氧化铝层析从云南红豆杉植物中转化提取紫杉醇

采用氧化铝层析从云南红豆杉植物汉膏中转化生成和分离提纯了紫杉醇。考察了氧化铝的类型、流动相中水和甲醇的添中、反应时间以及洗脱剂组成等层析操作条件对紫杉醇回收和分离的影响。研究表明,采用碱性氧化铝柱层析分离和回收紫杉醇效果显著,通过对紫杉醇转化和分离条件的优化,经一步氧化铝柱层析,可以使紫杉醇的含量从小于１．０％提高到大于２７％,紫杉醇的回收大于１７０％。     

MSPD-HPLC法分析云南红豆杉中的10-DAB Ⅲ和紫杉醇

为建立云南红豆杉(Taxus yunnanensis)中10-去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ(10-DAB Ⅲ)和紫杉醇(Taxol)的分析方法,该研究采用基质固相萃取-高效液相色谱分析(MSPD-HPLC)对云南红豆杉中的10-DAB Ⅲ及Taxol进行定量分析,探究硅胶、佛罗里硅土、酸性氧化铝、中性氧化铝、碱性氧化铝、C₁₈、C₁₈-ME、C₁₈-G1、C₁₈-HC、Diol、Xamide、Xion 共12种样品预处理分散剂及各种分散剂的质量、洗脱剂的种类、洗脱剂的浓度、洗脱剂体积对两种成分分析的影响,并对优化后的条件进行方法学验证,同时与超声提取、热回流提取预处理方法进行比较分析证明其有效性。结果表明:(1)12种固相分散剂中,碱性氧化铝具有良好的目标化合物萃取物检出量,并且当碱性氧化铝与样品的质量比为3:1、6 mL甲醇为洗脱剂洗脱时,10-DAB Ⅲ和Taxol的萃取检出量较高。(2)建立的云南红豆杉枝叶中10-DAB Ⅲ和Taxol的分析方法具有良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 9),10-DAB Ⅲ和Taxol的检出限和定量限分别介于0.023 9～0.030 1 μg·mL^-1和0.142～0.178 μg·mL^-1之间; 各目标分析物平均加样回收率在93.6%～109.0%之间。(3)比较分析显示,3种方法对2种紫杉烷类化合物的萃取检出量基本无差别,但MSPD法溶剂消耗少、操作简单,分析时间短,净化效率高,可应用于云南红豆杉原料的快速分析。该研究以碱性氧化铝为分散剂应用于云南红豆杉紫杉烷类化合物的萃取,建立了快速、高效的云南红豆杉中10-DAB Ⅲ和紫杉醇的分析方法,为云南红豆杉中的紫杉烷类化合物的定量分析提供了依据。     

碱提水溶性安络小皮伞多糖的研究——B1与B2的分离纯化及结构研究

从曾用水提取过水溶性多糖的安络小皮伞残渣中用稀碱液提取了二种水溶多糖B₁和B₂。它们分别给Sepharoe 4B柱,2B柱层析,超离心分析,醋酸纤维薄膜电泳鉴定,表明B₁和B₂均为纯多糖。采用气相色谱,红外光谱,淀粉酶解,甲基化分析等方法确定了它的基本结构。     

从癌性腹水中分离Ⅲ型前胶原氨基末端肽

采用(NH₄)₂SO₄沉淀,二次不同pH的DEAE-Sephacel离子交换柱层析及Sephacryl S-200分子筛柱层析从人癌性腹水中分离并纯化了PⅢP,并制备了抗血清。经SDS-PAGE鉴定为均一蛋白带,分子量约为47kD。经西德药盒测定,与西德、芬兰PⅢP抑制曲线平行关系良好。氨基酸组成测定亦与文献报道基本一致。抗血清效价较高,特异性强。本研究在方法学上有一定创新,提纯方法简便易行。     

中国红参化学成分的研究(Ⅱ)

目的:研究五加科人参属常用中药红参的化学成分。方法:采用硅胶柱层析、反相柱层析、Sephadex LH-20柱层析、半制备液相色谱等方法分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从红参中分离并鉴定5个化合物,结构分别为:异麦芽酚甘露糖苷(isomaltol-3-α-D-O-mannopyranoside 1),人参皂苷Rc(2),麦芽酚(3),β-谷甾醇(4),棕榈酸(5)。结论:化合物1为首次从五加科中分离得到。     

极地真菌Geomyces pannorum SA3-2-YM次级代谢产物的研究

采用聚酰胺柱层析、硅胶柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析和高效液相HPLC等色谱技术,对极地真菌Geomyces parmorum SA3-2-YM的发酵液提取物进行分离纯化,共得到13个化合物,通过NMR和MS等波谱数据确定结构为:cyclo-(L-Trp-L-Pro)(1)、cyclo-(L-Trp-L-Tyr)(...     

