Reactions of Hemoglobiniferous Cells to Aced and Basic Dyes under Varying Conditions of H-Ion Activity

1. An attempt has been made to apply Loeb's concept of the amphoteric nature of proteins for the discrimination of suspected hemoglobiniferous substances from known hemoglobiniferous substances according to their reactions to acid and basic dyes with reference to the isoelectric point of hemoglobin (pH 6.8).

2. The substances in the cytoplasm of known hemoglobiniferous cells (red blood corpuscles, normoblasts and erythroblasts) of the lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow of the albino rat, when suspended in buffered dye-sucrose solutions, retain eosin on the acid side of pH 7.0, but the substances of the Russell bodies, suspected of being hemoglobiniferous, do not retain eosin at all; and the cytoplasm of the plasma cells, also alleged to be slightly hemoglobiniferous, only retains eosin on the acid side of pH 6.4.

3. The only basic dye used which did not precipitate in buffer solutions was methylene blue. This did not react with hemoglobin in accordance with Loeb's concept, because it did not penetrate mature red blood corpuscles and in those immature erythrocytes which it did penetrate it was precipitated by the reticulum.

4. Therefore, from the results obtained with the acid dye, it is tentatively concluded that the substance in the Russell bodies and in the cytoplasm of the plasma cells are not hemoglobiniferous because they do not react as do the substances in known hemoglobiniferous cells with reference to the isoelectric point of hemoglobin.

5. More investigation, however, must be carried out on both fresh and fixed material before a final unequivocal answer can be made to this problem.     

Reactions of Basic Dyes with Cyclic Derivatives of an Acid Character

The recent discovery that the actual staining agent in the Ziehl-Neelson technic is an addition product of the phenol and the dye employed led the authors to investigate the character of the reaction products of various basic dyes with a considerable variety of cyclic derivatives of a phenolic or acid character. Analytical data are presented which indicate that basic dyes form addition products, in general, with typical phenols. With more definitely acid cyclic derivatives the reaction is primarily metathetical, resulting in the formation of organic salts of the dyes. In some instances both metathesis and addition result. Readers are referred to the following paper for information as to the practical staining value of certain of these compounds.     

Reactions of Basic Dyes with Cyclic Derivatives of an Acid Character

The recent discovery that the actual staining agent in the Ziehl-Neelson technic is an addition product of the phenol and the dye employed led the authors to investigate the character of the reaction products of various basic dyes with a considerable variety of cyclic derivatives of a phenolic or acid character. Analytical data are presented which indicate that basic dyes form addition products, in general, with typical phenols. With more definitely acid cyclic derivatives the reaction is primarily metathetical, resulting in the formation of organic salts of the dyes. In some instances both metathesis and addition result. Readers are referred to the following paper for information as to the practical staining value of certain of these compounds.     

Selective Staining of Endocrine Cells by Basic Dyes After Acid Hydrolysis

Staining of tissue sections by basic dyes after immersion in hot hydrochloric acid (0.2 N for 3-10 hr at 60 C) provides a means for selective detection of many endocrine cells. The acid hydrolysis suppresses diffuse basophilia, mainly due to RNA, DNA and acid polysaccharides, and increases the basophilia of secretory granules in endocrine cells, due, at least in part, to the proteins they store. After such treatment, toluidine blue or azur A (0.01-0.005% in 0.02 M McIlvaine buffer, pH 5) or pseudoisocyanin (0.02% in distilled water) heavily stain A and D cells of pancreatic islets, enterochromaffin and nonenterochromaffin endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa, thyroid parafollicular or C cells, pituitary basophil cells and adrenalin-secreting cells of the adrenal medulla.     

不同培养条件下莱茵衣藻细胞中SGAT酶活性的变化

利用模式单细胞植物莱茵衣藻,研究不同培养条件下细胞中丝氨酸：乙醛酸氨基转移酶活性的变化情况。结果表明：莱茵衣藻SGAT酶活性的最适pH介于5￣7之间,当pH高于7以后,酶活性逐渐下降;随着细胞密度增加,SGAT酶活性降低;光强可显著影响SGAT酶活性,在一定光强范围内,随着光照强度的增加,酶活性增强;乙酸作为莱茵衣藻的唯一异养碳源也会影响SGAT酶活性,两者间呈正相关;提高氧浓度,显著地提高了细胞内SGAT的酶活性;当二氧化碳浓度增加时,细胞内SGAT的酶活性也略有升高;40℃高温和15℃低温处理后,SGAT酶活性均降低。此外,提高氧浓度时细胞内Gly含量增加,Ser含量减少,Gly/Ser的比值从0.79提高到1.49。     

Myosatellite Cells under Gravitational Unloading Conditions

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology - Skeletal muscles are well known to have a high degree of plasticity. Gravitational unloading has a strong impact on the structural and...     

