Electrophysiology of phagocytic membranes. II. Membrane potential and induction of slow hyperpolarizations in activated macrophages.

The potential differences measured on the cell surface and after penetration into the cytoplasm of activated macrophages are described. Linear regressions are made of the measured potential differences as functions of the tip potential of each microelectrode. The surface potential of the macrophage is not significantly different from zero. Mouse macrophages have a transmembrane potential of--26 mV, whereas in guinea-pig cells this value is--18 mV. The input resistances of guinea-pig cells are higher than those of mouse macrophages. The cytoplasmic location of the electrode was characterized both by fluorescent dye injection and by electric criteria. Slow membrane hyperpolarizations are directly elicited by mechanical stimulation. Electric responses evoked by current pulses were further characterized. Our results lead to the extablishment of objective criteria to validate intracellular recordings from macrophage.     

Cytophilic binding of IgE to the macrophage. III. Involvement of cyclic GMP and calcium in macrophage activation by dimeric or aggregated rat myeloma IgE

Discharge of lysosomal enzymes, measured by release of β-glucuronidase, was studied in uninduced rat macrophages stimulated in vitro with rat monoclonal IgE (IR 162) in different states of aggregation. Monomeric IgE showed negligible activity, while dimeric and aggregated IgE were shown to induce a rapid and selective release of β-glucuronidase as well as new synthesis of the enzyme, without change in the cytoplasmic marker, leucine aminopeptidase. Lysosomal enzyme release is related to the dose of dimeric IgE, becoming maximal above 2.5 μg/ml. β-Glucuronidase release from macrophages by dimers is competitively inhibited by monomeric IgE but only at high ratios, approximately 100-fold greater than those needed to block mast cell release of the same enzyme. The difference in inhibitability is consistent with the difference in binding affinity of macrophages and mast cells for monomeric IgE. This observation rules out the participation of the few remaining mast cells contained in the macrophage monolayer in β-glucuronidase release. Dimeric or aggregated IgE produced a rise in cyclic GMP coincident with the peak fixation of IgE by macrophages. Elevation of cyclic GMP by pharmacological means also stimulated β-glucuronidase release and new synthesis, as well as enhancing the effect on these of aggregated IgE. Enzyme release by IgE did not occur in the absence of extracellular calcium. We conclude that IgE, which has been cross-linked to form dimers before binding to specific macrophage receptors, triggers the cell and that cyclic GMP (and perhaps calcium) modulates the early step of macrophage activation.     

Antigen-specific murine T-cell proliferation: role of macrophage surface Ia and factors.

The proliferation of Mycobacterium-primed murine lymph node T cells to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), as measured by the uptake of tritiated thymidine, requires the obligatory participiation of macrophages which stimulate the T cells either directly with antigen in association with cell surface Ia (I region-defined antigens), or indirectly by means of soluble factors. We have examined the possibility that this functional dichotomy is due to heterogeneity within the macrophage population. Since the maturation of macrophages from the precursor monocytes is associated with cell enlargement, macrophage subpopulations differing in developmental stage are obtained by cell fractionation according to size by velocity sedimentation. Nylon-wool-purified T cells which have been depleted of macrophages and B cells are stimulated with PPD either in a free form or bound to macrophages which have been incubated for a short time (i.e., pulsed) with PPD. We found that for PPD-pulsed macrophages, only the smallest (and probably the most immature) are capable of inducing T-cell proliferation. This antigen presentation function is mediated by cell surface Ia since it is abolished by pretreatment of the macrophages with anti-Ia serum and complement. On the other hand, all macrophages, irrespective of sensitivity to anti-Ia serum, secrete factors which will stimulate T-cell proliferation in the presence of free PPD. Thus the maturation of macrophages is accompanied by a shift from Ia-dependent to Ia-independent mechanisms of immunostimulation.     

