盐胁迫下接种AM真菌对玉米耐盐性的影响

以玉米品种陕单16号幼苗为材料,用盆栽法研究了不同含盐量(0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 NaCl g/kg)土壤接种AM真菌(Glomus mosseae)对玉米幼苗生物量、盐害级数,以及叶片中电解质透出率、丙二醛、O·2-、H2O2含量和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:在盐胁迫下,接种AM真菌增加了玉米植株生物量,降低了玉米的盐害级数;菌根植株叶片中过氧化氢酶的活性高于非菌根植株,而过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶和多酚氧化酶的活性则为非菌根植株高于菌根植株;超氧化物歧化酶的活性在NaCl浓度为0、0.5和1.0 g/kg时为非菌根植株高于菌根植株,而在NaCl浓度为1.5和2.0 g/kg时则为菌根植株高于非菌根植株;菌根植株叶片中电解质透出率、丙二醛、O·2-和H2O2的含量低于非菌根植株.可见,AM真菌的侵染提高了玉米的耐盐性,缓解了由盐胁迫引起的过氧化胁迫对玉米植株的伤害,但这一缓解作用并不只是通过提高保护酶活性来实现的,可能还存在一些非酶促的调节机制.     

Plant and fungal identity determines pathogen protection of plant roots by arbuscular mycorrhizas

1.  A major benefit of the mycorrhizal symbiosis is that it can protect plants from below-ground enemies, such as pathogens. Previous studies have indicated that plant identity (particularly plants that differ in root system architecture) or fungal identity (fungi from different families within the Glomeromycota) can determine the degree of protection from infection by pathogens. Here, we test the combined effects of plant and fungal identity to assess if there is a strong interaction between these two factors.
2.  We paired one of two plants ( Setaria glauca , a plant with a finely branched root system and Allium cepa , which has a simple root system) with one of six different fungal species from two families within the Glomeromycota. We assessed the degree to which plant identity, fungal identity and their interaction determined infection by Fusarium oxysporum , a common plant pathogen.
3.  Our results show that the interaction between plant and fungal identity can be an important determinant of root infection by the pathogen. Infection by Fusarium was less severe in Allium (simple root system) or when Setaria (complex root system) was associated with a fungus from the family Glomeraceae. We also detected significant plant growth responses to the treatments; the fine-rooted Setaria benefited more from associating with a member of the family Glomeraceae, while Allium benefited more from associating with a member of the family Gigasporaceae.
4.   Synthesis . This study supports previous claims that plants with complex root systems are more susceptible to infection by pathogens, and that the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can reduce infection in such plants – provided that the plant is colonized by a mycorrhizal fungus that can offer protection, such as the isolates of Glomus used here.     

植物-土壤反馈与草地群落演替:菌根真菌和土壤病原菌的调控作用

由植物引起的根际土壤生物或非生物环境的改变能够反馈影响群落中不同植物的生长,直接改变共存植物的相对竞争关系,推动群落结构的动态变化。作为土壤生物群落的重要组成部分,土壤微生物在植物-土壤反馈关系中起到重要的调控作用,对解释植物群落的演替进程和方向有着重要的意义。在草地植物群落演替的早期阶段和外来物种入侵的过程中,宿主植物对丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）的依赖性较低,受本地病原菌的影响较小,一般不存在负反馈。在演替后期,植物对AMF更具依赖性,而积累的病原菌则产生较强的负反馈效应,从而促进群落物种共存和植物多样性,提高草地生产力和稳定性。研究微生物-植物反馈机制不仅有助于完善草地退化与恢复理论,还对退化草地恢复治理的实践有着指导意义。未来关于根际微生物-植物反馈在草地群落演替中的作用应该加强以下几方面的研究：（1）在实验方法上,开展专性微生物-植物反馈研究;（2）在测定指标上,进一步量化不同微生物在反馈关系中的功能差异;（3）在研究对象上,加强土壤微生物在植物群落水平的反馈研究;（4）在应用上,明晰植物-土壤反馈在退化草地恢复过程中的作用,指导草地管理实践。     

