Raphanusol B: A Growth Inhibitor of Light-grown Radish Seedlings

A growth inhibitor, for which the name raphanusol B is proposed,was isolated in crystalline form from light-grown Sakurajimaradish seedlings and has been shown to be 1-sinapoylglucoseby spectrometric analysis. Raphanusol B inhibited the growthof intact and excised hypocotyls of etiolated radish seedlings.The raphanusol B content of the radish seedlings increased greatlyunder red light, but decreased in the dark. ¹Present address: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1, Kagoshima 890, Japan. (Received October 6, 1980; Accepted December 6, 1980)     

Inhibition by mevinolin of plant growth, sterol formation and pigment accumulation

To obtain information on the importance of a functional mevalonate synthesis for plant growth and development, we investigated the effect of mevinolin, a highly specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) coenzyme A reductase (the mevalonate-producing enzyme) on growth, sterol accumulation and pigment formation of radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Saxa Treib) and in part also wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kolibri). Mevinolin applied during germination inhibits root elongation and development of lateral roots in etiolated and light-grown radish seedlings. This effect cannot be overcome by exogenous GA₃, but by addition of mevalonic acid, the product of the internally inhibited reaction. This emphazises the specifity of the mevinolin effect and indicates that the biosynthesis of mevalonic acid is a mandatory requirement for root growth. In light-grown radish seedlings mevinolin also affects hypocotyl length-growth and inhibits sterol accumulation, but has little effect on the chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation in the chloroplasts of the cotyledons. This indicates the possible presence of an independent mevalonate synthesizing pathway within the plastids and suggests a low transport rate of mevinolin from the radish roots to the cotyledons. When mevinolin is directly applied to the leaves at higher concentrations, it also reduces the light-induced chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation as has been shown with etiolated primary leaves of wheat. This inhibition is age-dependent and proceeds to a higher extent in older than in younger etiolated leaf tissue. From our results we conclude that plastids possess an independent HMG-CoA reductase. In the cotyledons of radish, mevinolin seems to induce a senescence retardation and sun-type growth response, as has been evaluated by measuring the fast and slow chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics (Kautsky effect). These responses may be due to inhibitor-induced changes in the intracellular phytohormone balance.     

Light growth inhibition and growth inhibitors in Sakurajima radish seedlings

Growth of Sakurajima radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus var.hortensis f. gigantissimus Makino) was studied in relation tothe effects of light, the effectiveness of plant hormones, andthe variation in endogenous growth inhibitor content Externally applied GAs and IAA had no effect on the elongationof the hypocotyl in the light as well as in the dark. BA wasslightly promotive in the light, but was not so effective asto nullify the light-induced inhibition of elongation. ABA wasstrongly suppressive in the light as well as in the dark. Growth inhibitors in seedlings were extracted, analyzed by thin-layerchromatography and the Sakurajima radish hypocotyl elongationtest, and 3 acidic and 3 neutral inhibitors were detected. Amongthem all of the acidic and one of the neutral inhibitors increasedwith the time period of illumination, whereas the other 2 neutralsubstances remained almost unchanged in the light but decreasedin the dark. Thus the levels of all 6 inhibitors was higherin light-grown seedlings than in dark-grown ones. This suggeststhat light inhibition in Sakurajima radish hypocotyls may becontrolled by the variation in the inhibitor levels in the seedlings. (Received December 1, 1977; )     

Ethylene is not involved in the blue light-induced growth inhibition of red light-grown peas

Although the growth of intact plants is inhibited by irradiation with blue light, the growth rate of isolated stem segments is largely unaffected by blue light. We hypothesized that this loss of responsiveness was a result of ethylene production as part of the wounding response. However, we found no interaction between ethylene- and blue light-induced growth inhibition in dark- or red light-grown seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Inhibition of growth begins in dark-grown seedlings exposed to blue light within 3 min of the onset of blue light, as was known for red light-grown seedlings. By contrast, ethylene-induced inhibition of growth occurs only after a lag of 20 to 30 min or more (dark-grown seedlings) or 60 min (red light-grown seedlings). Also, the inhibition response of red light-grown seedlings is the same whether ethylene is present from the onset of continuous blue-light treatment or not. Finally the spatial distribution of inhibition following blue light was different from that following ethylene treatment.     

