高温对莲草直胸跳甲两个地理种群体重和体型的影响

体型大小与昆虫在温度胁迫下的适应性有关。本文旨在研究入侵杂草空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides生防天敌莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila SelmanVogt不同地理种群对高温的形态响应机制。以恒温25℃作为对照,分别测定莲草直胸跳甲长沙种群和海南种群在模拟夏季特定12∶00-16∶00时段30℃、33℃、36℃高温条件下的幼虫体重、初羽化成虫体重、后足胫节长、鞘翅长、前胸背板宽等指标。结果表明,莲草直胸跳甲两地理种群幼虫体重均随温度升高而增加。两种群雌虫及长沙种群雄虫的体重、后足胫节长、鞘翅长、前胸背板宽度随温度上升显著下降;海南种群雄虫的后足胫节长、鞘翅长、前胸背板宽在各温度处理间无显著差异。在33℃、36℃高温条件下,长沙种群的幼虫体重、雌虫体重及雌虫的后足胫节长、鞘翅长、前胸背板宽显著高于海南种群,而长沙种群雄虫的后足胫节长、鞘翅长、前胸背板宽显著低于海南种群。试验表明,不同地理种群的莲草直胸跳甲形态大小对高温的响应存在差异。本研究结果为探究莲草直胸跳甲种间进化以及人工培育耐热种群的实践提供了一定的参考依据。     

梨小食心虫幼虫龄数和龄期的划分

【目的】为明确梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)幼虫的发育状况,以便进行预测预报及采取防治措施。【方法】试验对幼虫头壳宽、上颚宽、体长和体宽4项指标进行测量。【结果】头壳宽和上颚宽符合Dyar法则和Crosby法则并呈现明显的线性回归关系,可作为龄期划分的重要指标,确定其龄期为5龄。室内26℃温度下饲养幼虫历期约为15 d,1~4 d为1龄期、4~7 d为2龄期、6~10 d为3龄期、8~12 d为4龄期、11~15 d为5龄期。【结论】幼虫刚毛、体色、斑纹也可作为龄期划分辅助参考方法,体长和体宽变异性较大,不宜作为幼虫龄数划分的标准。     

基于外部形态特征量化分析判别菱角水螟幼虫龄期

【目的】本实验拟为田间准确快速判别菱角水螟Parapoynx crisonalis(Walker)幼虫龄期提供一种新方法,以便监测其发生规律、预测其发生时间。【方法】本研究通过对幼虫头壳宽、复眼距、体宽和体长4项外部形态指标的测量,运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归分析方法,结合各项指标的频次分布进行分析。【结果】各龄幼虫头壳宽平均值的变异系数和Crosby指数最小,为判别幼虫龄期的最佳分龄指标,幼虫期共分为5龄,1~5龄的头壳宽分别为(0.2493±0.0053)、(0.3454±0.0018)、(0.5079±0.0031)、(0.7419±0.0190)和(1.1287±0.0369)mm,其与龄期数呈线性关系。通过实验室饲养观察菱角水螟幼虫蜕皮次数验证该虫幼虫期分为5个龄期。【结论】头壳宽为判定菱角水螟幼虫龄期的最佳指标,复眼距次之。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫龄数及各发育阶段在不同温度下的发育历期