巨噬细胞膜伪装纳米颗粒的制备和功能表征

摘要 目的：巨噬细胞具有炎症趋化能力,近年来巨噬细胞膜伪装的纳米递送载体引起研究者的广泛关注。本文提供了一种巨噬细胞膜伪装纳米颗粒的方法,即摄取-挤出法,并对该法制得的纳米颗粒进行表征,考察纳米颗粒在不同细胞中的摄取。方法：利用溶胶-凝胶法制备装载阿霉素的介孔硅（DMSN）纳米颗粒,再利用RAW 264.7巨噬细胞吞噬DMSN,最后将巨噬细胞连续挤出制得巨噬细胞膜伪装的载有阿霉素的介孔硅（DMSN@CM）纳米颗粒。动态光散射激光粒度仪（DLS）测定DMSN@CM颗粒的粒径和表面电位,透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察纳米颗粒形态,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）验证细胞膜的成功伪装。然后通过激光共聚焦显微镜与流式细胞术共同考察了DMSN@CM在不同细胞中的摄取情况。结果：成功制备了DMSN和DMSN@CM纳米颗粒。DMSN粒径为116.7±3.2 nm,zeta表面电势为 -29.5± 1.3 mV;MSN@CM粒径为128.0±9.3 nm,zeta表面电势为 -26.7 ±1.2 mV。TEM与SDS-PAGE共同验证了DMSN@CM表面细胞膜的成功包覆。细胞摄取试验表明巨噬细胞膜的伪装可以抑制RAW 264.7细胞对DMSN@CM的摄取;促进MDA-MB-231细胞对DMSN@CM的摄取。结论：利用摄取-挤出法成功构建了DMSN@CM纳米颗粒,该法简便高效,为纳米颗粒的细胞膜伪装提供了一种新的手段。     

Elevation of a potassium current in differentiating human leukemic (HL-60) cells

Human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells display a novel voltage-dependent outward current under voltage clamp. This current is present at low levels in the proliferative state and in granulocytes derived from HL-60 cells which were induced to differentiate with retinoic acid. It is elevated in macrophages derived from HL-60 cells after exposure to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). The current is carried primarily by K+, is blocked by Cs+ and by increased intracellular concentrations of Cl-. From a holding potential of -80 mV, significant activation required depolarization to +20 mV membrane potential. Activation was not influenced by intracellular Ca2+ (1-2 X 10(-6) M). These properties appear to differ significantly from the Ca2+-activated K+ channel and the delayed rectifier. The increase of this voltage-activated current in differentiation toward the macrophage, but not the granulocyte, suggests that this current is correlated specifically with macrophage differentiation.     

Glass microelectrode measurements of sieve tube membrane potentials in internode discs and petiole strips of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Summary In tissue slices of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) sieve tube membrane potentials (E_m) were measured by use of glass microelectrodes. In internode discs, the potential differences (pd) of phloem cells near the cut surface fell into two distinct categories with average values of –66 and –109 mV. More distant from the cut surface the values decreased to averages of –71 and –140 mV. These pds were associated with phloem parenchyma cells and sieve tube/companion cell complexes, respectively. In petiole strips, pds were recorded from cells which were identified by iontophoretic injection of fluorescent dye. Averages in two different bathing media, were –140/–146mV, –149/–152mV, and –70/–68mV for sieve tubes, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma cells, respectively. The membrane potentials recorded from sieve tubes were transiently reduced upon sucrose addition. Reduction by CCCP and KCN was more permanent. Sieve tube E_ms recovered more slowly from potassium than from sucrose-induced depolarizations. Light/ dark (L/D) responses were minute (±3 mV). The limitations of the present experimentation are evaluated with special reference to the question as whether the recorded E_ms represent sieve tube membrane potentials occurring in the intact plant.Abbreviations CCCP carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone - D dark(ness) - E_m membrane potential - L light - LYCH Lucifer yellow CH - pd potential difference - SE standard error     