Effect of polyamines and guanidines on the growth,nitrogen assimilation and reserve mobilization in germinating radish seeds

Polyamines and guanidines enhanced the growth of radish seedlings grown in dark or light, irrespective of the supply of nitrogen. All the compounds inhibited ntirate reducatase and glutamine synthetase in the cotyledons of light-grown but not in dark-grown seeds. Nitrite reductase and glutamate dehydrogenase were not affected. Protease activity was enhanced by all the compounds in dark-as well as in light-grown seeds. Alanine aminotransferase activity was increased only in the light-grown seeds. The inhibition of nitrate reductase was not due to decreased nitrate uptake but was due to a decreased metabolic pool of nitrate and a decline in enzyme synthesis. The inhibition of glutamine synthetase and activation of alanine aminotransferase by the compounds was found only in the chloroplast fraction. The activation of protease was due to the release or activation of preexisting enzyme while that of alanine aminotransferase was dependent on the de novo protein synthesis which was abolished by cycloheximide.     

The effects of endogenous cytokinin content on benzyladenineenhanced nitrate reductase induction

Foliar application of benzyladenine (BA) has been shown to enhance nitrate-dependent induction of nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) in etiolated wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Whether similar enhancement occurs in light-grown plants, or whether endogenous cytokinin content affects this enhancement is unknown. Since the cytokinin content of etiolated plants probably differs from that of light-grown seedlings, the NR response of each to exogenous root- or shoot-applied BA in wheat (cv. Red Bob) was examined. Endogenous cytokinins present in untreated control tissues prior to BA application and changes that occurred after a 22 h (12 h dark followed by 10 h of light) period were determined using a combined HPLC-immunoassay method. Shoot application of BA enhanced the induction of NR in etiolated seedlings in a concentration-dependent manner but failed to enhance NR induction in light-grown plants. Root-applied BA enhanced NR induction in both etiolated and light-grown seedlings. Endogenous root cytokinin levels were similar in both etiolated and light-grown plants. In contrast, shoots of 6 day-old light-grown seedlings contained at least 20 times the amount of total cytokinins measured in shoots from etiolated plants of the same age. Total cytokinin content of the light-grown plants diminished after the 22-h period while that measured in etiolated seedlings increased. The responsiveness of seedlings to BA was correlated with endogenous cytokinin levels in that enhancement of NR induction by exogenous BA was low in tissues which contained high concentrations of cytokinin at the time of BA application. These results may prove useful in interpretation of gene responses to exogenous plant growth regulators.     

Isolation and identification of a new growth inhibitor, raphanusanin, from radish seedlings and its role in light inhibition of hypocotyl growth

A neutral growth inhibitor, for which the name raphanusanin is proposed, has been isolated in crystalline form from light-exposed Sakurajima radish (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. gigantissimus Makino) seedlings and identified as a new compound, 3-methoxy-4-methylthio-2-piperithione by spectrometric analyses.

Applied raphanusanin inhibited the hypocotyl growth of etiolated radish and lettuce seedlings at concentrations higher than 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ molar.

The endogenous raphanusanin contents in cotyledons and hypocotyls of radish seedlings increased more under red light, but decreased or maintained the initial level in the dark. Its content in roots showed almost no change between the light and dark materials.

     

Photophysiology of the Elongated Internode (ein) Mutant of Brassica rapa: ein Mutant Lacks a Detectable Phytochrome B-Like Polypeptide

Several phytochrome-controlled processes have been examined in etiolated and light-grown seedlings of a normal genotype and the elongated internode (ein/ein) mutant of rapid-cycling Brassica rapa. Although etiolated ein seedlings displayed normal sensitivity to prolonged far-red light with respect to inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, expansion of cotyledons, and synthesis of anthocyanin, they displayed reduced sensitivity to prolonged red light for all three of these deetiolation responses. In contrast to normal seedlings, light-grown ein seedlings did not show a growth promotion in response to end-of-day far-red irradiation. Additionally, whereas the first internode of light-grown normal seedlings showed a marked increase in elongation in response to reduced ratio of red to far-red light, ein seedlings showed only a small elongation response. When blots of protein extracts from etiolated and light-treated ein and normal seedlings were probed with monoclonal antibody to phytochrome A, an immunostaining band at about 120 kD was observed for both extracts. The immunostaining intensity of this band was substantially reduced for extracts of light-treated normal and ein seedlings. A mixture of three monoclonal antibodies directed against phytochrome B from Arabidopsis thaliana immunostained a band at about 120 kD for extracts of etiolated and light-treated normal seedlings. This band was undetectable in extracts of ein seedlings. We propose that ein is a photoreceptor mutant that is deficient in a light-stable phytochrome B-like species.     

