比例最高（６１％）,东部成分亦较明显（２５％）,中西部成分极少,几无本地特有成分,属较典型的华东植物区系地区。对该地区现存植物进行计算分析,结合栽培植物及古植被资料,得出以青冈〔Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｓｇｌａｕｃａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）Ｏｅｒｓｔ．〕、石栎〔Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐａｇｌａｂｅｒ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）Ｎａｋａｉ〕等为建群种的中亚热带常绿阔叶林是本地区的地带性植被。自然保护区建立（１９８１）以后植被恢复明显,许多样地已接近自然植被。     

沈阳市区植物区系与植被类型的研究

探讨了沈阳市区植物区系特点和城市植被类型的分类及其特征,沈阳市处于长白植物区系、蒙古植物区系和华北植物区系交汇地带,植物种类较丰富,约有种子植物98科371属779种,最大科是菊科。共有植物85种,超过20种的科还有莎草科、蔷薇科、豆科、蓼科、唇形科、百合科及毛茛科等,这些科共有植物384种,占沈阳市区种子植物总数的49．3％。此区系有23个地理成分类型,其中以温带性质占优势。占沈阳市区地理成分的89．3％,根据植被发生和功能以及建群种的作用,将沈阳市区城市植被划分三大植被类14个植被组和57个植被型,并对3个植被类中的典型代表性类型进行了群落(种群)的组成、结构、动态和功能分析。     

人类活动干扰下区域植被动态变化——以西双版纳为例

云南省西双版纳地区是我国典型热带雨林区,随着社会经济发展,人类活动对区域植被格局与动态产生强烈影响。利用NDVI变化趋势分析、土地利用转移矩阵和基于MODIS数据的干扰指数（MGDI）3种方法,分析了2000-2010年人类活动干扰下研究区植被动态变化,构建了人类活动干扰指数,并利用冗余分析的方法,分析其与植被特征的相关性。结果表明：通过NDVI变化趋势得出,2000-2010年间,研究区植被覆盖度总体较高,植被变化趋势的斜率均大于0,说明植被总体趋于改善;基于土地利用转移矩阵结果表明,植被变化主要发生在常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林转变为乔木园地、灌木园地、人工园地或居住用地;基于MODIS影像结果得出,西双版纳地区MGDI分布很不均匀,且2000-2010不同土地覆被类型MGDI相差不大。构建的人类活动干扰指数结果显示人类干扰强度由中心向边缘呈递增趋势,呈分散分布,这与人类活动的分布规模和强度相关。通过冗余分析可知,NDVI与人类活动相关性较大,MGDI与人类活动相关性不大。总体上来说,上述3种方法能够从不同侧面反映出人类活动干扰下植被长时间的变化趋势。因此,对于西双版纳地区,局地的人类活动特别是旅游、基础设施建设、农业活动等对热带雨林自然生态系统的干扰不容忽视。     

祁连山国家公园植被时空变化及其对人类活动的响应

祁连山国家公园地处青藏、蒙新、黄土三大高原交汇地带的祁连山北麓,作为国家公园体制试点之一,是我国重要的生态功能区、水源涵养地和生物多样性保护优先区域,其生态功能不可忽视。以祁连山国家公园2000—2019年归一化植被指数(NDVI)和净初级生产力(NPP)数据为基础,结合气温、降水、土地利用、矿产开采和旅游发展数据,利用泰尔-森趋势分析(Theil-Sen趋势分析)、曼-肯德尔检验(Mann-Kendall显著性检验)、土地转移概率矩阵和多元残差分析方法,分析该区域的植被时空分布特征、变化趋势特征及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年祁连山国家公园内NDVI和NPP在空间上呈现出东南高西北低,由东南向西北递减的格局。时间上呈现上升趋势,上升速率分别为0.0053/a和0.0014/a;(2)祁连山国家公园内NPP提高、降低和稳定区域分别占总面积的87.29%、0.40%和12.30%。降低区域零星分布于整个国家公园,其中在走廊南山和冷龙岭交汇处,靠近甘青两省交界边缘分布最为集中。提高区域分布广泛,尤其以国家公园东部最为明显;(3)祁连山国家公园NDVI与气...