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对外来植物入侵反馈机制的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在植物群落竞争演替、物种多样性的形成及群落空间分布格局、植物群落对全球变化的响应中均起着重要的调节作用;同样也能影响外来植物与本地植物的互作,影响外来植物入侵过程中植物群落演替进程,甚至决定入侵的成败。因此,AMF与外来植物共生及其对外来植物入侵的反馈已成为国际上外来植物入侵机制研究的一个热点。本文基于外来植物的入侵过程,从AMF对外来植物生长、外来植物与本地植物竞争关系的影响,以及外来植物入侵对AMF的影响及AMF对入侵的反馈3个方面综述了AMF对外来植物入侵的反馈机制。外来植物可以通过多种途径改变土著AMF的群落结构和功能,而土著AMF也能直接或间接地改变甚至逆转外来植物与入侵地植物的互作关系。未来的研究不仅需要考虑AMF与外来植物共生的菌根特性和对竞争关系的影响,还需要通过大尺度条件下的野外试验及室内补充试验深入探究影响AMF在外来植物与本地植物竞争演替中的作用的生物和非生物因子,以全面解释AMF影响外来植物入侵的反馈机制。     

Augmentation of AM fungi fails to ameliorate the adverse effects of temporal resource variation on a lettuce crop

While agricultural research has traditionally focused on average environmental conditions, environmental variability, independent of the mean, can also have biological consequences. Using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as a model system, we tested two hypotheses: (1) increased temporal variability in water supply impacts plant growth, yield, photosynthesis, water relations and nutrition and (2) arbuscular mycorrhizal AM fungal associations benefit this agricultural crop, especially when plants experience temporal variability in water supply. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with two blocks and three variables (each with two levels): ± mycorrhizal inoculation, high or low variability in watering intervals, and high or low total watering volume. Temporal variability in water supply, at a time scale similar to what is common in agricultural practices, had negative effects on lettuce production. Inoculation treatments were successful in doubling the extent of AM fungal infection in lettuce roots. There were no main effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on any measured variable, but augmented mycorrhizal associations interacted with variability in water supply to increase root/shoot ratios and decrease tissue concentrations of N and P. Successful application of AM fungi to sustainable agriculture probably requires a general theoretical framework for predicting when effects on plants will be beneficial versus neutral or even detrimental.     

丛枝菌根真菌种群的孢子季相动态研究

以草坪为研究对象,研究草坪土壤中丛枝菌根真菌种群的孢子组成、孢子密度、物种丰富度、多样性及其季相变化规律。结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度和多样性指数在一年内随季节变化表现出一定的季相变化规律,三者均在冬季达到最高,在时间节律上与植物群落季相变化不同步;同时分析了气候因素(平均温度、降雨量和日照时间等)对丛枝菌根真菌的影响。结果表明,气候因素对孢子密度、物种丰富度和多样性指数均有显著影响。     

The contribution of longevity to population death rates

The magnitude of a population's per capita death rate depends on the maximum age at death and the intensity or schedule of mortality of its members. Knowing the maximum possible lifespan that an animal can achieve when raised under defined conditions makes it possible to calculate the component of per capita death rate due to longevity alone. This component is most important to slow-growing populations of animals with relatively short lifespans. Life-table experiments with two rotifer species and a cladoceran indicate that the short lifespans of these animals account for moderate proportions (up to 37.2%) of their population death rates. Decomposing per capita death rates into two components, one due to maximum length of life and another due to differential mortality of animals of different ages, may therefore be a useful way to examine how deleterious processes, such as predation and starvation, limit growth of zooplankton populations.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities are phylogenetically clustered at small scales

Next-generation sequencing technologies with markers covering the full Glomeromycota phylum were used to uncover phylogenetic community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Festuca brevipila. The study system was a semi-arid grassland with high plant diversity and a steep environmental gradient in pH, C, N, P and soil water content. The AMF community in roots and rhizosphere soil were analyzed separately and consisted of 74 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in total. Community-level variance partitioning showed that the role of environmental factors in determining AM species composition was marginal when controlling for spatial autocorrelation at multiple scales. Instead, phylogenetic distance and spatial distance were major correlates of AMF communities: OTUs that were more closely related (and which therefore may have similar traits) were more likely to co-occur. This pattern was insensitive to phylogenetic sampling breadth. Given the minor effects of the environment, we propose that at small scales closely related AMF positively associate through biotic factors such as plant-AMF filtering and interactions within the soil biota.     