Photoresponses of Light-Grown phyA Mutants of Arabidopsis (Phytochrome A Is Required for the Perception of Daylength Extensions)

Several aspects of the photophysiology of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were compared with those of a phytochrome A null mutant, phyA-1, and a mutant, fhy1, that is putatively involved in the transduction of light signals from phytochrome A. Although phyA seedlings display a near wild-type phenotype when grown in white light (W), they nevertheless display several photomorphogenic abnormalities. Thus, whereas the germination of wild-type and fhy1 seeds is almost fully promoted by a pulse of red light (R) or by continuous far-red light (FR), phyA seed germination is responsive only to R. Following growth under day/night cycles, but not under continuous W, the hypocotyls of light-grown phyA and fhy1 seedlings are more elongated than those of wild-type seedlings. For seedlings grown under low red/far-red (R/FR) ratio light conditions, phyA and fhy1 seedlings display a more marked promotion of hypocotyl elongation than wild-type seedlings. Similarly, seedlings that are doubly null for phytochrome A and phytochrome B(phyA phyB) also have more elongated hypocotyls under low R/FR ratio conditions than phyB seedlings. This indicates that phytochrome A action in light-grown seedlings is antagonistic to the action of phytochrome B. Although wild-type, fhy1, and phyA seedlings flower at essentially the same time under both short-day and long-day conditions, an obvious consequence of phytochrome A deficiency is a pronounced late flowering under conditions where a short day of 8 h of fluorescent W is extended by 8 h of low-fluence-rate incandescent light. The evidence thus indicates that phytochrome A plays a role in seed germination, in the control of elongation growth of light-grown seedlings, and in the perception of daylength.     

Raphanusol A,a new growth inhibitor from sakurajima radish seedlings

A new growth inhibitor, raphanusol A, isolated from an acetone extract of light-exposed seedlings of Sakurajima radish, was characterized as 1-,β,4-di-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamoyl) gentiobiose by chemical methods and spectral data.     

Action Spectra for the Inhibition of Hypocotyl Growth by Continuous Irradiation in Light and Dark-Grown Sinapis alba L. Seedlings

Action spectra for the inhibition by continuous (24-hour) irradiation of hypocotyl growth in 54-hour-old Sinapis alba L. seedlings were measured using seedlings which had had four different pretreatments. These seedlings were either (a) dark-grown with a high total phytochrome level, (b) dark-grown with a low total phytochrome level, (c) light-grown with chlorophyll, or (d) light-grown with no chlorophyll [treated with 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H) -pyridazinone (San 9789)].     

Heat shock protein synthesis is induced by diethyl phthalate but not by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in radish (Raphanus sativus)

The toxicity and effects on protein synthesis of the phthalate esters diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was studied in radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus cv. Kööpenhaminan tori). Phthalate esters are a class of commercially important compounds used mainly as plasticizers in high molecular-weight polymers such as many plastics. They can enter soil through various routes and can affect plant growth and development. First the effect of DEP and DEHP on the growth of radish seedlings was determined in an aqueous medium. It was found that DEP, but not DEHP, caused retardation of growth in radish. A further investigation on protein synthesis during DEP-stress was executed by in vivo protein labeling combined with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). For comparisons with known stress-induced proteins a similar experiment was done with heat shock, and the induced heat shock proteins (HSPs) were compared with those of DEP-stress. The results showed that certain HSPs can be used as an indicator of DEP-stress, although the synthesis of most HSPs was not affected by DEP. DEP also elicited the synthesis of numerous proteins found only in DEP-treated roots. The toxic effect of phthalate esters and the roles of the induced proteins are discussed.     

萝卜对土生空团菌菌丝生长的影响

纯培养条件下, 测定了十字花科植物萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)种子、幼苗、根系分泌物及幼苗提取物对土生空团菌(Cenococcum geophilum Fr. (Cg))菌株CgSO1、CgSB2、CgO5、SPOP2 和Cg5#菌株生长的影响。结果表明供试Cg菌株与萝卜种子共培养, 或将萝卜根系分泌物和幼苗提取物加入到培养基中, 均促进了Cg菌丝生长。高温灭菌处理使萝卜根系分泌物和幼苗提取物对Cg菌株的促生作用更强, 而高温灭菌后的萝卜幼苗段对菌株生长影响不大。其中经高温灭菌处理的幼苗水提取物对5菌株的促生作用最大, CgSO1、CgSB2、CgO5、SPOP2和Cg5#每菌落的菌丝干重分别达到: 54.8、45.8、63.9、41.2和50.5 mg。     

A major factor in gravitropism in radish hypocotyls is the suppression of growth on the upper side of hypocotyls