从中国红豆杉细胞培养物中分离鉴定紫杉醇

中国红豆杉(Taxus chinensis(Pilger．)Rehd)细胞在培养过程中合成了紫杉醇,我们利用固液分离、大孔吸附树脂吸附富集、有机溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析、低压硅胶柱层析、重结晶等方法,从中国红豆杉的细胞培养物中分离纯化了紫杉醇,用多种核磁共振波谱方法(^1H NMR,^13C NMR,DEPT,^1H-^1H-COSY,NOESY,HMQC,HMBC)结合质谱(FABMS),红外光谱、紫外光谱等方法鉴定了它的化学结构,证明与源于天然红豆杉植物材料提取的紫杉醇为同一物质。     

忍冬属植物中环烯醚萜苷类化合物的研究进展

本文主要综述了忍冬属植物中环烯醚萜类化合物的结构类型、分离方法、测试方法及其药理活性研究;由报道可知,忍冬属植物中分离得到的环烯醚萜类化合物有70多个,并且分属于三种不同的结构类型;无论属于哪种结构类型,环烯醚萜的分离方法均可概括为溶剂浸泡、萃取、柱层析细分,柱层析细分主要有反相柱层析、硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析。对于环烯醚萜的定性或定量测试,目前采用的主要方法是HPLC;环烯醚萜类化合物的药理活性研究目前主要集中在抗炎、止痛、解热、保肝及抗病毒方面;除此之外,文中对部分环烯醚萜化合物的生物合成途径也进行了探讨研究。     

紫杉醇产生菌Nodulisporium sylviforme原生质体诱变研究

对酶系组成、pH、酶解温度和酶解时间等影响树状多节孢原生质体制备和再生的因素和原生质体诱变进行了研究。结果表明 ,原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件为 :用pH5.5～ 6.0的0.7mol/LNaCl配制由 3%溶壁酶 + 3%蜗牛酶 + 1 %的溶菌酶 + 3%纤维素酶组成的复合酶系 ( 1ml酶液/2 5 0mg湿菌体 ) ,在 30℃恒温水浴条件下酶解 6h ;然后 ,将获得的原生质体过滤洗涤后 ,在含0.7mol/ LNaCl的PDA再生培养基上 ,采用双层平板培养法再生制备到的原生质体。树状多节孢紫杉醇产生菌原生质体诱变的最佳条件为 :30w紫外灯、距离 30cm、照射 5 0s;UV + 0.6%LiCl复合诱变、照射时间 40s,诱变菌株经初筛和复筛 ,选出了两株高产紫杉醇的原生质体诱变菌株———UV_40-19和UL_50-6,其产量从出发菌株紫杉醇的产量 ( 314.07μg /L)分别提高至 376.38μg/L和392.63μg/L。     

产紫杉醇菌株原生质体诱变育种的研究

对紫杉醇产生菌NCEU-1的原生质体进行了紫外线和氯化锂复合诱变,筛选制霉菌素抗性突变株,共筛选出了4株正突变株。经发酵筛选试验,获得了一株遗传性状稳定、高产紫杉醇的原生质体诱变菌株——UL_04-5,其紫杉醇产量从出发菌株的314.07μg/L提高至418.24μg/L。     

氧化铝催化7-表-紫杉醇转化为紫杉醇的机理探索

在碱性氧化铝作用下,云南红豆杉浸膏中－７－表－紫杉醇被催化转人继此 醇。该异构化反应是由氧化铝表面上酸中心,碱中心的协同作用而催化,在室温条件下就可进行,氧化铝到碱中心的种类和强度都将影响反应进行的程度,适量的甲醇对反应有促进作用。     

Purification of ten transfer ribonucleic acids from E. coli K-12 MO

A flowsheet has been developed which leads to the purification of 10 transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) from E. coli K-12 MO. Crude tRNAs were recovered by phenol extraction and two ethanol precipitation steps. The initial separation of the crude tRNA mixture was achieved by RPC-3 reversed-phase chromatography. Following rechromatography under other conditions, the following tRNAs were recovered at a purity of 70 to 100%: arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, formylmethionine-1, formylmethionine-3, normal methionine, phcnylalanine-1, phenylalaninc-2, and valine. Recoveries for these tRNAs ranged from 15 to 60%. The flowsheet was demonstrated with chromatogaphic runs ranging from 1,300 to 250,000 A₂₆₀ units per run. The chromatographic steps were simple and readily reproducible.     