Conversion of androstenedione to testosterone and other androgens in guinea-pig alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of lungs of male and female guinea pigs were incubated with tritium-labelled androstenedione to evaluate the steroid metabolizing enzymes in these cells. The radiolabeled metabolites were isolated and thereafter characterized as testosterone, 5 alpha-androstanedione, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, isoandrosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol. Thus, the following androstenedione metabolizing enzymes are present in guinea-pig alveolar macrophages: 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 alpha-reductase, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The predominant androstenedione metabolizing enzyme activity present in alveolar macrophages was 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The rate of testosterone formation increased with incubation time up to 4 h, and with macrophage number up to 1.6 X 10(7) cells per ml. Androstenedione metabolism was similar in alveolar macrophages obtained both from male and female guinea pigs. These results suggest that alveolar macrophages may be a site of peripheral transformation of blood-borne androstenedione to biologically potent androgens in vivo and, therefore, these cells may contribute to the plasma levels of testosterone in the guinea pig.     

Mediator-induced macrophage activation, as shown by enhanced cytotoxicity for tumor, requires macrophage surface fucose and sialic acid

Macrophage-activating factor (MAF) activates macrophages so that their cytotoxic capacity is enhanced. This effect of MAF is inhibited by removing fucose from the macrophage cell surface by incubation with fucosidase, or by removing sialic acid by treatment with neuraminidase. After incubation with fucosidase or neuraminidase the average inhibition of cytotoxicity was 92 and 73%, respectively. β-Galactosidase had no effect. Addition of the specific products, fucose or sialic acid, to the incubation mixture of macrophages and enzyme blocked the effect of the enzymes. Taken together these observations indicate that macrophage surface fucose and sialic acid are essential for the interaction of MAF with macrophages which results in enhanced cytotoxicity for tumor cells.     

Mechanisms and roles of muscarinic activation in guinea-pig adrenal medullary cells

Muscarinic receptors are expressed in the adrenal medullary (AM) cells of various mammals, but their physiological roles are controversial. Therefore, the ionic mechanism for muscarinic receptor-mediated depolarization and the role of muscarinic receptors in neuronal transmission were investigated in dissociated guinea-pig AM cells and in the perfused guinea-pig adrenal gland. Bath application of muscarine induced an inward current at -60 mV. This inward current was partially suppressed by quinine with an IC(50) of 6.1 μM. The quinine-insensitive component of muscarine-induced currents changed the polarity at -78 mV and was inhibited by bupivacaine, a TWIK-related acid-sensitive K(+) (TASK) channel inhibitor. Conversely, the current-voltage relationship for the bupivacaine-insensitive component of muscarine currents showed a reversal potential of -5 mV and a negative slope below -40 mV. External application of La(3+) had a double action on muscarine currents of both enhancement and suppression. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry revealed expression of TASK1 channels and cononical transient receptor potential channels 1, 4, 5, and 7 in guinea-pig AM cells. Retrograde application of atropine reversibly suppressed transsynaptically evoked catecholamine secretion from the adrenal gland. The results indicate that muscarinic receptor stimulation in guinea-pig AM cells induces depolarization through inhibition of TASK channels and activation of nonselective cation channels and that muscarinic receptors are involved in neuronal transmission from the splanchnic nerve.     

The membrane potentials of fibroblasts in different environments

The membrane potentials of human embryonic lung fibroblasts have been measured in different cellular environments. Sparse cells on plastic have a mean membrane potential of ?8.5 mV. As the cells progress to dense culture, the mean membrane potential rises to ?14.7 mV. The mean membrane potential of fibroblasts in human embryonic lung fragments by comparison was found to be ?16.5 mV. Sparse cells on collagen, at the same density as the sparse cells on plastic, have mean membrane potentials of ?10.8 mV. Sparse cells on plastic migrating from dense cellular areas, following a cut being made in a thick sheet of cells, have mean membrane potentials of ?5.9 mV. The significance of these results in relation to cellular environments has been discussed.     

Selective exposure of mucopolysaccharides is involved in macrophage physiology.

Surface and intracellular mucopolysaccharides of guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages maintained in suspension and monolayer culture were studied. At least five classes of compound (hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate) were resolved and characterized by electrophoresis and enzymatic degradation. The results reported here suggest that modulation of mucopolysaccharide exposure is involved in macrophage physiology. The possible biological role of surface mucopolysaccharides in macrophage activity is discussed.     

