α2-肾上腺素受体介导大鼠主动脉收缩的特性

为阐明功能性α2-肾上腺素受体(α2-AR)的特性及其与α2-AR的相互关系,以离体大鼠主动脉为模型,进行收缩功能实验.发现在大鼠主动脉中,α2-AR和α2-AR均可介导其收缩效应并以α1-AR的作用为主.α1-AR可增强α2-AR介导的收缩效应,而α2-AR则对α1-AR介导的收缩效应无影响.在不可逆阻断α1-AR而保留α2-AR的条件下,α2-AR介导的缩血管效应消失,仅在阈值浓度的KCl在下才能显示,且收缩幅度较对照显著降低.结果表明,在离体大鼠主动脉中存在功能性α2-AR,α2-AR的缩血管作用依赖于α1-AR的激动,其最大收缩反应远远小于α1-AR.     

12月与10周龄大鼠主动脉功能性α1肾上腺素受体亚型比较

本文采用离体血管收缩功能实验方法,比较１２月与１０周龄大鼠主动脉α１肾上腺素受体及其亚型的分布。结果显示;１２月龄大鼠与１０周龄大鼠相比,去甲肾上腺素引起的最大收缩反应显著降低,而半效激动浓度值无显著性改变;氯乙基可乐定对ＮＥ引起血管收缩的抑制作用明显减弱;ＷＢ４１０１拮抗ＮＥ缩血管效应的ＰＡ２值没有改变;ＢＭＹ７３７８的半效抑制浓度值明显降低;Ｓｅｒｔｉｎｄｏｌｅ的ｐＡ２值显著增大。     

自发性高血压大鼠主动脉α1B及α1D肾上腺素受体第三细胞内环不存在…

我们以前的实验显示自发性高血压大鼠离体主动脉磷酸肌醇蓄积在无激动剂在的基础状态下就显著增高。根据Ｇ蛋白偶联受体固有活性假说,推测ＳＨＲ主动脉中介导肌醇磷脂解的主要受体－α１Ｄ和α１Ｂ肾上腺素受体的第三细胞内环可能存在点突变。本实验通过ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ鉴定,表明上述突变并不存在。     

β2肾上腺素受体表达增加对心衰大鼠心肌细胞收缩功能的影响

目的：观察增加β2-肾上腺素受体（β2-AR）的表达对心衰大鼠心肌细胞收缩功能的影响并对其机制进行初步探讨：方法：用大剂量异丙肾上腺素制作大鼠心衰模型,分离培养心衰大鼠心肌细胞,在其上增加β2-AR的表达,westem blot检测心肌细胞β2-AR的表达。测定异丙肾上腺素刺激引起的细胞收缩幅度的改变：结果：心衰组心肌细胞收缩幅度较正常对照组降低（P〈0．01）,增加β2-AR表达可增加心衰组心肌细胞的收缩幅度（P〈0．01,心衰＋Adv．β2组vs心衰组）;选择性β2-AR拮抗剂ICI118,551可部分反转这种效应（P〈0．5,心衰＋Adv,β2＋ICI组讲心衰＋Adv．β2组）,但不能使收缩幅度降到心衰组水平（P〈0．05,心衰＋Adv．β2＋ICI组vs心衰组）.选择性β1—AR桔抗剂CGP20712A可完全阻断β2-AR表达增加的效应结论：增加β2-AR表达,可使心衰的心肌细胞的收缩功能得到改善,这种作用可能与β1-AR有关.     

α1—肾上腺素受体的信号转导

α１－肾上腺受体可激活细胞内多种信号转导途径,除经典的磷酸肌醇－钙信号系统与二酰基甘油－蛋白激酶Ｃ信号系统外,还包括磷脂酶Ａ２－花生四烯酸信号系统,酪氨酸激酶磷酸化系统与腺苷酸环化酶－ｃＡＭＰ信号系统等。α１－ＡＲ所介导的诸多瀑布式的链级信号系统,呈网络状连接在一起,一种信号系统的激活可引发、加强或阻抑另一信号系统。这些信号系统参与α１－ＡＲ介导的一系列生理和病理生理过程。不同的α１－ＡＲ亚型所介     

