Koffka, Köhler, and the "crisis" in psychology

This paper examines the claims of the Gestalt psychologists that there was a crisis in experimental psychology ca. 1900, which arose because the prevailing sensory atomism excluded meaning from among psychological phenomena. The Gestaltists claim that a primary motivation of their movement was to show, against the speculative psychologists and philosophers and Verstehen historians, that natural scientific psychology can handle meaning. Purportedly, they revealed this motivation in their initial German-language presentations but in English emphasized their scientific accomplishments for an American audience. The paper finds that: there was a recognized crisis in the new experimental psychology ca. 1900 pertaining especially to sensory atomism; that the Gestaltists responded to the crisis with new experimental findings and theoretical concepts (Gestalten) that challenged atomism; in both languages, they raised problems of meaning and discussed the contest with speculative psychology and philosophy only after presenting their scientific case; that they introduced phenomenological observations on meaning and perceptual organization into their psychology but did not develop a theory of meaning or solve philosophical problems; that they argued "philosophically," that is, using abstract, conceptual arguments; and that this aspect of their cognitive style was not received well by some prominent members of their American audience.     

指导学法,教学生"会学"

近年来广大生物教师都在致力于将“应试教育”转变为“素质教育”。并把素质教育落实到生物学科的教学活动中去 ,使学生不仅“学会” ,而且“会学”。教育心理学表明 :学生掌握知识的过程是由感知、思维、记忆及技能四种心理因素构成 ,对应于知识的摄取、理解、巩固及应用等基本环节。教师在教学中对学习的各环节加以指导 ,让学生掌握学习的规律和方法 ,是提高学生素质 ,使学生终身受益的必由之路。在近几年的教学中 ,我经常注意对学生进行以下主要学法的指导 ,收到了良好的效果。1　指导预习、鼓励自学在学生中 ,被动地依赖于教师的讲课而…     

Mammals of "La Sepultura" Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, México

A species list was elaborated for La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico. Line transects and direct observations were made. national and international databases were consulted, and animal traces were registered. Animals were captured during the period May 1994 - December 1999. A total of 848 specimen (248 furs and skulls), 32 tracks in plaster, and 9 osseous fragments were collected. A total of 98 species, 70 genera, 29 families, and 10 orders compose the species list. Of these species 87.7% belong to the orders Chiroptera, Rodentia and Carnivora and 21 species were classified according to some kind of legal protection. These data represent a solid and actualized database useful for designing management and conservation plans for this Biosphere Reserve.     

加强"问题意识"培养,全面优化课堂结构

“问题意识”是指学生在认知活动中遇到的一些难以解决的,疑虑的实际问题或理论问题时产生的一种怀疑,困惑和探究的心理状态,它在学生的思维活动和认知活动中占有重要地位。在高中生物学教学中加强学生问题意识的培养尤为重要。这也是推进素质教育,培养创新精神的必然要求。多年的教育教学实践     

"PBL, SP, SBME" 教学模式在八年制脊柱外科中的应用与思考

目的:探讨"PBL、SP、SBME"相结合的教学模式与传统教学模式在八年制脊柱外科教学中教学效果的差异,分析这种教学模式的优缺点,为今后八年制学生教学改革中提供参考。方法:选取在我院学习的2009级和2010级八年制学生共60人,随机分为2组,A组和B组,每组30人。A组运用"PBL、SP、SBME"相结合的教学模式,B组采取传统教学模式。教学结束后,通过调查问卷和考核综合评估教学效果。结果:A组主动学习能力、独立思考能力、团队协作能力、沟通交流能力、知识掌握程度明显优于B组(P0.05),有统计学意义。结论:"PBL、SP、SBME"相结合的教学模式比能增强八年制学生的学习积极性,提高学生知识的掌握程度和综合素质,这种教学模式传统教学模式更适合八年制脊柱外科的教学,在以后的教学过程中值得推广。     

CONCENTRATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE,RIBONUCLEASE, DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE, β-GLUCURONIDASE,AND CATHEPSIN IN "DROPLETS" ISOLATED FROM THE KIDNEY CELLS OF NORMAL RATS

1. Three fractions of "droplets" having diameters of 1 to 5 µ (fraction I), 0.5 to 1.5 µ (fraction II), and 0.1 to 1.0 µ (fraction III) were isolated from the kidney cells of normal rats. 2. All three "droplet" fractions showed 10 to 15 times higher activities of acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, ribonuclease, desoxyribonuclease, and cathepsin than the total homogenate and the mitochondrial fraction. 3. After a rough fractionation of the total homogenate, approximately 50 per cent of the 5 enzymes was found in the fractions which contained the "droplets" and approximately 30 per cent in the supernatant fluid. 4. The similarities between the enzymatic properties of the "droplets" from kidney cells and of the fractions isolated from liver cells by other investigators have been discussed.     