On the mechanism of binding of human lymphocyte products to guinea pig macrophages

When lymphocytes from a majority of patients with cancer are incubated with encephalitogenic factor, a lymphocyte product is released that reduces the anodic electrophoretic mobilities of guinea pig macrophages and fixed, tanned sheep erythrocytes. Although these reactions are not specific for cancer, it is distinctly possible that in patients with cancer, products from stimulated lymphocytes are capable of altering the surfaces of the patients' own macrophages, thereby modifying the course of their disease. In this paper, we attempt to elucidate some mechanisms for the binding of lymphocyte products to macrophages, such as occurs in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test, since this may be of general interest. Binding of lymphocyte product to macrophages has been monitored by measurements of their electrophoretic mobilities and by electron microscopic determination of the density of binding of electron-dense, cationic colloidal iron hydroxide particles to their surfaces. The results show that the lymphocyte products reduce the net surface negativity of the macrophages by (coulombic) binding of this net positively charged material to sialic acids at the macrophage surface. Product-binding can be prevented by prior treatment of the macrophages with neuraminidase. It appears that only a minority of sialic acids are involved in the binding process, which occurs without demonstrable blocking of adjacent sialic acids or redistribution of such sites over the macrophage surface. Parallel experiments with fixed tanned erythrocytes also suggest that binding of lymphocyte products is not solely determined by surface sialic acids, although it cannot occur without them.     

Hymenolepis diminuta: effect on the oxidation-reduction potential in the mammalian gastrointestinal canal.

The oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of the small intestine of uninfected and parasitized (ten 16-day-old Hymenolepis diminuta) rats has been determined under three different types of experimental conditions. On an ad lib. feeding regime at 10.00 hr there were highly significant (P < 0.001) differences between the intestinal Eh of uninfected and parasitized rats in every region of the small intestine. While the entire uninfected gut displayed relatively strong reducing tendencies (?28 to ?195 mV), in the parasitized gut the Eh was predominantly positive (+75 to ?76 mV) and reflected worm biomass distribution. Changes in intestinal Eh were also measured over a period of 6 hr after the feeding of a 1-g glucose meal. The Eh in uninfected animals increased from ?232 to +118 mV; in parasitized animals from ?31 to +189 mV. While the changes were greater in the former group, those of the latter reflected the changing worm biomass distribution. The most positive regional Eh value was always associated with the maximum % worm biomass distribution. Third, using surgical intestinal-loop preparations there were significantly (P < 0.05) higher positive Eh values in parasitized (+185 mV) than in uninfected (+128 mV) rats; in both animal groups the Eh of the duodenal-jejunal loops were more positive than that of the ileal loops (P < 0.05).The results are discussed in terms of the close inter-relationship between intestinal pH, Eh, the microflora and luminal pO₂ tensions.     

Effects of an isogenic Zn-metalloprotease-deficien mutant of Legionella pneumophila in a guinea-pig pneumonia model

To determine the effects, if any, of the Zn-metallo-protease on virulence of Legionella pneumophila infection, an isogenic mutant deficient in protease (encoded by the proA gene) was tested in an Acantha-moeba cell model, in guinea-pig macrophages, and in a guinea-pig pneumonia model. The cloned proA gene was completely inactivated by insertion of a kanamycin-resistance cassette into the protease gene of L. pneumophila AA100. This mutated gene was then introduced into the L. pneumophila chromosome by allelic exchange to form the isogenic ProA mutant AA200. AA200 showed no difference in its ability to enter, survive, or grow in Acanthamoeba and explanted guinea-pig macrophages; neither light nor electron microscopy revealed morphological differences in the eukaryotic cells infected with the protease mutant or the wild-type strains. The proA gene was found to be expressed in L. pneumophila during intracellular growth in amoebae by measuring the light produced from a truncated luxC gene fusion with the proA promoter. Virulence of the protease mutant was attenuated when tested in a guinea-pig model of infection employing the intratracheal Inoculation method. AA200 was slower to cause death, grew to lower numbers in the lungs, resulted in less necrotic debris and a larger macrophage infiltrate, and was more likely to be found in association with macrophage vacuoles than the parent strain.     

