四川南充高坪机场秋冬季节鸟类多样性与鸟撞预防

2006年9月—2007年2月，对四川南充高坪机场及其周围4种生境（草地、农耕区、村囤、松林）的鸟类进行调查，并进行鸟类多样性指数分析。结果共记录到鸟类81种，隶属于13目37科；秋冬季农耕区和村囤的鸟类密度、数量明显比草地和松林高；机场草地冬季鸟类的密度明显比秋季高。结合鸟类的生活习性及其栖息生境、IV值、分布广度和在各生境中的优势密度和总范围里的密度，秋季对鸟撞最具危险的是白鹭、家鸽、山斑鸠、白鹡鸰、白头鹎、小云雀、小鹀等；冬季对鸟撞最具威胁的是家鸽、小云雀、小鹀、金翅雀、白头鹎、水鹨等。并相应提出了相应一些的预防措施，如减少结实的植物、剪草降低草高、控制土壤动物的密度等。     

阜阳机场鸟类多样性及其危险性

2008年6月至2010年1月,对阜阳机场及其周围5种生境(草地、农田、城镇、湿地、林地)的鸟类进行调查,并对不同季节、不同生境的鸟类多样性进行分析.结果表明:本次调查共记录到鸟类122种,隶属于15目40科;阜阳机场夏、秋季的鸟类种数显著高于冬、春季,秋季鸟类密度显著高于其他季节,夏季的鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数均高于其他季节;在阜阳机场及其周边的5种生境中,林地的鸟类种数、密度均显著大于其他生境,林地、湿地、农田的鸟类多样性较高;对阜阳机场鸟击最危险的鸟种是麻雀、白头鹎、家燕、家鸽、喜鹊、珠颈斑鸠、灰椋鸟等.     

咸阳国际机场鸟类群落调查及鸟击防范措施

2012年10月至2013年9月,在咸阳国际机场及周边地区,采用样带法结合固定半径样点法开展鸟类种群的野外调查。共记录到鸟类147种(包括家鸽),隶属16目34科。通过对鸟类密度、飞行高度、集群行为、是否穿越跑道及其重要值等数据进行危险等级评估。结果表明:全年潜在最危险鸟类有红隼、普通燕鸥、家鸽、家燕、白头鹎、灰椋鸟、灰喜鹊和麻雀等8种;在此基础上提出了避免鸟击的预防措施,如飞行区生态环境改造和机场飞行区范围内的鸟情动态管理。这些研究结果对咸阳国际机场预防鸟击事件的发生提供了有效的数据支撑。     

沈阳桃仙国际机场鸟类多样性及鸟撞防范

为了解沈阳桃仙国际机场附近的鸟类群落特征,给机场鸟类防范管理提供数据支持,预防鸟撞事故发生,于2012年9月—2013年8月在机场周围7 km范围内,采用样线法和样点法进行鸟类多样性调查。共布设3条样线和7个样点,涵盖居民区、农耕区、山地、林地和河流5种生境,共记录到鸟类35种,隶属于10目21科。计算了5种生境中鸟类多样性指数、分布系数及重要值,并考虑了鸟类在桃仙机场范围内飞行高度对鸟撞风险的影响,将所记录到的鸟类分为严重危险、很危险、较危险和一般危险4个等级,其中严重危险的有树麻雀、苍鹭、喜鹊、红隼,很危险的有家燕、夜鹭、大山雀、家鸽等5种,较危险的有白尾鹞、绿头鸭、大斑啄木鸟、灰喜鹊等16种,一般危险的有赤胸鸫、大沙锥、鹌鹑、锡嘴雀等10种。基于上述研究结果,提出了桃仙机场鸟撞防范对策和建议。     

重庆江北机场鸟击特点分析及防范建议

为了解鸟击规律,作者收集了重庆江北机场2009—2013年的鸟击事件信息并对鸟击残骸进行送检,共收集鸟击事件信息189起,其中白天77起,占40.74%,夜间112起,占59.26%。鸟击数据显示:春、夏、秋季是鸟击高发季节;8月和11月为白天鸟击高发月份;夜间鸟击高发在春季(4、5月)和秋季(8、9、10月);鸟击多发种类有小云雀、家鸽、家燕、金腰燕、白鹡鸰、池鹭、大杜鹃及蝙蝠等。结合江北机场鸟类群落调查数据分析发现:在飞行区集群活动的鸟种容易成为鸟击的高危物种,鸟击发生频率与鸟类生活习性关系密切;迁徙鸟类是江北机场鸟击的最大威胁。本文根据分析结果提出了一些相应的预防措施。     

黄山机场鸟类调查与鸟击防范对策探讨

2006年4月至2007年11月对黄山机场及其周边地区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类111种,隶属14目36科,构成鸟击航空器隐患的主要种类有池鹭、赤腹鹰、家鸽、小云雀、家燕和麻雀6种,其次是白鹭、凤头麦鸡、黄斑苇、山斑鸠、豆雁、鸢、棕背伯劳等.对该区域鸟类的区系成份、居留特点和主要威胁鸟类的活动情况进行了分析,并提出了一些鸟击防范对策.     