The changes in length on the two opposite sides of etiolated radish (Raphanus sativus) hypocotyls prior to, and following gravitropic stimulation, were measured using an infrared-imaging system. It was observed that the growth suppression on the upper side began first at least 10 min after the onset of gravitropic stimulation, and after 30 min the acceleration in growth on the lower side started. The gravitropic curvature was steadily induced from 10 min. When radish hypocotyls were switched from a vertical to horizontal position for different durations and then replaced to the vertical position, the growth suppression on the gravity-stimulated (upper) side was observed in all cases, but the acceleration in growth on the opposite (lower) side appeared only in continuously gravity-stimulated seedlings, although it occurred later than the growth suppression on the upper side. These results suggest that the suppression in growth on the upper side of the hypocotyls is a direct effect of gravitropic stimulation, but not the acceleration on the lower side. When 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (4-MTBI), which has an inhibitory activity against radish hypocotyl growth, was applied on the one side of radish hypocotyls and then the 4-MTBI-applied side or opposite side was placed in a horizontal position, the former showed greater bending than the control, suggesting that the growth suppression on the upper side is enhanced and maintained with MTBI application there. In the latter case, the seedlings showed less bending than the control, suggesting a decrease in growth on the lower side with MTBI application. All the results suggest that gravitropism of radish hypocotyls may be caused by an increase in growth-inhibiting substance(s) induced with gravitropic stimulation in the upper side, inducing growth inhibition there.     

Xanthoxin: A Growth Inhibitor in Light-grown Sunflower Seedlings, Helianthus annuus L.

Methanol extracts from light- and dark-grown sunflower seedlings,Helianthus annuus L., var. ‘Inra No. 6501’, weresubjected to solvent partition. The neutral diethyl ether fractionfrom the light-grown seedlings contained material(s) which inhibitedcress seed germination. Such inhibition was scarcely detectablein extracts of the etiolated seedlings. Sometimes inhibitionalso occurred in the petroleum spirit fraction. A mixture ofcis, trans- and trans, transxanthoxin showed the same partitioncharacteristics as the inhibiting substance(s); the latter co-chromatographedwith xanthoxin in all paper, thin layer, and high pressure liquidchromatography separation procedures tried. The inhibition wasalso detectable with the Avena colcoptile straight growth bioassay. It is concluded that xanthoxin is formed during illuminationof sunflower seedlings; its role in the phototropic responseof these seedlings is discussed.     

Identification of photo-inactive phytochrome A in etiolated seedlings and photo-active phytochrome B in green leaves of the aurea mutant of tomato

The contents of spectrophotometrically measurable phytochrome A (PhyA) and phytochrome B (PhyB) and the corresponding immunochemically detectable apoproteins (PHYA and PHYB) were examined in dark- and light-grown tissues of the aurea mutant of tomato and its wild-type (WT). The amount of PHYA in etiolated aurea seedlings was found to be about 20% of that in the WT; this PHYA showed no photoreversible changes in absorbance, no downregulation of the level of PHYA in light-grown seedlings, and no differential proteolysis of Pr and Pfr species in vitro which was seen in the case of the WT. By contrast, the amount of PHYB in aurea seedlings was not significantly different from that in WT seedlings. Phytochrome isolated from green leaves of the aurea mutant and purified by ion-exchange chromatography showed a red/far-red reversible spectral change, and its elution profile during chromatography was essentially similar to that of PHYB. The results indicate that aurea is a mutant that is deficient in photoactive PhyA at the etiolated stage, when it contains a spectrally inactive PHYA. However, the mutant contains spectrally active PhyB in its green tissue as does the WT.     

Phototropism in Hypocotyls of Radish : I. Isolation and Identification of Growth Inhibitors, cis- and trans-Raphanusanins and Raphanusamide, Involved in Phototropism of Radish Hypocotyls

Three growth inhibitors which might be involved in phototropism of Sakurajima radish (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. gigantissimus Makino) hypocotyls, were isolated as crystalline forms from light-exposed radish seedlings and identified as cis- and trans-raphanusanins and 6-methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3-oxazepin-2-one (designated raphanusamide). The cis- and trans-raphanusanins inhibited growth of etiolated radish hypocotyls at concentrations higher than 1.5 micromolar, raphanusamide at concentrations higher than 20 micromolar.     

A growth inhibitor, 2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid from sakurajima radish seedlings

A new growth inhibitor isolated from an acetone extract of light-exposed seedlings of Sakurajima radish, was characterized as 2-thioxothiazolidine-4-ca