Periostin Mediates the Increased Pro‐Angiogenic Activity of Gastric Cancer Cells under Hypoxic Conditions

This study was conducted to investigate the biological role of periostin in gastric cancer (GC) under hypoxia. Western blot analysis revealed that along with an upregulation of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha, there was a time‐dependent induction of periostin in MKN‐45 cells under hypoxia (2% O₂), increasing by eightfold as compared to normoxic cells. Pretreatment with 30 µM PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, significantly reduced hypoxia‐stimulated periostin expression (P < 0.01). Periostin knockdown in MKN‐45 cells was achieved by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). The conditioned medium from periostin siRNA‐transfected MKN‐45 cells induced significantly less (P < 0.01) endothelial tube formation than control siRNA‐transfected cells. Additionally, periostin silencing markedly decreased the mRNA expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in hypoxic MKN‐45 cells. Thus, our data suggest that periostin is a hypoxia‐response gene and mediates a cross talk between GC and endothelial cells under hypoxia, partially through regulation of the VEGF expression. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:364‐369, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10.1002/jbt.21498     

Psychophysiological Study of Intellectual Activity under Bilingual Conditions

The intellectual activity was studied in schoolchildren and adults with tests for association of words, associated learning of paired words, short-term memory, and concentration of attention upon the presentation of discrete and grouped bilingual verbal stimuli. Qualitative and quantitative differences in processes assessed with the tests were found. It was supposed that switching from one language to another, i.e., from one level of verbal thinking to another, is accompanied by the involving of new elements of the structural-functional system of speech.__________Translated from Fiziologiya Cheloveka, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2005, pp. 55–58.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by A. Hayrapetian, V. Maloian, N. Maloian, Tatevosian, N. Hayrapetian.     

Effects of Cultural Conditions on Mononucleotide Phosphorylating Activity of Yeast Cells

It was found that the AMP phosphorylating activity of Candida sp. N–25–2 (a hydrocarbon assimilating yeast) was affected extremely by the liquid volume of cultural medium and the concentration of inorganic salts in medium. The yeast cells having no fermentative activity showed a strong activity of AMP phosphorylation when they were cultured under relative anaerobic conditions. It was observed that the glucose consumption of yeast cells was promoted by the addition of Mg²⁺ ion and AMP into the reaction system, and that the AMP phosphorylation was promoted in the presence of F-1,6-DP or phosphaenolpyruvate.

The cells of Candida sp. N–25–2 grown on glucose medium had a remarkable fermentative activity, while the cells grown on acetate or ethanol medium had a weak activity. On the other hand, it was found that the cells grown at strong aeration on glucose medium were able to produce remarkably the phosphorylated substances from mononucleotides, when F-1,6-DP was added as a phosphate donor. Similar phenomenon was observed in case of the cells grown on the carbon sources such as acetate, ethanol and hydrocarbon.     

Induction of Ferric Reductase Activity and of Iron Uptake Capacity in Chlorococcum littorale Cells under Extremely High-CO2 and Iron-Deficient Conditions

The marine green alga, Chlorococcum littorale, accumulated ironin its cells and showed high activity of plasma membrane ferricreductase under high-CO₂ and iron-deficient conditions. Theseactivities disappeared upon exposure to ordinary air and byadding excess FeSO₄. The iron uptake had high affinity for theFe(II) form (K_m of 0.13 µM). Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazoneand N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide significantly suppressed theiron uptake, suggesting that the Fe(II) uptake was driven byATPase. These results indicate that high CO₂ and iron deficiencycooperatively induce the Fe(II) uptake and cell-surface ferricreductase activity. (Received October 20, 1997; Accepted January 29, 1998)     

Gene-Controlled Resistance to Acriflavine and Other Basic Dyes in Escherichia coli.

Nakamura, Hakobu (Konan University, Kobe, Japan). Gene-controlled resistance to acriflavine and other basic dyes in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:8-14. 1965.-The genetic determinant controlling the sensitivity of Escherichia coli K-12 W1895 to the basic dyes acriflavine, methylene blue, toluidine blue, crystal violet, methyl green, and pyronine B appears, from results of mating experiments, to be located between the marker governing the utilization of lactose and the origin of genetic transfer. The determinant controlling this resistance to basic dyes does not control resistance to acid dyes. After the introduction of the resistance gene into merozygotes, acriflavine resistance is not established immediately but develops slowly.     

