Hydrogen Peroxide Modification of Human Oxyhemoglobin

The effect of H₂O₂ on the primary structure of OxyHb was studied. Upon treatment of Oxy Hb with H₂O₂ ([Heme]/[H₂O₂] =I), tryptophan and methionine residues of the /-chain were modified. Treatment of ApoHb with H₂O₂ resulted in the modification of histidine and methionine residues in both globin chains. Tryptophan residues were unaffected. Modification of methionine residues in both the β-chain of OxyHb and ApoHb probably results from the direct oxidation of mcthionine by H₂O₂. The modification of histidine residues in ApoHb may be mediated by a metal-catalyzed oxidation system comprised of H₂O₂ and histidine-bound iron. The H₂O₂-mediated modification of tryptophan in the OxyHb β-chain. however, requires the heme moiety.     

Peroxidation of Linoleic Acid Induced by Interaction with Haemoglobin and Hydrogen Peroxide

Peroxidation of linoleic acid was found lo be induced by interaction with haemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide. The peroxidation of linoleic acid induced by this interaction was inhibited by desferrioxamine. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or α-tocopherol. and poorly by catalase. However. it was accelerated by ascorbic acid.     

Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Blood

Blood and plasma of humans and rats were analyzed for hydrogen peroxide. The samples were analyzed after deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid, immediately after they were withdrawn from human volunteers or rats. A radio-isotopic technique based on peroxide-dependent decarboxylation of 1-¹⁴C-alpha-ketoacids and consequent liberation of ¹⁴CO₂ was used. The results demonstrate the presence ofmicromolar levels of H₂O₂, both, in the plasma as well as in the whole blood. The values in the whole blood were substantially greater than the plasma. This was true for rats as well as humans. The presence of such significant quantities of H₂O₂ in the blood have been demonstrated for the first time. The investigation, therefore, opens a newer avenue of research on diseases purported to be related to the generation of oxygen radicals in vivo.     

植物细胞过氧化氢的测定方法

过氧化氢是重要的活性氧之一,激素等发育信号和胁迫刺激可以诱导细胞内H2O2的产生和积累,继而调控植物的气孔运动、生长发育、衰老和逆境应答等诸多生理过程。准确测定植物细胞内H2O2的含量及变化模式是系统研究H2O2信号转导及其生物学功能的一个关键技术。该文以拟南芥为实验材料,介绍了目前植物细胞H2O2的主要测定方法,包括激光共聚焦显微检测、紫外分光光度计检测和DAB组织染色,在此基础上比较分析了上述方法在灵敏度、检测范围、定量、成本以及耗时等方面的差异,为相关研究选择合适的H2O2检测技术提供参考。     

ABA诱导蚕豆气孔保卫细胞H2O2的产生

以蚕豆叶片下表皮为材料,将荧光探针ＨＰＴＳ导入蚕豆气孔保卫细胞内,利用荧光光谱和激光共聚焦显微技术,检测了ＡＢＡ诱导蚕豆气孔关闭过程中Ｈ２Ｏ２的产生。结果表明,ＡＢＡ和１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｈ２Ｏ２可以迅速猝灭ＨＰＴＳ的荧光,ＣＡＴ几乎可完全阻止９μｌ０．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＡＢＡ引起荧光猝灭。因此,ＡＢＡ可以诱导气孔保卫细胞产生Ｈ２Ｏ２,其产生的强度和速度与ＡＢＡ的浓度直接有关,并且推测：这种Ｈ２Ｏ２产生可能是ＡＢＡ诱导气孔关闭过程中信号转导链的一个中间成分。     

干旱条件下大豆叶片H_2O_2代谢变化及其同抗旱性的关系

干旱条件下大豆叶片H_2O_2含量增加,AsA POD与 GR活性均表现“先上升后下降”的趋势。叶片AsA与GSH含量均随干旱时间的延长而逐渐下降,而PPOD活性则持续增加。抗旱性较强的小粒大豆品种7605在干旱条件下能维持较强的 H_2O_2清除能力,H_2O_2累积较少。     

Hydrogen Peroxide Dependent Oxidative Degradation of DNA by Copper Epinephrine

The hydrogen peroxide dependent oxidation of the epinephrinecopper complex to adrenochrome is mediated by free copper ions. The oxidation is enhanced by chloride ions and by the presence of serum albumin. The reaction is not inhibited by SOD or by hydroxyl radical scavengers.