一个46,XY"女性"不育症家系的遗传学分析

运用常规的染色体G带分析和基因分析技术对-46,XY男性女性化家系进行遗传学分析,发现：先证者及其妹妹的染色体核型为46,XY,其母亲和父亲的核型正常;对睾丸决定基因（SRY）和雄激素受体基因（AR）进行突变检测,在SRY基因的整个编码区中没有发现突变,而AR基因的第7个外显子的第840个密码子由CGT（编码精氨酸）变为CAT（编码组氨酸）,这一改变可能是导致核型为46,XY女性化而发生不育。     

机不可失,时不再来--"天地生人"系列讲座(24)

“机不可失,时不再来”是中国古代的一个成语。它流传至今．已有1000多年的历史了,这句成语告诫我们：一定要抓住机遇．以免后悔。因为对每个人而言．它往往是可遇而不可求的。一旦失去,它便再也不可能重复地到来了。有人争辩道,人生的机会多得很．失去了第一次．还会有第二次,第三次等等。这样讲当然也有其道理,但是第二次毕     

塔河,塔河!不再是"无缰之马"

从塔河下游逆流而上,可以看到逐渐减少了的沙化环境和越往上游越宽阔的河道,河水在沙质河床里或是弯曲盘绕或是放荡摇摆的痕迹,河岸两边出现大片而茂密的胡杨林……这些都在提示我们,我们进入塔河的中游了.     

利用VOSTS评价,消除生物学学习中的"法蒂玛"现象

1995年，加拿大学者敏锐地发现了传统科学教育中肤浅的学习现象背后所蕴涵的学习方式，并称之为“法蒂玛法则”，由于我国根深蒂固的传统应试教育文化依然非常厚重，在理科学习中，同时也存在着大量机械学习的“法蒂玛现象”。为消除此现象，加拿大学者开发和完善一种可以有效评价学生科学素养的评价工具——VOSTS（Views on Seience-Technology-Society），即“科学-技术-社会观点评价表”，本文探讨了该评价工具在生物学课程评价中的运用，希望能给新世纪的课程改革及课程评价带来有益启示。     

"熊就像人一样,不能伤不能打"

在与牧人们的接触中,我们不断听到感叹,就像佐瓦告诉我们的那样,在他们的概念里,有了野生动物的草场才算是好草场,自家牧场上有了野生动物就是好兆头.这种理念类似我们所说的"生物多样性"的概念,一个健康的系统必然是并存着多样的物种,维持平衡.而牧人们却是用了好兆头,好草场这种与他们的生活生计息息相关的说法表达这个规律.     

Temporal distribution of diurnal rapacious birds in "Playón de Mismaloya" Reservation, Jalisco, Mexico

Diurnal raptors were counted monthly in the "Playón de Mismaloya", reserve, Jalisco, Mexico, from November 1997 to October 1998. We identified 11 species; eight of them migrants, one resident and two resident with migrant populations. The highest increase in total number of individuals was from December to March, influenced mainly by the presence of Caracara polancus (Crested Caracara), Falco sparverius (American Kestrel) and Pandion haliaetus (Osprey). The two former species were observed frequently in open areas, where they could detect prey more easily, while ospreys were found only in estuaries, lagoons and beach, where food was available.     