大理洱海西岸农耕区鸟类多样性

2011年在大理洱海西岸农耕区选择5片调查样区,每个样区布设1条调查样线,采用不定宽样线法对鸟类物种和数量及其栖息生境进行了4个季节的观察记录,共记录鸟类87种,隶属11目25科。研究结果表明秋季鸟类多样性最高;不同生境类型中,防护林内的鸟类多样性最高。以小时为单位统计每小时遇见鸟类个体数,春季为70.71只,夏季为79.36只,秋季为76.65只,冬季为70.37只。     

上海农耕区鸟类群落特征及与几种生境因子的关系

2000-2002年冬季和夏季,采用固定样带法在上海郊区所有区县选择了17条样带,对农耕区鸟类做了4次抽样调查。记录了鸟类的组成、数量、出现频率及生境因子特征。根据调查数据,计算鸟类密度、多样性、均匀度、优势度、生物量、相对重要值等群落特征参数。调查共记录到鸟类76种,隶属13目26科。平均密度为5．19只／hm^2,多样性指数为1．8742。优势种为麻雀、家燕、白头鹎、棕背伯劳和白鹊鸰。鸟类组成中水鸟(夜鹭、白鹭等)较多,占了总数的1／3;与上海其他区域相比,鸟类密度较高,但种类相对较少,数量集中在少数几个物种(麻雀、家燕、白头鹎、棕背伯劳等)。鸟类物种丰富度与荒地面积呈显著正相关,与环境污染程度呈显著负相关,与林地面积、人口密度、水体面积等相关不显著。提示荒地对鸟类多样性非常重要。     

广州市越秀公园鸟类多样性与保护对策

对广州市越秀公园鸟类的多样性进行了调查,共记录鸟类43种,隶属8目20科。其中留鸟27种,夏候鸟2种,冬候鸟8种,其它繁殖鸟6种。对夏冬季及不同生境的鸟类群落特征进行比较分析,得到夏季鸟类的数量、密度、优势度都比冬季高,而多样性指数和均匀性指数却比冬季低;南秀湖畔大草坪、金印游乐场、竹林、南秀树林、南秀湖和环市路旁6种生境中鸟类的种类、数量和多样性差异较大,以金印游乐场鸟类的多样性最高。根据公园内不同环境鸟类多样性状况提出了保护对策。     

浙江温州地区4种雀形目鸟类消化道形态特征比较

食性是影响鸟类消化系统形态结构的重要因子之一.本文对丝光椋鸟Sturnus sericeus、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、小鹀Emberiza pusilla及红头长尾山雀Aegithalos concinnus 4种雀形目鸟类的消化道形态结构进行了比较研究.结果发现,4种雀形目鸟类总消化道及各消化器...     

High Bird Species Diversity in Structurally Heterogeneous Farmland in Western Kenya

Tropical ecosystems are globally important for bird diversity. In many tropical regions, land‐use intensification has caused conversion of natural forests into human‐modified habitats, such as secondary forests and heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Despite previous research, the distribution of bird communities in these forest‐farmland mosaics is not well understood. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of bird diversity and community turnover in a human‐modified Kenyan landscape, we recorded bird communities at 20 sites covering the complete habitat gradient from forest (near natural forest, secondary forest) to farmland (subsistence farmland, sugarcane plantation) using point counts and distance sampling. Bird density and species richness were on average higher in farmland than in forest habitats. Within forest and farmland, bird density and species richness increased with vegetation structural diversity, i.e., were higher in near natural than in secondary forest and in subsistence farmland than in sugarcane plantations. Bird communities in forest and farmland habitats were very distinct and very few forest specialists occurred in farmland habitats. Moreover, insectivorous bird species declined in farmland habitats whereas carnivores and herbivores increased. Our study confirms that tropical farmlands can hardly accommodate forest specialist species. Contrary to most previous studies, our findings show that structurally rich tropical farmlands hold a surprisingly rich and distinct bird community that is threatened by conversion of subsistence farmland into sugarcane plantations. We conclude that conservation strategies in the tropics must go beyond rain forest protection and should integrate structurally heterogeneous agroecosystems into conservation plans that aim at maintaining the diverse bird communities of tropical forest‐farmland mosaics.     