【目的】荔枝蒂蛀虫 Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley是荔枝龙眼上的主要害虫,以幼虫蛀果为害。本研究旨在明确荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫龄数及不同温度下各虫态和各龄幼虫的发育历期,为该虫发生规律、预测预报和防控技术研究提供基础生物学数据。【方法】定期收集处于不同发育时期的荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫,测量幼虫头壳宽度,对其进行频次分析,Crosby指数验证和曲线回归分析,以确定幼虫龄数。通过室内群体饲养的方法,测定了17~38℃区间8个温度梯度下荔枝蒂蛀虫各虫态和各龄幼虫的发育历期,并采用线性日度模型对其发育速率与温度的关系进行回归分析。【结果】根据荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫头壳宽度频次分布图,其头壳宽度的频次分布可明显分为5个区域,说明其幼虫分5个龄期,符合Dyar定律。1-5龄幼虫的头壳宽度分别为：0.092~0.120, 0.140~0.206, 0.217~0.319, 0.356~0.523和0.582~0.728 mm。温度对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵、各龄幼虫和蛹的发育历期有明显影响,其发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短,其发育速率均与温度呈显著正相关,并符合线性回归模型。在20~32℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫可完成世代发育;在17℃时,该虫只能发育至3龄幼虫;在35℃时,蛹多不能羽化;在38℃时,卵多不能孵化。在20~32℃,其世代历期为41.16~19.34 d,蛹期为12.74~5.38 d,而产卵前期为4.75~4.22 d,温度对产卵前期无明显影响。在20~35℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫可正常发育,其1龄幼虫龄期为4.50~1.17 d,2龄幼虫期为2.09~1.40 d,3龄幼虫期为2.84~1.00 d,4龄幼虫期为3.41~1.18 d,5龄幼虫期为3.00~1.37 d,预蛹期为2.41~0.69 d。在17~35℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫卵可正常孵化,其卵期为7.73~2.09 d。【结论】荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫分5个龄期,不同于前人所报道的4个龄期。在20~32℃温度范围内,卵、各龄幼虫和蛹的发育历期均随温度升高而缩短。本研究结果有助于荔枝蒂蛀虫预测预报方案的制定和实施。     

椰子织蛾幼虫龄数及取食量的雌雄差异

为了明确椰子织蛾幼虫的龄数、取食量及龄期。在室温25℃±3℃,寄主食料椰子叶饲养条件下,测量了雌、雄幼虫头壳宽、取食量并记录了各龄幼虫的发育历期。结果表明,椰子织蛾雌性幼虫有9-10个龄数,雄性幼虫有8-10个龄数。1-10龄雌虫的头壳宽约为0.2300,0.3250,0.4300,0.5267,0.7700,0.9633,1.3775,1.5850,1.8200,2.1929 mm。1-10龄雄虫的头壳宽约为0.2233,0.3214,0.4125,0.5300,0.6529,0.8675,1.1267,1.3375,1.4950,1.8925 mm。9-10龄雌虫的头壳宽显著大于雄虫的头壳宽。头壳宽与龄数具有很强的相关性。椰子织蛾幼虫的取食量随龄数的增大而增加。椰子织蛾1代雌性幼虫平均取食椰子叶的面积(3607.23±146.83 mm~2)显著高于1代雄性幼虫平均取食椰子叶的面积(1991.25±143.92 mm~2)。1-5龄幼虫的取食量最小,小于50 mm~2。8-10龄为暴食期。1-10龄幼虫的发育历期分别为4.55±0.16,5.69±0.24,5.73±0.37,5.22±0.15,5.11±0.46,4.61±0.46,5.12±0.68,6.00±0.43,6.86±0.40和8.75±1.55 d。对于雌、雄成虫个体差异较大的昆虫,对其幼虫头壳宽值和取食量的测定应雌、雄幼虫分别测定。椰子织蛾的防治适期应在未造成严重为害的1-5龄幼虫高蜂期进行。以幼虫头壳宽为主,同时结合取食面积判定幼虫所处龄数,可为准确掌握防治时期提供科学依据。     

沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫龄期的初步研究

通过测量沙棘木蠹蛾Holcocerus hippophaecolusHua,Chou,FangetChen幼虫的头壳宽、体长、体宽、上颚长和宽等指标,确定其幼虫共有16龄,不同龄幼虫的头壳宽值符合Dyar氏发现的幼虫头壳宽增长规律。同时,探讨了不同龄幼虫的臀足趾钩数、前胸侧毛L1、L2和L3以及腹足大小等指标之间的关系,结果表明:除臀足趾钩数在不同龄幼虫间的数量变化无明显规律,无法用于幼虫的龄期划分外,其它指标均呈现较明显的线性回归关系,初步判断,这些指标可以用于沙棘木蠹蛾不同龄期幼虫的划分。     