接种不同AM真菌对滇重楼幼苗功能基因表达的影响

为探究接种不同外源性从枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌对滇重楼幼苗基因表达的影响,本研究以灭菌土壤为生长基质,将滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis)新鲜种子与28种AM真菌于室温盆栽条件下共培养,采用实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测鲨烯环氧酶基因(Squalene epoxidase,SE)、共生受体类似激酶基因(Symbiosis-receptor-like kinase,SYMRK)、产生钙离子振荡的通道蛋白基因(Doesn’t making fections 1,DMI1)、钙/钙调依赖性蛋白激酶基因(Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase,CCa MK)4个功能基因在滇重楼幼苗的差异表达情况。结果表明:28株AM菌株可不同程度的影响SE、SYMRK、DMI1、CCa MK 4个功能基因的表达,其中薄壁两性囊霉(Ambisporaleptoticha,Ale)和崔氏原囊霉(Archaeospora trappei,Atr)可以显著增加4个功能基因的表达量。隐类球囊霉(Paraglo-mus occultum,Po)和透明盾巨孢囊霉(Scutellospora pellucida,Spe)可以增加SE、SYMRK的表达,细凹无梗囊霉(Acau-lospora scrobiculata,Asc),亮色盾巨孢囊霉(Racocetra fulgida,Rfu),哥伦比亚内养囊霉(Entrophospora colombiana,Ec),明球囊霉(Rhizophagus clarus,Rcl),根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Rin)可以增加DMI1的表达。综上所述,接种的28株AM真菌菌株中Ale和Atr能显著的提高4种功能基因的表达,结合前期与滇重楼无菌播种幼苗进行共生培养分析AM真菌对种子萌发及幼苗化学成分的影响,推测这两株菌可望能作为培育滇重楼菌根化苗的理想菌株,人工接种AM真菌可为保护和提高滇重楼开辟了一条新的途径。     

丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长影响的研究

菌根是自然界中一种极为普遍和重要的共生现象,其中分布最为广泛的菌根类型就是丛枝菌根,可以增强植物从土壤中获取水分的能力,改善植物根系对磷、镉等矿质元素及养分的吸收,从而促进植物的生长。本文综述了丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长影响的概况。有关丛枝菌根真菌对植物水分和矿质营养的利用,尤其是磷素营养的研究较为深入,而对植物光合特性的研究较少,这些研究工作为深入理解菌根真菌与植物的相互关系提供基础资料。     

Effects of mowing on fungal endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in subalpine grasslands

In French subalpine grasslands, cessation of mowing promotes dominance of Festuca paniculata, which alters plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. One of the mechanisms underpinning such effects may be linked to simultaneous changes in the abundance of fungal symbionts such as endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In field conditions, mowing reduced the abundance of the endophyte Neotyphodium sp. in leaves of F. paniculata by a factor of 6, and increased mycorrhizal densities by a factor of 15 in the soil. In greenhouse experiments, the mycorrhizal colonization of Trifolium pratense and Allium porrum increased 3- fold and 3.8- fold respectively in mown vs unmown grassland soil. Significantly reduced growth of the two host plants was also observed on soil from the unmown grassland. Such opposite effects of mowing on the two functional groups of fungal symbionts could suggest interactions between these two groups, which in turn could contribute to structuring plant communities in subalpine grasslands.     