The 2:1 epinephrine or dopamine:Cu(II) complexes are able to bind to DNA and to catalyze its oxidative destruction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The DNA-epinephrine-Cu(II) terenary complex has characteristic spectral properties. It has the capacity to catalyze the reduction of oxygen or H₂O₂ and it preserves the capacity over a wide range of comp1ex:DNA ratios. The rate of DNA cleavage is proportional to the rate of epinephrine oxidation and the rate determining step of the reaction Seems to be the reduction of free Cu(II) ions. The ability to form redox active stable DNA ternary complexes, suggests that under specific physiological conditions, when “free” copper ions are available. catecholamina may induce oxidative degradation of DNA and other biological macromolecules.     

Carbon Monoxide-induced Stomatal Closure Involves Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide in Vicia faba Guard Cells

Here the regulatory role of CO during stomatal movement In Vicla faba L. was surveyed. Results Indicated that, like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), CO donor Hematin induced stomatal closure in dose- and time-dependent manners. These responses were also proven by the addition of gaseous CO aqueous solution with different concentrations, showing the first time that CO and H2O2 exhibit the similar regulation role in the atomatal movement. Moreover, our data showed that ascorbic acid (ASA, an important reducing substrate for H2O2 removal) and diphenylene iodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of the H2O2-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase) not only reversed stomatal closure by CO, but also suppressed the H2O2 fluorescence induced by CO, implying that CO induced-atomatal closure probably involves H2O2 signal. Additionally, the CO/NO scavenger hemoglobin (Hb) and CO specific synthetic inhibitor ZnPPIX, ASA and DPI reversed the darkness-induced stomatal closure and H2O2 fluorescence. These results show that, perhaps like H2O2, the levels of CO in guard cells of V. faba are higher In the dark than in light, HO-1 and NADPH oxidase are the enzyme systems responsible for generating endogenous CO and H2O2 in darkness respectively, and that CO is involved in darkness-induced H2O2 synthesis in V. faba guard cells.     

植物中的H2O2信号及其功能

H2O2是植物细胞的信号分子,是细胞正常代谢的产物,生物和非生物胁迫促使植物细胞产生H2O2,通过H2O2信号应答胁迫.H2O2信号调控一系列重要的植物生理生化过程,如系统获得抗性(SAR)和高度敏感抗性(HR)、细胞衰老与程序化细胞死亡(PCD)、气孔关闭、根的向地性、根的生长和不定根形成、细胞壁的发育、柱头与花粉的发育及相互关系等.Ca2+流动和可逆蛋白磷酸化作用是H2O2下游信号,通过MAPK级联作用于转录因子,最终调控基因的表达.H2O2调控多种基因的表达,包括编码抗氧化酶基因、调控程序化细胞死亡相关蛋白基因、生物与非生物胁迫应答蛋白基因等.     