幼虫密度和温度对水芹叶象甲未成熟阶段生长发育的影响

[目的]为明确不同幼虫密度和不同温度条件对水芹叶象甲Hypera sp.未成熟阶段生长发育的影响.[方法]在室内条件下对不同幼虫饲养密度和不同温度条件饲养的水芹叶象甲未成熟阶段(卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹)的存活和生长发育进行研究.[结果]幼虫密度对水芹叶象甲幼虫、预蛹和蛹的存活和生长发育均具有显著影响.水芹叶象甲幼虫、预蛹和蛹在50头/盒的密度条件下的存活率均显著高于其它密度条件,且发育历期显著短于其它密度条件.此外,各密度条件下的雌蛹重均显著重于雄蛹重,但性比(♀/♂)不受密度条件的影响.温度条件对水芹叶象甲卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹的存活和生长发育亦均具有显著影响.27℃条件下的幼虫和蛹的存活率均显著高于其它温度条件,1龄幼虫在30℃条件下的存活率显著高于其它温度条件,而3龄幼虫在27℃条件下的存活率显著高于其它温度条件,但温度条件对2龄幼虫的存活率无显著影响.水芹叶象甲各龄期幼虫及各虫态的发育历期随着温度升高而显著缩短.[结论]幼虫饲养密度和温度是影响水芹叶象甲种群变化的重要因子,这将为分析水芹叶象甲种群动态变化规律,以 及提高该虫的预测预报和综合防控水平提供依据.     

寄主和温度对半闭弯尾姬蜂饲养的影响

【目的】对半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellen室内饲养过程中影响繁殖的寄主和温度这两个因子进行研究,得到半闭弯尾姬蜂室内繁殖饲养时的最佳寄主数量和温度。【方法】在室内设置不同小菜蛾Plutella xylostell(L.)幼虫数量和幼虫龄期条件下,研究了幼虫数量和龄期对半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生率的影响,以及设置6个恒温(15、20、22、25、27和30℃)条件下研究了温度对半闭弯尾姬蜂发育历期、羽化率、性比的影响。【结果】小菜蛾幼虫数量在30~90头范围内对半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生率无影响,但超过90头后,寄生率明显下降;半闭弯尾姬蜂对小菜蛾幼虫龄期有选择性,对2,3龄小菜蛾幼虫的寄生率高于4龄幼虫;半闭弯尾姬蜂各个虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而明显缩短,当温度升高到30℃,卵至蛹的发育历期比27℃的发育历期有所缩短,但化蛹后不能正常羽化;在15~22℃的温度范围内,半闭弯尾姬蜂的羽化率和性比随着温度的升高而增加,在22~27℃的范围内,半闭弯尾姬蜂的羽化率和性比随着温度的升高而降低。【结论】在室内饲养扩繁半闭弯尾姬蜂时应选用2~3龄的小菜蛾幼虫,每对半闭弯尾姬蜂提供的小菜蛾幼虫数量为40~50头;以22℃为最适合温度。     

漠甲亚科八种幼虫记述（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）

漠甲亚科Ｐｉｍｅｌｉｉｎａｅ是一类广布于古北区的耐旱沙漠昆虫,幼虫在沙土内发育,危害植物嫩芽和根部,经济意义较大。本文记述了采自宁夏、甘肃、内蒙古和新疆的８个种,即多毛扁漠甲、谢氏宽漠甲、泥脊漠甲［１］、洛氏脊漠甲［１］、光滑胖漠甲［１］、蒙古漠王、谢氏宽漠王和大宽漠王的幼虫,并给出它们的检索表。幼虫标本保存于宁夏农学院。     

法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫龄期的划分

【目的】法氏柴胡宽蛾Depressaria falkovitshi Lvovsky为三岛柴胡的一种优势害虫,主要以幼虫危害柴胡的叶片、茎尖、花序,幼虫龄期的确定可以为其生物学特性的研究和防治措施的制定与实施提供理论依据。【方法】本文通过测量法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫头壳宽度和体长,根据所测数据的频次分布及Dyar定律推测出法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫的虫龄数。运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归分析验证分龄的合理性。【结果】研究表明,法氏柴胡宽蛾的幼虫期共分为5龄,1~5龄幼虫的头壳宽度(mm)分别为0.163±0.006,0.262±0.012,0.437±0.025,0.690±0.038,1.116±0.051。幼虫头壳宽度(y)与虫龄(x)的回归方程为y=0.101e~(0.4815x),R~2=0.9998。【结论】头壳宽度适宜于法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫期的分龄,而体长由于变异大不宜用作幼虫龄期的划分。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.