Protein purification using chromatography: selection of type, modelling and optimization of operating conditions

To achieve a high level of purity in the purification of recombinant proteins for therapeutic or analytical application, it is necessary to use several chromatographic steps. There is a range of techniques available including anion and cation exchange, which can be carried out at different pHs, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography. In the case of a complex mixture of partially unknown proteins or a clarified cell extract, there are many different routes one can take in order to choose the minimum and most efficient number of purification steps to achieve a desired level of purity (e.g. 98%, 99.5% or 99.9%). This review shows how an initial 'proteomic' characterization of the complex mixture of target protein and protein contaminants can be used to select the most efficient chromatographic separation steps in order to achieve a specific level of purity with a minimum number of steps. The chosen methodology was implemented in a computer- based Expert System. Two algorithms were developed, the first algorithm was used to select the most efficient purification method to separate a protein from its contaminants based on the physicochemical properties of the protein product and the protein contaminants and the second algorithm was used to predict the number and concentration of contaminants after each separation as well as protein product purity. The application of the Expert System approach was experimentally tested and validated with a mixture of four proteins and the experimental validation was also carried out with a supernatant of Bacillus subtilis producing a recombinant beta-1,3-glucanase. Once the type of chromatography is chosen, optimization of the operating conditions is essential. Chromatographic elution curves for a three-protein mixture (alpha-lactoalbumin, ovalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin), carried out under different flow rates and ionic strength conditions, were simulated using two different mathematical models. These models were the Plate Model and the more fundamentally based Rate Model. Simulated elution curves were compared with experimental data not used for parameter identification. Deviation between experimental data and the simulated curves using the Plate Model was less than 0.0189 (absorbance units); a slightly higher deviation [0.0252 (absorbance units)] was obtained when the Rate Model was used. In order to optimize operating conditions, a cost function was built that included the effect of the different production stages, namely fermentation, purification and concentration. This cost function was also successfully used for the determination of the fraction of product to be collected (peak cutting) in chromatography. It can be used for protein products with different characteristics and qualities, such as purity and yield, by choosing the appropriate parameters.     

Is there a rational method to purify proteins? From expert systems to proteomics

The purification of recombinant proteins for therapeutic or analytical applications requires the use of several chromatographic steps in order to achieve a high level of purity. A range of techniques is available such as anion and cation exchange chromatography, which can be carried out at different pHs, and hence used at different steps, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Evidently when confronted with a complex mixture of partially unknown proteins or a clarified cell extract there are many different routes one can take in order to choose the minimum and most efficient number of purification steps to achieve a desired level of purity (e.g. 98, 99.5 or 99.9%). In this review we will show how an initial "proteomic" characterization of the complex initial mixture of target protein and protein contaminants can be used to select the most efficient chromatographic separation steps in order to achieve a maximum level of purity with a minimum number of steps. The chosen methodology was implemented in a computer based expert system. The first algorithm developed was used to select the most efficient purification method to separate a protein from its contaminants based on the physicochemical properties of the protein product and the protein contaminants. The second algorithm developed was used to predict the number and concentration of contaminants after each separation as well as protein product purity. The successful application of the expert system approach, based on an initial proteomic characterization, to the practical cases of protein mixtures and clarified fermentation supernatant is presented and discussed. The purification strategy proposed was experimentally tested and validated with a mixture of four proteins and the experimental validation was also carried out with an "unknown" supernatant of Bacillus subtilis producing a recombinant beta-1,3-glucanase. The system was robust to errors <10% which is the range that can be found in the experimental determination of the properties in the database of product and contaminants. On the other hand, the system was sensitive both to larger variations (>20%) in the properties of the contaminant database and the protein product and to variations in one protein property (e.g. hydrophobicity).     

Isolation of individual amino acids from various microbiological sources using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A new method for the preparative isolation of individual amino acids on a milligram scale based on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) after pre-column derivatization with carbobenzoxychloride (ZCl) has been developed. The chromatographic procedure was tested by the investigation of jack bean urease hydrolysate. The method has been applied to the preparative separation of Z-amino acids (from 10 up to 16) obtained from protein hydrolysates of various sources (green microalgae, blue-green algae, halophilic and methylotrophic microorganisms) and was proved to be reliable by the separation of deuterated amino acids (enrichment 97–99%) from Methylobacillus flagellatum (due to the bioconversion of CD₃OD and D₂O). Independent of the biological source of the protein, the amino acids were isolated with high recovery (from 68% up to 89%) and chromatographic purity (from 96% up to 99%). The method was also applied for the isolation of phenylalanine and leucine excreted by amino-acid overproducing microorganisms.     