过氧化氢对培养心肌细胞损伤作用的研究

氧化应激时产生大量的自由基,造成心肌细胞的损伤.过氧化氢(H₂O₂)是有机体氧化代谢产物,同时是一种活性氧.应用不同浓度的H₂O₂,分别于不同作用时间,动态观察其对心肌细胞的损伤作用.从实验结果看到,低浓度的H₂O₂（＜0.1 mmol/L）作用2 h,使心肌细胞产生早期的生物化学的改变,如MDA产生堆积和细胞周期时相改变（G1期细胞增加,G2期细胞减少）,此时心肌酶基本无泄漏,心肌细胞的死亡率很低,HE形态学观察基本无改变;随着H₂O₂浓度的增加（1～5 mmol/L）和作用时间的延长,进一步诱导细胞损伤加剧,LDH释放和MDA积累明显升高,细胞死亡率也明显增加,已具有统计学意义.同时可观察到其病理形态学的坏死性改变;当10 mmol/L H₂O₂作用时,细胞大量死亡,形态学可见细胞极度收缩、脱落,形成大面积的细胞脱失区.因此,H₂O₂作为一种活性氧自由基,依其浓度和作用时间不同可造成不同程度的心肌细胞的损伤.辣根过氧化物酶作为一种自由基清除剂,可明显减少H₂O₂活性氧自由基对心肌细胞的损伤作用.     

家蚕胚胎发育中过氧化氢的代谢(英文)

过氧化氢（Ｈ_２Ｏ_２）是生物体内主要的活性氧来源之一。在超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）等的催化作用下,Ｈ_２Ｏ_２。被降解,释放出活性氧。所以,生物个体发育过程中体内Ｈ_２Ｏ_２、ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ含量的变化反映着Ｈ_２Ｏ_２的代谢水平。另外,家蚕是蚕卵滞育昆虫,实验设计考虑到了滞育前后可能会有的差别。取产后１０分钟内的卵为供试材料。采用即时浸酸法解除卵滞育。采用比色法和氧电极法测定并比较家蚕胚胎滞育形成与解除过程中过氧化氢的代谢。结果表明：（１）受精初期（０～４ｈ）,Ｈ_２Ｏ_２含量在２．５ｈ时达到峰值（Ｆｉｇ．１）,相应地ＳＯＤ活性处于较高水平,而ＣＡＴ活性处于最低水平（Ｆｉｇ．２）;（２）胚胎发育过程中（即时浸酸解除滞育）,Ｈ_２Ｏ_２含量除１６８～２１６ｈ处于低水平外均显著高于滞育卵（Ｆｉｇ．３）,ＳＯＤ活性分别在７２ｈ、１６８ｈ,形成小大两峰,后期显著高于滞育卵（Ｆｉｇ．４）,而ＣＡＴ活性７２－１９２ｈ保持平稳,随后急剧上升,前期显著低于滞育卵,后期相反（Ｆｉｇ．５）;（３）滞育形成过程中Ｈ_２Ｏ_２水平变化平缓（Ｆｉｇ．６）,ＳＯＤ活性前期剧烈变动,但后期保持平稳（Ｆｉｇ．７）,ＣＡＴ活性逐步升     

Reaction of Vanadyl with Hydrogen Peroxide. An ESR and Spin Trapping Study

Vanadyl reacts with hydrogen peroxide forming hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton-like reaction. The hydroxyl radicals were spin trapped and identified using 5.5-dimethyl-I-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). The quantity of hydroxyl radicals spin trapped during the reaction between vanadyl and hydrogen peroxide are equal to half of the hydroxyl radicals spin trapped during the reaction between ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide. Experiments in the presence of formate show that this hydroxyl radical scavenger effectively competes with DMPO preventing the formation of the DMPO-OH adduct. However. in experiments using ethanol as the hydroxyl radical scavenger it was not possible to completely prevent the formation of DMPO-OH. The formation of this additional DMPO-OH in the presence of ethanol does not depend on the concentration of dissolved oxygen, but does depend on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide added to the vanadyl solution. The results suggest that the additional DMPO-OH formed in the presence of ethanol originates from a vanadium (V) intermediate. This intermediate may oxidize DMPO leading to the formation of DMPO-0; which rapidly decomposes forming DMPO-OH.     