Influence of surface charge and transmembrane potential on rubidium-86 efflux of human red blood cells

Summary The dependence of the rate constant of Rb⁺ efflux on extracellular cation concentration was measured. At low ionic strengths Rb⁺ efflux increased strongly. Permeability coefficients were calculated from the rate constants measured, using the Goldman flux equation, with and without making allowance for surface potentials. Only when allowance was made for surface potentials and the associated differences beween ion concentrations in the bulk solutions and at the membrane surface, the permeability coefficient remained constant. Best agreement between experimental data and theoretically calculated values was obtained when an interior surface potential of – 110 mV was assumed.When the surface charge of erythrocytes is reduced by neuraminidase, the rate constants for Rb⁺ efflux decreased, indicating a significant influence of surface potential.     

Mannose-decorated hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced macrophage targeting

Our goal was to design nanocarriers that specifically target and deliver therapeutics to polarized macrophages. Mannose receptors are highly overexpressed on polarized macrophages. In this study, we constructed Pluronic® -F127 polymer and tannic acid (TA) based nanoparticles (F127-TA core nanoparticles) with varying mannose densities. The particle size of the optimized mannose-decorated F127-TA hybrid nanoparticles (MDNPs) was found to be ~ 265 nm with a negative zeta potential of ~ ? 4.5 mV. No significant changes in the size and zeta potentials of nanoparticles were observed, which demonstrated structural integrity and stability of the nanoformulation. Physicochemical characteristics of MDNPs were evaluated by FTIR and TGA and demonstrated the presence of mannose units on surface nanoparticles. A mannose-dependent cellular targeting and uptake of MDNPs was found in U937 macrophages. The uptake process was found to vary directly with time and volume of MDNPs nanoparticles. The uptake pattern is higher in M2 than M1. This behavior was also evident from the instantaneous and superior binding profile of M2 macrophage lysate protein with MDNPs over that of M1 macrophage lysate protein. These results demonstrated that an appropriate mannose ligand density was confirmed, suggesting efficient targeting of M2. Altogether, these data support that the MDNPs formulation could serve as a targeted therapeutic guide in the generation of nanomedicine to treat various conditions as an anti-inflammation therapy.     

Macrophage contributes to radiation-induced anti-tumor abscopal effect on transplanted breast cancer by HMGB1/TNF-α signaling factors

Objectives: The roles of innate immunity including macrophages in radiation-induced abscopal effect (RIAE) are ambiguous. In this study, we evaluated the role of macrophage in RIAE and the interaction of cytokines in tumor microenvironment after irradiation.Materials and Methods: Transplanted tumor of breast cancer cells in BalB/C mice, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and non-obese diabetic (NOD)-SCID mice were irradiated with fractionation doses to observe anti-tumor abscopal effect. The underlying mechanism of RIAE was investigated by treating the mice with TNF-α inhibitor or macrophage depletion drug and analyzing the alteration of macrophage distribution in tumors. A co-culture system of breast cancer cells and macrophages was applied to disclose the signaling factors and related pathways involved in the RIAE.Results: The growth of nonirradiated tumor was effectively suppressed in mice with normal or infused macrophages but not in mice with insufficiency/depletion of macrophage or TNF-α inhibition, where M1-macrophage was mainly involved. Investigation of the bystander signaling factors in vitro demonstrated that HMGB1 released from irradiated breast cancer cells promoted bystander macrophages to secret TNF-α through TLR-4 pathway and further inhibited the proliferation and migration of non-irradiated cancer cells by PI3K-p110γ suppression.Conclusions: HMGB1 and TNF-α contributes to M1-macrophages facilitated systemic anti-tumor abscopal response triggered by radiotherapy in breast cancer, indicating that the combination of immunotherapy and radiotherapy may has important implication in enhancing the efficiency of tumor treatment.