开展"热爱生命,远离毒品"为主题的社会调查

去年11月，我校师生40余人到何家湾劳教所，对吸毒人员进行了一次"热爱生命，远离毒品"为主题的社会调查，上了一堂生动的毒品预防教育课。调查中，师生们通过看录像、听干警介绍、和嗜毒者交谈和听吸毒人员亲属血泪控诉，掌握了大量事实，深受教育。一幕幕惨不忍睹的家庭悲剧，一件件触目惊心的犯罪事实，使每个学生认识到吸毒是万恶之源。一位年仅20岁、却已有5年吸毒史的青年，初中时染上毒瘤，几十万家产被他耗尽，甚至迫使其母亲卖血来满足自己吸毒。无情的事实告诉中学生，毒品的魔爪正在伸向年幼无知的青少年学生、他们发自内心地呼…     

A "sliding scale rule" for selectivity among NO, CO, and O₂ by heme protein sensors

Selectivity among NO, CO, and O? is crucial for the physiological function of most heme proteins. Although there is a million-fold variation in equilibrium dissociation constants (K(D)), the ratios for NO:CO:O? binding stay roughly the same, 1:~10(3):~10(6), when the proximal ligand is a histidine and the distal site is apolar. For these proteins, there is a "sliding scale rule" for plots of log(K(D)) versus ligand type that allows predictions of K(D) values if one or two are missing. The predicted K(D) for binding of O?to Ns H-NOX coincides with the value determined experimentally at high pressures. Active site hydrogen bond donors break the rule and selectively increase O? affinity with little effect on CO and NO binding. Strong field proximal ligands such as thiolate, tyrosinate, and imidazolate exert a "leveling" effect on ligand binding affinity. The reported picomolar K(D) for binding of NO to sGC deviates even more dramatically from the sliding scale rule, showing a NO:CO K(D) ratio of 1:~10(8). This deviation is explained by a complex, multistep process, in which an initial low-affinity hexacoordinate NO complex with a measured K(D) of ≈54 nM, matching that predicted from the sliding scale rule, is formed initially and then is converted to a high-affinity pentacoordinate complex. This multistep six-coordinate to five-coordinate mechanism appears to be common to all NO sensors that exclude O? binding to capture a lower level of cellular NO and prevent its consumption by dioxygenation.     

"发展骆驼,保护草原,加固中华民族的生态屏障" 一文中的某些观点值得商榷

仔细拜读了部分中华海外生态学者对中国北部沙尘暴问题的讨论文章"发展骆驼,保护草原,加固中华民族的生态屏障".该文的基本观点可以概括为3个方面:1)沙尘暴现象的原因在于草原退化,而草原退化主要是由于畜草不平衡,过度放牧造成的,削减牲畜头数是保持畜草平衡的更简单有效的办法;2)"种草养畜"的提法不科学;3)骆驼具有忍饥、耐渴和放牧半径大的特点,能充分利用无水草场,是最适合中国西北草原(荒漠)区发展的家畜.现就上述3个方面提出一些个人的看法.     

Scientific research at the Laboratoire Arago (Banyuls, France) in the twentieth Century: Edouard Chatton, the "master", and André Lwoff, the "pupil"

Edouard Chatton (1883–1947) began his scientific career in the Pasteur Institute, where he made several important discoveries regarding pathogenic protists (trypanosomids, Plasmodium, toxoplasms, Leishmania). In 1908 he married a "Banyulencque", Marie Herre; from 1920, he focused his research on marine protists. He finished his career as Professor at the Sorbonne (Paris) and director of the Laboratoire Arago in Banyuls-sur-mer, where he died in 1947. André Lwoff (1902–1994) lived several scientific lives in addition to his artistic and family life. But it is the study of protists that filled his first life after he encountered the exceptional Master who was Chatton. Lwoff's father was a psychiatrist and his mother an artist sculptor. He became a Doctor of Medicine in 1927 and then a Doctor of Sciences in 1932, his thesis dealing with biochemical aspects of protozoa nutrition. He met Chatton in 1921 and – until Chatton's death – their meetings, first in Roscoff and then in Banyuls-sur-mer, were numerous and their collaboration very close. Their monograph on apostome ciliates was one of the peaks of this collaboration. In 1938, Lwoff was made director of the Microbial Physiology Department at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where he began a new life devoted to bacteria, and then to viruses, before pursuing his career as director of the Cancer Research Institute in Villejuif (France). Lwoff was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965. He died in Banyuls in 1994. "Master" and "pupil" had in common perseverance in their scientific work, conception and observation, a critical sense and rigor but also a great artistic sensibility that painting and drawing in the exceptional surroundings of Banyuls-sur-mer had fulfilled. Electronic Publication