Interaction of Hydrogen Peroxide with Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase from Rice

The properties of rice-derived ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) in different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutions have been studied. The results indicate that at low H2O2 concentrations (0.2-10 mM), the properties of rubisco (e.g., carboxylase activities, structure, and susceptibility to heat denaturation) change slightly. However, at higher H2O2 concentrations (10-200 mM), rubisco undergoes an unfolding process, including the loss of secondary and tertiary structure, forming extended hydrophobic interface, and leading to cross-links between large subunits. High concentrations of H2O2 can also result in an increase in susceptibility of rubisco to heat denaturation. Further pre-treatments with or without reductive reagents to rubisco show that the disulfide bonds in rubisco help to protect the enzyme from damage by H2O2 as well as other reactive oxygen species.     

过氧化氢在水杨酸诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭中的作用

许多植物病原菌可通过气孔进入叶片组织,因此减小气孔开度有利于提高植物的抗性。我们通过表皮条分析和激光扫描共聚显微镜得到的证据表明在保卫细胞中过氧化氢可能是水杨酸信号的中间环节。SA可以浓度依赖的方式诱导气孔关闭（图1A）,H2O2也有类似的作用（图1B）。100μmol/L的水杨酸诱导的气孔关闭作用可明显地被20U/ml的过氧化氢酶或10μmol/L的Vc逆转,但CAT和Vc单独处理时诱导气孔开放的作用很微弱。单细胞中基于荧光探针DCFH的时间进程实验表明直接外加（图版I）或显微注射100μmol/L的SA均可诱导保卫细胞中H2O2产生,但以显微注射双蒸水作为对照时对DCFH荧光无影响（图版II）。这些结果暗示了植物被病原菌感染时可能通过产生H2O2导致气孔关闭而阻止病原菌继续通过气孔侵入。     

小麦叶片顺乌头酸酶对NO和H2 O2 的敏感性

外源一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO)供体硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside,SNP)和过氧化氢（hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)处理抑制小麦（Triticu aestivum L.)叶片顺乌头酸酶活性,抑制呈明显的浓度及时间效应;同时外源NO衍生代谢物过氧亚硝酸阴离子（peroxynitrite,ONOO^-)的供体3－morpholinosydnonimine hydrochlloride(SIN-1)和水杨酸（salicylic acid,SA)对酶活性也具有抑制作用,而且小麦叶片线粒体顺乌头酸酶对H2O2和SIN－1更敏感。分别以SNP与过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT)专一性抑制剂氨基三唑（3－amino-1,2,4-triazole,3-AT)处理离体小麦叶片,发现在其内源H2O2含量上升的同时,顺乌头酸酶活性均呈浓度与时间依赖性下降趋势。表明NO除直接抑制顺乌头酸酶活性外,还可能经H2O2介导间接对顺乌头酸酶产生抑制作用。     

外源一氧化氮、水杨酸和过氧化氢对烟草叶片游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量的影响

测定了NO、SA和H2O2三种信号分子对烟草氮代谢产物游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明：NO、SA和H2O2能调节烟草脯氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量。低浓度的NO和H2O2处理后12h能提高脯氨酸含量,而较高浓度的NO、SA和H2O2处理降低烟草脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量;三者对脯氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的影响具有相似性。     

Role of Hydroxyl Radicals in Escherzchza Colz Killing Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide

Escherichia coli lethality by hydrogen peroxide is characterized by two modes of killing. In this paper we have found that hydroxyl radicals (OH -) generated by H₂O₂ and intracellular divalent iron are not involved in the induction of mode one lethality (i.e. cell killing produced by concentrations of H₂O₂ lower than 2.5 mM). In fact, the OH radical scavengers, thiourea, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide, and the iron chelator, desferrioxarnine, did not affect the survival of cells exposed to 2.5mM H₂O₂. In addition cell vulnerability to the same H₂O₂ concentration was independent on the intracellular iron content. In contrast, mode two lethality (i.e. cell killing generated by concentrations of H₂O₂ higher than 10mM) was markedly reduced by OH radical scavengers and desferrioxamine and was augmented by increasing the intracellular iron content.

It is concluded that OH. are required for mode two killing of E. coli by hydrogen peroxide.     