缺血预处理通过β2-肾上腺素受体保护心肌细胞收缩功能

本文旨在探讨缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning, IP)对缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion, I/R)损伤心脏的保护机制,从细胞和受体水平研究β2-肾上腺素受体(β2-adrenoreceptor, β2-AR)是否参与了IP对I/R损伤心脏的保护作用.Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为单纯I/R组(对照组)、IP组、短暂异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol, ISO)处理组、IP ICI118551组、ISO ICI118551组和ICI118551组.除对照组外,其它各组大鼠处理后均行缺血30min/复灌30min.记录心脏收缩期左心室内压上升的最大变化速率( dp/dtmax)、舒张期左心室内压下降的最大变化速率(-dp/dtmax)及左心室内压差(difference of left ventricular pressure, ΔLVP,左心室收缩压-左心室舒张压).测定冠状动脉流出液乳酸脱氢酶(1actate dehydrogenase, LDH)含量.进一步酶解分离心脏,获得单个心室肌细胞,测定其存活率和收缩功能.结果显示,IP和ISO组±dp/dtmax、ΔLVP较对照组增高;心肌细胞存活率和收缩幅度也显著升高;收缩时间(time-to-peak contraction, TTP)缩短;冠状动脉流出液LDH含量减少.选择性β2-AR拮抗剂ICl118551阻断IP和ISO的作用.各组间心肌细胞舒张50%时间(time-to-50% relaxation, R50)和舒张100%时间(time-to-100% relaxation, R100)均无明显差异.结果提示,β2-AR可能在IP对I/R损伤心脏的保护作用中发挥重要作用.     

α1-肾上腺素受体亚型介导细胞内游离Ca2+增高的信号转导途径

本文探讨了α１ａ,α１ｂ,α１ｄ三种亚型肾上腺素受体激动时细胞内Ｃａ６２＋浓度升高的信号转导途径。在稳定表达三亚型α１－ＡＲ的ＨＥＫ２９３细胞２系中,用ｆｕｒａ－２方法细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋信号强弱的变化。结果显示,百日咳毒素对去甲肾上腺素激动三亚型α１－ＡＲ而引起的「Ｃａ＾２＋」ｉ升高无影响,Ｕ－７３１２２和ＰＭＡ明显抑制「Ｃａ＾２＋」ｉ升高．     

α_1肾上腺素能受体介导去甲肾上腺素促大鼠培养心肌细胞蛋白质合成效应

在无血清和含１．０％、５．０％血清培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞标本上,去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ,２．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）使细胞蛋白质含量（Ｌｏｗｒｙ法）分别比相应对照组增加４０％、２６％、１９％（Ｐ均＜０．０１）;细胞３Ｈ－亮氨酸参入量与ＮＥ浓度呈正性剂量依赖性,最大效应浓度为２０．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ;无血清培养体系中,０．２、２．０、２０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＮＥ使参入量分别比对照增加１７．８％、３５３％、３７．７％;１．０％血清培养体系中分别比对照增加１６．２％、２７．９％、３１．６％（Ｐ均＜０．０５）;哌唑嗪（２．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可阻断ＮＥ的促蛋白质合成作用,心得安（２．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）则无此效应。提示在无血清或低浓度血清培养体系中,ＮＥ可促进心肌细胞蛋白质合成,增加细胞蛋白质含量,该作用可能是通过α１肾上腺素能受体介导。     

Desensitization of the vascular contractile response to cumulative doses of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists

Contractile responses to single or cumulative doses of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists were compared in the tail artery and the saphenous vein of the rat. In the rat tail artery, there were no differences in the dose-response relationships to noradrenaline, methoxamine, and KCl whether the agonists were applied as single or cumulative doses. However, the responses to single doses of clonidine and B-HT 920 were significantly larger than similar doses applied cumulatively. In the rat saphenous vein, responses to single doses of noradrenaline, clonidine, and B-HT 920 were also significantly larger than the corresponding cumulative doses. However, there was no difference in the responses to KCl. It was suggested that desensitization of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in these vessels may result in the diminished responses to cumulative doses of the agonists. Desensitization appeared to be specific to alpha 2-adrenoceptors, since the effect was not observed in responses mediated by the alpha 1-adrenoceptors and KCl.     