Spatial characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal molecular diversity at the submetre scale in a temperate grassland

Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form spatially complex communities in terrestrial ecosystems, the scales at which this diversity manifests itself is poorly understood. This information is critical to the understanding of the role of AMF in plant community composition. We examined small-scale (submetre) variability of AMF community composition (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting) and abundance (extraradical hyphal lengths) in two 1 m(2) plots situated in a native grassland ecosystem of western Montana. Extraradical AMF hyphal lengths varied greatly between samples (14-89 m g soil(-1)) and exhibited spatial structure at scales <30 cm. The composition of AMF communities was also found to exhibit significant spatial autocorrelation, with correlogram analyses suggesting patchiness at scales <50 cm. Supportive of overall AMF community composition analyses, individual AMF ribotypes corresponding to specific phylogenetic groups exhibited distinct spatial autocorrelation. Our results demonstrate that AMF diversity and abundance can be spatially structured at scales of <1 m. Such small-scale heterogeneity in the soil suggests that establishing seedlings may be exposed to very different, location dependent AMF communities. Our results also have direct implications for representative sampling of AMF communities in the field.     

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal protein glomalin is a putative homolog of heat shock protein 60

Work on glomalin-related soil protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) has been limited because of the unknown identity of the protein. A protein band cross-reactive with the glomalin-specific antibody MAb32B11 from the AM fungus Glomus intraradices was partially sequenced using tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A 17 amino acid sequence showing similarity to heat shock protein 60 (hsp 60) was obtained. Based on degenerate PCR, a full-length cDNA of 1773 bp length encoding the hsp 60 gene was isolated from a G. intraradices cDNA library. The ORF was predicted to encode a protein of 590 amino acids. The protein sequence had three N-terminal glycosylation sites and a string of GGM motifs at the C-terminal end. The GiHsp 60 ORF had three introns of 67, 76 and 131 bp length. The GiHsp 60 was expressed using an in vitro translation system, and the protein was purified using the 6xHis-tag system. A dot-blot assay on the purified protein showed that it was highly cross-reactive with the glomalin-specific antibody MAb32B11. The present work provides the first evidence for the identity of the glomalin protein in the model AMF G. intraradices, thus facilitating further characterization of this protein, which is of great interest in soil ecology.     

Synergistic effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in bioremediation of iron contaminated soils

Three Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from Glomus, Acaulospora and Scutellospora, and four plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates related to genera Streptomyces, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Paenibacillus were found to be effective in phytoremediation of Fe³⁺ contaminated soil where Pennisetum glaucum and Sorghum bicolor were growing as host plants. Co-inoculation of AMF and PGPR showed better results in comparison to either, AMF and PGPR under pot conditions. Both AMF and PGPR were able to produce siderophores. AMF and PGPR associated to P. glaucum and S. bicolor plants increased the extent of iron absorption. AMF and PGPR combination exhibited superior (p < 0.01) phytoremediation efficiency with P. glaucum compared to S. bicolor. These findings warrant further investigations of these synergistic interactions and large-scale in situ studies for bioremediation of iron-contaminated soils.     

AM真菌和磷对小马安羊蹄甲幼苗生长的影响

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌在退化生态系统恢复与重建实践中具有重要作用。采用盆栽模拟方法,重点分析不同土壤磷条件下小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi)幼苗接种AM真菌后,幼苗的形态、生物量积累、菌根侵染率和菌根效应(mycorrhizal growth response, MGR)在一个生长季内的动态变化。结果表明,Glomus mosseae和 Glomus coronatum能较好地侵染幼苗,两种AM真菌显著地增加幼苗根系、叶片数和生物量;接种AM真菌显著影响幼苗的生物量分配,而土壤磷对幼苗的生物量分配影响不明显,AM真菌和土壤磷对幼苗生长的交互作用显著;G. mosseae是小马鞍羊蹄甲的优势AM菌,其接种的幼苗根长、叶片数、生物量、侵染率和菌根效应都显著高于G. coronatum处理的幼苗;菌根效应显著,接种AM真菌能有缓解土壤磷素缺乏的限制作用,且随着苗龄增大促生作用表现更为明显。不同AM菌种对小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生长的促生作用表现出的差异,提示在多元资源限制的干旱贫瘠环境中进行生物修复须为目标恢复物种筛选出高效的优势AM真菌。