Bird species in Mediterranean pine plantations exhibit different characteristics to those in natural reforested woodlands

Passive woodland regeneration following cropland abandonment and pine plantations are two major approaches for vegetation restoration in agricultural landscapes in the Mediterranean Basin. We compared the effects of these two contrasting approaches on local bird density in central Spain on the basis of species characteristics, including regional density, habitat breadth, life-history traits and plumage colouration. Local bird density increased with regional density and habitat breadth in both woodland and pine plantation plots following macroecological patterns of bird abundance and distribution. In woodlands, dichromatic species were more abundant than monochromatic species and bird density increased with the intensity of territory defense and as the proportion of plumage colour generated by pheomelanin decreased. Contrary to our prediction, this latter observation suggests that woodlands may induce higher levels of physiological stress in birds than pine plantations even though these represent a novel habitat change. In pine plantations, sedentary species were more abundant than migratory species and bird density was negatively related to body and egg mass. These traits of bird species in pine plantations are characteristic of successful invaders. The variation in bird density explained by phylogeny was twice as high in pine plantations as in woodlands, suggesting that pine plantations limit accessibility to some clades. Our results support, from an evolutionary perspective, the described inability of pine plantations on cropland to maintain or increase bird diversity in Mediterranean agricultural landscapes.     

Differential effects of local habitat and landscape characteristics on bird communities in Mediterranean afforestations motivated by the EU Common Agrarian Policy

We investigated the effects of local habitat structure and surrounding landscape characteristics (proportion of land use types and connectedness) on species density and composition of bird communities inhabiting the interior of young tree plantations on former cropland in central Spain, which were motivated by the Common Agrarian Policy. Variation of species density (number of species/0.78 ha) among tree plantations showed different environmental associations across seasons: local habitat was more important than landscape characteristics during winter, whereas they were similarly important during spring. Species density increased with the development of the tree layer in winter and with the presence of urban areas around tree plantations and cover of the herbaceous layer within them in the breeding season. We identified 15 species that exhibit high relative abundance in woodland habitats within the Mesomediterranean region of Central Spain that were absent in both seasons in the studied tree plantations, which were an attractive habitat for urban exploiter species but an unfavorable habitat for the regional forest species pool except for forest generalist species. Composition of bird assemblages was more related to local habitat structure than to landscape characteristics around tree plantations and was rather similar in winter and spring seasons. The very different effects of local habitat and landscape characteristics on bird communities make difficult suggesting management practices with positive effects for all avifauna species during the entire year. We conclude that the small size and low maturity of the studied tree plantations do not contribute to enhancing the bird diversity value of current CAP aids to afforest former cropland with pines in the Mediterranean region.     

食果鸟白头鹎与接骨草的分布

作为种子的传播者 ,以果实为生的动物在所食植物的繁殖周期中起着关键作用。尽管动植物相互作用的研究自达尔文开始就引起了进化生物学家和生态学家的关注 ,但和传粉者与植物的相互作用的研究相比 ,种子传播者与植物相互作用的研究在 2 0世纪 70年代后才真正开始[1] 。植物学家     

Seed Dispersal by a Frugivore Pycnonotus sinensis and the Distribution of Sambucus chinensis

Frugivorous birds play an important role in the distribution of those plants on whose fruits they feed and affect species composition of plant communities. The fruiting phenology of Sambucus chinensis Lindl. in Wuhan area ranges from July to November, while abundant fruits are available in July and August. Although other seven species of frugivores were found in the study area, only Pycnonotus sinensis (Gmelin), a resident bird endemic to China, was observed foraging in the fruits of this plant for the field. Pycnonotus sinensis shifts from eating fruits of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. to those of S. chinensis from July to August. Identification of seeds in a total of 658 feces disseminated by P. sinensis which were collected in the field showed that most of the seeds came from S. chinensis and B. papyrifera. Seeds in those feces collected at the end of August were all of S. chinensis. Field investigation of the associations of S. chinensis shows that its frequent companion species are B. papyrifera, Cinnamomum camphora, Ligustrum lucidum and Rubus biflorus, whose fruits are also preferred by this frugivore in different seasons. The distribution of Pycnonotus sinensis is limited to the south of Qinling Mountain in China. The distribution of S. chinensis is basically consistent with that of Pycnonotus sinensis. The result indicates that seed dispersal of S. chinensis depends on the foraging of this frugivore. Likewise, the fruits of S. chinensis are the primary food for this frugivore in autumn. As the result suggests, conservationists and restoration biologists should highlight the study of plant-disperser mutualism in the future work.     