The Role of Extracellular Medium Components and Specific Amino Acids in the Cytotoxic Response of Escherichia Coli and Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells to Hydrogen Peroxide

A concentration of H₂O₂ resulting in mode one killing of Escherichia coli is more toxic when exposure to the oxidant is performed in complete medium (K medium), as compared to a saline (M9 salts). Inorganic salts (MgSO₄ and CaCl₂), thiamine or glucose, when added separately, or combined, to M9 salts had no effect on the cytotoxic response to H₂O₂. In contrast, the lethality of the oxidant was highly dependent on the presence of the amino acids in the incubation medium. The addition of glucose further enhanced this response. Among the seventeen amino acids which are present in the complete amino acid mixture, only two, i.e. L-histidine and L-cystine, were found to increase the toxicity of H₂O₂. Again, glucose augmented this response.

The effect of these amino acids on the growth inhibitory action of hydrogen peroxide was also tested in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. It was found that L-histidine was capable of increasing the toxicity of the oxidant whereas all the other amino acids did not affect the toxicity of the oxidant. Glucose only slightly augmented this effect of L-histidine.

DNA single strand breakage produced by H₂O₂, was increased by L-histidine and was not significantly modified by the other amino acids. DNA double strand breakage was also shown to occur in cells exposed to H₂O₂-L-histidine, and this effect was independent on the presence of glucose.

These results demonstrate that the cytotoxic response of bacterial and mammalian cells to challenge with H₂O₂ is highly dependent on the composition of the extracellular milieu. Particularly relevant seems to be the effect of L-histidine, which markedly sensitizes both types of cells to the insult elicited by the oxidant, and that of L-cystine, which increases the sensitivity of E. coli cells.     

Experimental Evaluation of Catalyzed Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Persulfate for Destruction of BTEX Contaminants

Due to the toxicity and prevalence of BTEX contaminants (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) at hazardous waste sites, approaches for their remediation are of interest, especially those that particularly address benzene, which is often the limiting factor for achieving regulatory cleanup at these contaminated sites. In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a viable technology for BTEX destruction, and hydrogen peroxide and sodium persulfate are two oxidants of interest for BTEX treatment.

Laboratory studies were conducted to compare BTEX contaminant destruction and oxidant persistence for these two oxidants and for varied methods of oxidant activation/propagation. Additionally, studies were performed to compare contaminant destruction and oxidant persistence in laboratory contaminant spike systems vs. field site contaminant systems. Finally, contaminant destruction and oxidant persistence in field porous media with varied characteristics were evaluated. Contaminant and oxidant concentrations were measured at multiple time points over a three-week reaction period in each oxidant and oxidant activation/propagation system.

Under the comparable conditions evaluated here, sodium persulfate systems demonstrated greater BTEX contaminant destruction and greater oxidant persistence than hydrogen peroxide systems. FeSO₄ and citric acid activation of sodium persulfate resulted in greater BTEX destruction and greater oxidant persistence than pH adjustment or hydrogen peroxide activation in both laboratory contaminant spike systems and field gas condensate systems. Additionally, results indicate that the response of the contaminant(s) and oxidant (extent and rate of depletion) are both contaminant-and porous media type-dependent.     

外源H2O2对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗生理指标的影响

以‘郑麦-004’小麦幼苗为供试材料,采用Hoagland营养液培养方法,通过添加H2O2的清除剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸(ASA),研究0.05μmol/L外源H2O2处理对150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下小麦幼苗生长和抗氧化系统活性的影响,探讨低浓度外源H2O2对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗伤害的防护作用及其生理机制。结果显示:外源H2O2能缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制效应,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧自由基(O2.-)的产生速率,使小麦幼苗的株高、根长和干重均显著增加,并能提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、CAT、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)等保护酶活性和抗氧化物质谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量;而H2O2清除剂(CAT和AsA)能够逆转外源H2O2对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗生长的促进作用。研究表明,低浓度外源H2O2处理能促进小麦幼苗中的酶类和非酶类抗氧化剂的产生,减少脂质过氧化物的含量,提高小麦幼苗的耐盐性。