Optimum Assay Conditions of the Activity of Phytochelatin Synthase from Tobacco Cells

We determined the characteristics of phytochelatin synthase from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow-2) cells, especially the conditions for the enzyme stability. From the results, we proposed the optimum assay conditions of the enzyme activity.     

Alternative Luciferase for Monitoring Bacterial Cells under Adverse Conditions

The availability of cloned luciferase genes from fireflies (luc) and from bacteria (luxAB) has led to the widespread use of bioluminescence as a reporter to measure cell viability and gene expression. The most commonly occurring bioluminescence system in nature is the deep-sea imidazolopyrazine bioluminescence system. Coelenterazine is an imidazolopyrazine derivative which, when oxidized by an appropriate luciferase enzyme, produces carbon dioxide, coelenteramide, and light. The luciferase from the marine copepod Gaussia princeps (Gluc) has recently been cloned. We expressed the Gluc gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis using a shuttle vector and compared its performance with that of an existing luxAB reporter. In contrast to luxAB, the Gluc luciferase retained its luminescence output in the stationary phase of growth and exhibited enhanced stability during exposure to low pH, hydrogen peroxide, and high temperature. The work presented here demonstrated the utility of the copepod luciferase bioluminescent reporter as an alternative to bacterial luciferase, particularly for monitoring responses to environmental stress stimuli.     

Nitrate-Removal Activity of a Biofilm Attached to a Perlite Carrier under Continuous Aeration Conditions

The nitrate-removal activity of a biofilm attached to a perlite carrier from an aerobic bioreactor used for treating dairy farm wastewater was examined by batch experiments under continuous aeration conditions. Despite aeration, the biofilm removed nitrate at a rate of 114.4 mg-N/kg-perlite/h from wastewater containing cow milk and manure. In a clone library analysis of the biofilm, bacteria showing high similarity to the denitrifying bacteria Thauera spp. were detected.     

Proliferative Activity of Matrix Cells in the Lateral Ventricles and Granule Cells in the Dentate Gyrus of the Rat Hippocampus under Conditions of Pre- and Postnatal Alcohol Intoxication

The treatment of pregnant and lactating female rats with ethanol inhibits the proliferation of matrix cells in the lateral brain ventricles of fetuses and, during the early postnatal period, granule cells in the dentate gyrus and cells of the ventral horn of Ammon. A low proliferation rate leads to a decrease in the number of neurons forming the granule layer of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons in the CA-1 field of the horn of Ammon.     

Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity under Conditions of Water Limitation: a Possible Model System for Enzyme Reactions in Unimbibed Resting Seeds and its Relevance to Seed Viability

A model system has been used to measure glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity when the water contents ofthe reactants are comparable to the water contents of dry restingseeds. The activity of G-6-PDH is reduced by 10²–10³ whenthe water content is limited to between 1.5 and 25 per cent.G-6-PDH activity is affected by temperature and by the proteincontent of the model system. The glucose 6-phosphate (7.03 nmolg^–1 embryo) and the NADP⁺ (25.0 nmol g^–1 embryo)contents of barley embryos were measured. Using these measurements,together with the measurements in the model system of G-6-PDHactivity at low water concentrations, an estimate is made ofthe G-6-PDH activity in resting barley embryo. A cor-relationbetween estimated G-6-PDH activity at different water contentsand the periods for which seeds remain viable is indicated.The limitations of the model system are discussed.     

Progranulin Facilitates Conversion and Function of Regulatory T Cells under Inflammatory Conditions

The progranulin (PGRN) is known to protect regulatory T cells (Tregs) from a negative regulation by TNF-α, and its levels are elevated in various kinds of autoimmune diseases. Whether PGRN directly regulates the conversion of CD4+CD25-T cells into Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (iTreg), and whether PGRN affects the immunosuppressive function of Tregs, however, remain unknown. In this study we provide evidences demonstrating that PGRN is able to stimulate the conversion of CD4+CD25-T cells into iTreg in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In addition, PGRN showed synergistic effects with TGF-β1 on the induction of iTreg. PGRN was required for the immunosuppressive function of Tregs, since PGRN-deficient Tregs have a significant decreased ability to suppress the proliferation of effector T cells (Teff). In addition, PGRN deficiency caused a marked reduction in Tregs number in the course of inflammatory arthritis, although no significant difference was observed in the numbers of Tregs between wild type and PGRN deficient mice during development. Furthermore, PGRN deficiency led to significant upregulation of the Wnt receptor gene Fzd2. Collectively, this study reveals that PGRN directly regulates the numbers and function of Tregs under inflammatory conditions, and provides new insight into the immune regulatory mechanism of PGRN in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and immune-related diseases.