The spatial distribution of birds and carabid beetles in pine plantation forests: the role of landscape composition and structure

Aim To evaluate the joint and independent effects of spatial location, landscape composition and landscape structure on the distribution patterns of bird and carabid beetle assemblages in a mosaic landscape dominated by pine plantation forests. Location A continuous 3000‐ha landscape mosaic with native maritime pine Pinus pinaster plantations of different ages, deciduous woodlands and open habitats, located in the Landes de Gascogne forest of south‐western France. Methods We sampled breeding birds by 20‐min point counts and carabid beetles by pitfall trapping using a systematic grid sampling of 200 points every 400 m over the whole landscape. Explanatory variables were composed of three data sets derived from GIS habitat mapping: (1) spatial variables (polynomial terms of geographical coordinates of samples), (2) landscape composition as the percentage cover of the six main habitats, and (3) landscape structure metrics including indices of fragmentation and spatial heterogeneity. We used canonical correspondence analysis with variance partitioning to evaluate the joint and independent effects of the three sets of variables on the ordination of species assemblages. Moran's I correlograms and Mantel tests were used to assess for spatial structure in species distribution and relationships with separate landscape attributes. Results Landscape composition was the main factor explaining the distribution patterns of birds and carabids at the mesoscale of 400 × 400 m. Independent effects of spatial variables and landscape structure were still significant for bird assemblages once landscape composition was controlled for, but not for carabid assemblages. Spatial distributions of birds and carabids were primarily influenced by the amount of heathlands, young pine plantations, herbaceous firebreaks and deciduous woodlands. Deciduous woodland species had positive responses to edge density, while open habitat species were positively associated with mean patch area. Main conclusions Forest birds were favoured by an increase in deciduous woodland cover and landscape heterogeneity, but there was no evidence for a similar effect on carabid beetles. Fragmentation of open habitats negatively affected both early‐successional birds and carabids, specialist species being restricted to large heathlands and young plantations. Several birds of conservation concern were associated with mosaics of woodlands and grasslands, especially meadows and firebreaks. Conserving biodiversity in mosaic plantation landscapes could be achieved by the maintenance of a significant amount of early‐successional habitats and deciduous woodland patches within a conifer plantation matrix.     

天童常绿阔叶林样地中优势鸟类食性与采食地点植物的关系

2010年10月至2011年9月,在浙江天童国家森林公园内的天童20 hm2样地中对鸟类食性进行观察,并对鸟类与植物物种间分布关系进行研究。调查观察到鸟类5目12科32种3 130只次,其中优势种类为灰眶雀鹛(Alcippe morrisonia)、红头[长尾]山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、大山雀(Parus major)、栗背短脚鹎(Hemixos castanonotus)和白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)。采用Sorensen相似性指数和Spearman相关性分析对优势种鸟类与植被分布的关系进行分析,结果显示鸟类分布与植物分布呈对应关系:大山雀和红头[长尾]山雀在同一时期与浙江柿(Diospyros glaucifolia)有相关性,白头鹎同时期与刺毛越橘(Vaccinium trichocladum)和青皮木(Schoepfia jasminodora)相关,栗背短脚鹎在不同时期与同种植物格药柃(Eurya muricata)相关。     

河北邢台市森林公园鸟类区系调查初报

2003年3月～2005年4月对邢台市森林公园的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类121种,隶属15目38科.其中留鸟27种,占总数的22.31%;夏候鸟26种,占总数的21.49%;冬候鸟10种,占总数的8.26%;旅鸟58种,占总数的47.94%.山斑鸠（Streptopelia orientalis）、珠颈斑鸠（Streptopelia chinensis）、家燕（Hirundo rustica）、白头鹎（Pycnonotus sinensis）、灰椋鸟（Sturnus cineraceus）、喜鹊（Pica pica）、大山雀（Parus major）、[树]麻雀（Passer montanus）、金翅[雀]（Carduelis sinica）、小鹀（Emberiza pusilla）等10种鸟为公园的优势鸟种.国家Ⅱ级保护重点鸟类11种,河北省重点保护鸟类11种.