A highly efficient integrated chromatographic procedure for the purification of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen from Hansenula polymorpha

The high expression level of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen obtained from Hansenula polymorpha yeast cell (Hans-HBsAg) made it possible to produce HBsAg vaccine in a large scale and by cost-effective process. However, the present available purification process was somewhat tedious, time-consuming and difficult to scale up. To improve the purification efficiency and simplify the purification process, an integrated chromatographic process was developed and optimized. The downstream process included ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and gel filtration chromatography (GFC). A series of chromatographic adsorbents were evaluated for their performances on the purification of Hans-HBsAg, and then the suitable adsorbents for IEC and HIC were screened out, respectively. After clarification by centrifugation, the supernatant of cell disruption (SCD) was purified by standard chromatographic steps, IEC on DEAE Sepharose FF, HIC on Butyl-S-QZT and GFC on Sepharose 4FF. Furthermore, HBsAg recovery, purification factor (PF) and purity during the downstream process were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorption assay (ELISA), sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The results demonstrated that in the scale of 550ml SCD, the total HBsAg recovery and PF of the whole procedure were about 21.0+/-0.9% and 80.7+/-8.4 (n=3) respectively, with the purity of above 99%. This new downstream process was efficient, reproducible and relatively easy to be scaled up.     

High-throughput process development for recombinant protein purification

Methods development in chromatographic purification processes is a complex operation and has traditionally relied on trial and error approaches. The availability of a large number of commercial media, choice of different modes of chromatography, and diverse operating conditions contribute to the challenging task of accelerating methods development. In this paper, we describe a novel microtiter-plate based screening method to identify the appropriate sequence of chromatographic steps that result in high purities of bioproducts from their respective culture broths. Protein mixtures containing the bioproduct were loaded on aliquots of different chromatographic media in microtiter plates. Serial step elution of the proteins, in concert with bioproduct-specific assays, resulted in the identification of "active fractions" containing the bioproduct. The identification of a successful chromatographic step was based on the purity of the active fractions, which were then pooled and used as starting material for screening the next chromatographic dimension. This procedure was repeated across subsequent dimensions until single band purities of the protein were obtained. The sequence of chromatographic steps and the corresponding operating conditions identified from the screen were validated under scaled-up conditions. Various modes of chromatography including hydrophobic interaction, ion exchange (cation and anion exchange) and hydrophobic charge-induction chromatography (HCIC), and different operating conditions (pH, salt concentration and type, etc.) were employed in the screen. This approach was employed to determine the sequence of chromatographic steps for the purification of recombinant alpha-amylase from its cell-free culture broth. Recommendations from the screen resulted in single-band purity of the protein under scaled-up conditions. Similar results were observed for an scFv-beta-lactamase fusion protein. The use of a miniaturized screen enables the parallel screening of a wide variety of actual bioprocess media and conditions and represents a novel paradigm approach for the high-throughput process development of recombinant proteins.     

Use of electrophoretic titration curves in the purification of a β-1-3 glucanase from Oerskovia xanthineolytica

A -1-3-glucanase from O. xanthineolytica was purified from a fermentation broth, in two chromatographic steps using information obtained from electrophoretic titration curves. Charge characteristic of proteins present were determined over a pH range of 3-9 and displayed a good correlation with the chromatographic behaviour observed using ionic exchange chromatography.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rapid purification yielding highly active 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: application of hydrophobic interaction and affinity fast protein liquid chromatography

Homogeneous human placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was obtained by a procedure consisting of two fast protein liquid chromatographic (FPLC) steps using Phenyl-Sepharose hydrophobic interaction and Blue-Sepharose affinity columns. In the first chromatography, the enzyme eluted only when an additional decrease in ionic strength was inserted after the ammonium sulphate concentration had reached zero, thus enhancing the separation. In the affinity chromatography, separation of contaminating proteins occurred at different stages of loading and washing. The specific elution of the enzyme by the co-factor NADP⁺ is very efficient in obtaining a homogeneous preparation in high yield. The rapidity of FPLC was further increased by a maximum simplification of the intermediate steps, and the whole procedure lasted only two days. This preparation has a yield of more than 50% and a high specific activity, catalysing the formation of 7.9 μmol of estrone from estradiol per minute at pH 9.2 and 23°C. It has an apparent molecular mass of 35 000. This provides an efficient candidate for the purification of other membrane-associated proteins.