Alterations in alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation of isolated atria from experimental diabetic rats

This purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of experimental diabetes (3 months) on the responsiveness of rat isolated atria to alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation by phenylephrine. Diabetes was chemically induced with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg i.v.) in 42- to 43-day-old, nonfasted male Sprague-Dawley derived rats. Chronotropic (right atria) and inotropic (left atria) indices were recorded in response to alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation by phenylephrine. These experiments were performed in the presence of beta-adrenoceptor antagonism (timolol). Isolated right atria from diabetic rats demonstrated a greater increase in heart rate in response to phenylephrine than did corresponding control atria. Left atria were supersensitive (decrease in EC50 values) and hyperresponsive to alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation by phenylephrine when compared with stimulation of control left atria. Diabetic left atria in response to phenylephrine were observed to exchange more radioactive calcium (45Ca2+) than control left atria, whereas both diabetic and control left atria exchanged the same amount of 45Ca2+ during basal contractile conditions. Phenylephrine had no effect on 45Ca2+ efflux from either diabetic or control atria. These results indicate that 3 months of uncontrolled experimental diabetes in the rat produces an enhancement of alpha 1-adrenoceptor activation of isolated atria, and that there is an alteration in Ca2+ mobilization which may contribute to the enhanced receptor activation.     

Antagonist like action of synthetic alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists on contractile response to catecholamines in smooth muscle strips isolated from rainbow trout stomach (Salmo gairdneri)

1. The effects of some synthetic alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists on the mechanical activity and on contractile responses to catecholamines were examined in smooth muscle strips isolated from rainbow trout stomach. 2. Contractile responses to noradrenaline and adrenaline in the rainbow trout stomach strips were due to alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation. 3. Clonidine, p-aminoclonidine, naphazoline and guanabenz caused no mechanical response but concentration-dependently inhibited the contractile responses to noradrenaline and adrenaline without affecting the responses to acetylcholine, carbachol, 5-hydroxytryptamine and methionine-enkephalin. The order of potency was naphazoline greater than p-aminoclonidine greater than clonidine greater than guanabenz. 4. It is suggested that in the smooth muscle preparation of the trout stomach, some synthetic compounds (clonidine, p-aminoclonidine, naphazoline and guanabenz), which act on mammalian preparations as alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, show an antinoradrenaline (-adrenaline) effect; those compounds can be classified as alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists.     

Norepinephrine-induced contraction of isolated rabbit bronchial artery: role of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation

Zschauer, A. O. A., M. W. Sielczak, D. A. S. Smith, and A. Wanner. Norepinephrine-induced contraction of isolated rabbit bronchial artery: role of ₁-and ₂-adrenoceptor activation. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6):1918-1925, 1997.The contractile effect of norepinephrine (NE) onisolated rabbit bronchial artery rings (150-300 µm in diameter)and the role of ₁- and₂-adrenoceptors (AR) on smoothmuscle and endothelium were studied. In intact arteries, NE increasedtension in a dose-dependent manner, and the sensitivity for NE wasfurther increased in the absence of endothelium. In intact but not inendothelium-denuded arteries, the response to NE was increased in thepresence of both indomethacin (Indo; cyclooxygenase inhibitor) andN^G-nitro-L-argininemethyl ester [L-NAME;nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor], indicating that twoendothelium-derived factors, NO and a prostanoid, modulate theNE-induced contraction. The₁-AR antagonist prazosinshifted the NE dose-response curve to the right, and phenylephrine(₁-AR agonist) induced adose-dependent contraction that was potentiated byL-NAME or removal of theendothelium. The sensitivity to NE was increased slightly by the₂-AR antagonists yohimbine andidazoxan, and this effect was abolished by Indo or removal of theendothelium. Similarly, contractions induced by UK-14304(₂-AR agonist) were potentiatedby Indo or removal of the endothelium. These results suggest thatNE-induced contraction is mediated through activation of₁- and₂-ARs on both smooth muscle andendothelium. Activation of the₁- and₂-ARs on the smooth musclecauses contraction, whereas activation of the endothelial ₁- and₂-ARs induces relaxationthrough release of NO (₁-ARs) and a prostanoid (₂-ARs).

     

Inhibition of spontaneous beta 2-adrenergic activation rescues beta 1-adrenergic contractile response in cardiomyocytes overexpressing beta 2-adrenoceptor

Cardiac-specific overexpression of the human beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (AR) in transgenic mice (TG4) enhances basal cardiac function due to ligand-independent spontaneous beta(2)-AR activation. However, agonist-mediated stimulation of either beta(1)-AR or beta(2)-AR fails to further enhance contractility in TG4 ventricular myocytes. Although the lack of beta(2)-AR response has been ascribed to an efficient coupling of the receptor to pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) proteins in addition to G(s), the contractile response to beta(1)-AR stimulation by norepinephrine and an alpha(1)-adrenergic antagonist prazosin is not restored by pertussis toxin treatment despite a G(i) protein elevation of 1.7-fold in TG4 hearts. Since beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, betaARK1, activity remains unaltered, the unresponsiveness of beta(1)-AR is not caused by betaARK1-mediated receptor desensitization. In contrast, pre-incubation of cells with anti-adrenergic reagents such as muscarinic receptor agonist, carbachol (10(-5)m), or a beta(2)-AR inverse agonist, ICI 118,551 (5 x 10(-7)m), to abolish spontaneous beta(2)-AR signaling, both reduce the base-line cAMP and contractility and, surprisingly, restore the beta(1)-AR contractile response. The "rescued" contractile response is completely reversed by a beta(1)-AR antagonist, CGP 20712A. Furthermore, these results from the transgenic animals are corroborated by in vitro acute gene manipulation in cultured wild type adult mouse ventricular myocytes. Adenovirus-directed overexpression of the human beta(2)-AR results in elevated base-line cAMP and contraction associated with a marked attenuation of beta(1)-AR response; carbachol pretreatment fully revives the diminished beta(1)-AR contractile response. Thus, we conclude that constitutive beta(2)-AR activation induces a heterologous desensitization of beta(1)-ARs independent of betaARK1 and G(i) proteins; suppression of the constitutive beta(2)-AR signaling by either a beta(2)-AR inverse agonist or stimulation of the muscarinic receptor rescues the beta(1)-ARs from desensitization, permitting agonist-induced contractile response.     

Impact of alpha1-adrenoceptor expression on contractile properties of vascular smooth muscle cells

Low-frequency blood pressure oscillations (Mayer waves) are discussed as a marker for sympathetic modulation of vascular tone. However, the factors that determine the frequency response of the vasculature to sympathetic stimuli are not fully understood. Possible mechanisms include functions related to alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors (alpha(1)-AR) and postreceptor processes involved in the vascular contractile response. The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that expression levels of alpha(1)-AR and their subtype distribution determine velocity and magnitude of alpha(1)-AR-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contraction. alpha(1A)-, alpha(1B)-, and alpha(1D)-AR subtypes were transfected into VSMCs from rat aorta and characterized immunocytochemically via confocal microscopy. Functional studies in isolated cells were performed using video microscopy. The alpha(1)-AR agonist phenylephrine produced dose-dependent contractions of VSMCs. All transfected groups were more sensitive to phenylephrine compared with controls. Maximal contraction velocity almost doubled in transfected cells. However, no differences in observed parameters were found between the three transfected groups. Contractile properties in response to membrane depolarization with KCl were similar in all groups. In conclusion, alpha(1)-AR density determines velocity and sensitivity of alpha(1)-AR-mediated contraction in VSMCs. alpha(1)-AR subtype distribution does not appear to influence vasoconstriction to sympathetic stimuli.     

A comparison of the contractile activity of PGD2 and PGF2 alpha on human isolated bronchus

Prostaglandins may be implicated in the bronchoconstriction which occurs in asthma. Prostaglandins F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and D2 (PGD2) have been reported to produce bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects in vivo and PGF2 alpha contracts human isolated airway smooth muscle. We examined the relative efficacy and potency of PGF2 alpha and PGD2 on human bronchial spiral strips taken from 6 patients at thoracotomy. PGF2 alpha had greater efficacy than PGD2. The mean % Tmax (percentage of maximal contractile response) +/- s.e. mean were 84 +/- 7 and 54 +/- 7 respectively (P less than 0.05). PGF2 alpha (mean pD2 +/- s.e. mean = 6.39 +/- 0.6) tended to be more potent than PGD2 (5.68 +/- 0.2). Since, in vivo, PGD2 has greater efficacy and potency than PGF2 alpha, our results suggest that the in vivo effect of these prostaglandins does not result solely from an action on airway muscle.     

Evidence that phosphoinositide response is mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation, but not linked with excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle

Phosphoinositide metabolism is known to be associated with neuronal or humoral stimulation of excitable cells. The present study examined whether the phosphoinositide response is involved in such events using isolated rat papillary muscles labeled with [3H]inositol. It was found that neither increase in the stimulation frequencies (0-2 Hz) nor prolongation of the pulse duration (10-70 msec) altered the labeling of phosphoinositides and the accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates in this preparation. However, phenylephrine, a known alpha 1-agonist, was capable of provoking the breakdown of phosphoinositides associated with a positive inotropic effect in this preparation. We report the evidence that phosphoinositide response is mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation, but not linked with excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle.