刍议我国产业结构升级及其理论与现实依据

本文通过对产业结构升级的内涵进行分析基础上,对我国产业结构升级的理论和现实依据进行梳理,尤其对现实依据的国际、国内因素进行科学的分析,为中国当代经济结构的调整进行理论准备。     

24株鸡源丁酸梭菌的分离鉴定及耐药基因与毒力基因携带情况

[目的]旨在对鸡源丁酸梭菌进行分离鉴定与安全性评估.[方法]利用厌氧培养方法对源自汶上芦花鸡与SPF鸡粪便样品进行丁酸梭菌的分离与纯化,挑选可疑菌落进行微生物质谱鉴定,进一步通过16S rRNA基因测序进行鉴定,16S rRNA测序结果与NCBI核苷酸数据库中丁酸梭菌的16S rRNA序列进行同源性分析;同时,进行所有...     

混配杀虫剂对烟蚜的毒力测定

选用氰戊菊酯乳油为底药,与其它3种药剂分别按有效成份进行不同比例的混配,测定其对烟蚜的毒力差异.实验结果表明:氰戊菊酯乳油与辛硫磷乳油按3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为825.96;其次是按1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数为462.45;最小的为2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数为244.62.氰戊菊酯乳油与灭多威乳油按1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为367.09;其次是按3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数为297.08;最小的为2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数为157.32.氰戊菊酯乳油与吡虫啉按2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为1558.28;其次是3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数为603.01;最小的为1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数为326.13.各个配比的共毒系数均大于100,均表现出增效作用.     

Bmal1时钟基因敲除小鼠的繁育及基因型鉴定

目的 对Bmal1基因敲除小鼠进行繁育及基因型进行鉴定,为生物节律研究提供理想的动物模型.方法 将引进的Bmal1基因敲除小鼠,以1雄2雌的合笼方式进行饲养繁殖,从仔鼠中提取鼠尾基因组DNA,PCR扩增目的基因片段,琼脂凝胶电泳进行基因结果 判定,Western Blot检测心肌组织中Bmal1蛋白表达进行结果 验证....     

绵羊进行性肺炎病毒荧光抗体的制备及其对病毒感染细胞的检测

绵羊进行性肺炎病毒荧光抗体的制备及其对病毒感染细胞的检测丁恩雨,相文华（复旦大学生命科学学院,上海２００４３３）（中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所,哈尔滨１５０００１）关键词绵羊进行性肺炎病毒,荧光抗体,间接免疫荧光法绵羊进行性肺炎（ＯＰＰ）是慢性进行...     

浅谈城市园林绿化树种规划

众所周知,城市园林树种规划工作的进行对于国家的整体形象有着重要的作用,同时也会对国家的经济和文化都有着重要的作用。在如今科技高速发展,全球都在进行绿色发展的时候,进行城市园林树种规划建设已是迫在眉睫。本文通过自己过往的切实工作经历,对城市园林绿化树种规划进行了简单的分析。     

微生物黄色素的研究进展

对来源于微生物的天然黄色素的研究进行了详细概述, 尤其对红曲黄色素的生产、安全性以及黄色素的合成代谢机理研究进行了详细论述, 最后对红曲黄色素的应用前景及其未来研究重点进行了展望, 并对研究中存在的问题进行了分析。     

大、小鼠微生物检测质量控制探讨

实验动物质量直接影响科研数据的准确性,通过定期微生物检测,可对实验动物质量进行控制,因此对检测结果进行质量控制是对检测工作进行日常管理和监督的有效和必要的手段。实验室通过总结近年检测工作经验,对微生物检测质量控制工作进行探讨,为实验动物质量检测提供相关资料。     

抗TMV烟草种质资源材料的筛选和综合评价

为筛选出可提供抗病育种选择使用的抗TMV烟草种质资源,2001-2003年对471个烟草品种资源进行抗性鉴定,并把这些资源对TMV的抗病性进行分类,初步筛选出抗病品种67个,中抗品种183个.2003年还进行了抗病植株的田间筛选,对抗性较好的品种进行综合评价和留种,并推荐用于烟草新品种选育.     

采用分子生物学技术诊断隐球菌脑膜脑炎的研究

目的采用分子检测技术对疑似隐球菌感染的脑膜炎病例进行诊断。方法收集患者的脑脊液样本,提取DNA,设计引物进行PCR扩增,采用DNA芯片技术对扩增产物进行分子检测。结果显示样本新生隐球菌阳性。结论通过ITS保守序列设计引物进行PCR扩增和DNA芯片技术对常规真菌学检查不能确定的疑似隐球菌脑膜炎患者脑脊液样本进行非培养检测,具有实验室诊断参考价值。     

中国作物种质资源多样性

本文综述了中国作物种质资源的物种多样性和遗传多样性。按农艺学和用途可将中国作物分为8大类即粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜作物、果树作物、饲用和绿肥作物、花卉作物、药用作物和林木作物。汇集了中国作物总计有840种（类）,涉及栽培物种1251个和野生近缘植物物种3308个,它们隶属176个科和619个属,这充分说明中国作物种质资源物种多样性相当丰富。依据中国作物的类型或变种多和性状变异幅度大,阐明了中国作物种质资源遗传多样性十分丰富。为中国作物种质资源的收集、保护、高效利用、创新、分类和遗传研究奠定了坚实基础,为生物多样性保护提供了科学依据。     

中国引进的栽培植物

中国国外植物引种取得非常显著的成就,在中国农业发展中起到相当大的作用,可以说没有国外植物引种就不会有中国发达的农业。然而,关于中国引进作物种类及数量总体情况的报道极少见,卜慕华曾汇总出从国外引进的作物113种。笔者参阅有关文献,按粮食作物,经济作物、蔬菜作物、果树作物、饲用及绿肥作物、花卉作物、药用作物和林木作物,分别汇集了中国从国外引进的作物共计254种,涉及栽培物种305个。     

Threshold values of canopy reflectance indices and chlorophyll meter readings for optimal nitrogen nutrition of tomato

Sustainable and optimal economic N management requires correct and timely on‐farm assessment of crop N status to detect N deficiency or excess. Optical sensors are promising tools to assess crop N status throughout a crop or at critical times. The ability of optical sensor measurements of canopy reflectance (Crop Circle ACS 470) and leaf chlorophyll (SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter) to assess crop N status was evaluated weekly throughout an indeterminate tomato crop. Strong linear relationships with the optical sensor measurements were obtained, throughout most of the crop, for both (a) crop N content for ranges of 1.5–4.5%, and (b) the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) for ranges of 0.4–1.3. The relationships of the optical sensor measurements to crop NNI were generally equal to or slightly better than with crop N content. Indices based on reflectance in the red, the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the red vegetation index (RVI), were the best predictors of crop N status in terms of goodness of fit, earliness and maintenance of relationships throughout the crop. SPAD chlorophyll readings and reflectance indices based on reflectance in the green, the normalised difference vegetation index on greenness (GNDVI) and the green vegetation index (GVI), were good indicators of crop N status for most of the crop, but with lower goodness of fit in the latter part of the crop. The linear relationships between sensor indices and readings with NNI or crop N content, each week, demonstrated the potential for using proximal canopy reflectance indices such as NDVI and RVI, and chlorophyll meter for monitoring crop N status of indeterminate tomato crops. Threshold values for optimal crop N nutrition for canopy reflectance indices and for chlorophyll meter readings were derived for each day of measurement from the relationships between optical sensor measurements and NNI by solving for NNI = 1. The threshold values obtained for each index and type of measurement varied during the crop cycle. The approach developed for determining threshold values from NNI can facilitate on‐farm use of optical sensors for monitoring crop N status, by enabling assessment of whether crop N status is excessive, deficient or adequate.     

不同环境条件下向日葵油及脂肪酸含量研究

试验在巴基斯坦Arid农业大学进行,于2001年春、秋两季分别调查向日葵杂交种的油和脂肪酸含量,其中5个向日葵杂交种按完全随机区组设计,春向日葵在3月播种,6月收获;秋向日葵在8月播种,11月收获。调查结果表明,油和油酸的含量,春向日葵比秋向日葵高;软脂肪酸和亚油酸含量,秋向日葵比春向日葵高。因此,依据油和油酸的含量来推断,春向日葵比秋向日葵有优势;从亚油酸角度判断,秋向日葵比春向日葵更有优势。     

春秋花生种子细胞化学的比较研究

A comparative study was conducted on cytochemistry of spring and fall crop seeds in peanut cultivars Quanhua No. 10 and Shanyou 71 respectively. Lipids, protein, and polysaccharides in cells of axis and coteledon were simultaneously shown in the Epon812 buried section by means of cytochemistry, and their morphology, quantity and distribution were compared. Embryo cells of spring crop seed develop fully with big cell more vivid contrasting texture and more regularly disposed organelle, but the counterpart cells in fall crop seeds were not as much mature and their organelle arrangement appeared somewhat irregular. In cotyledon storage cells, there were also some difference between spring crop seed and fall crop seed. Cells of spring crop seeds were full of reserves, with more lipid and protein bodies that were closely ranged and extruded with each other. However, the cell structure in fall crop seeds was more loosely arranged, vacuoles had not been filled with protein, but starch grains accumulated more. Therefore, it was shown clearly that spring crop seeds have some advantages over fall crop seeds on production application. Moreover, some cytochemical techniques for demonstration of lipid, polysaccharide and protein in thick resin section and the stain protection were discussed in the paper.     

上海市农作物审定品种多样性与数据化共享

上海市于1984年实施农作物新品种审定制度,至2006年共审(认)定新品种464个,包括粮食作物153个、油料作物24个、纤维作物5个、蔬菜134个、瓜果85个、食用菌31个。本文分析了上海市审定品种的物种多样性和主要作物的性状变异,并以水稻为例分析了水稻审定品种的多样性及育种成就,探讨了在水稻产量提高过程中的产量构成因子的作用。介绍了上海市审定品种数据化共享系统及其应用方法。     

Temporal patterns of crop raiding by elephants: a response to changes in forage quality or crop availability?

Temporal patterns of crop raiding by elephants were studied for 13 months in 1996/1997 at Kibale Forest National Park, Uganda. To determine the influence of environmental factors on the timing of raiding, we tested for correlations between crop raiding patterns and the quality of natural forage within the forest as well as crop availability beyond park boundaries. Crop raiding occurred throughout the year with peaks in dry seasons when crop availability was high. Bananas and maize were the main crops raided. Variations in forage quality were moderate with small seasonal fluctuations and peaks in dry seasons. Monthly crop raiding incidences were not influenced by forage quality but by ripening of maize. Comparison of forage quality and temporal distribution of crop raiding between savanna and forest habitats suggests that crop availability is more important in forest habitats, whereas in savanna habitats large seasonal fluctuations in forage quality have a greater influence on temporal patterns of crop raiding.     

Effects of land‐use changes on ecosystem services: decrease in ant predation in human‐dominated landscapes in central Brazil

Anthropogenic disturbances often affect the abundance and diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) but relatively few studies have explored the implications of such changes on the ecosystem services mediated by these insects. Here, we evaluated how the transformation of Cerrado savanna habitats into crop plantations affects the abundance, diversity, and the predatory activity of ants. A survey of the ant faunas foraging above‐ and belowground was performed in six crop and six non‐crop (i.e., native vegetation) sites. Above‐ and belowground rates of ant predation were estimated at these same sites using mealworms, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), as baits, simulating crop herbivores. Belowground predation rates were significantly greater in the non‐crop sites, despite the lack of difference in overall abundance and species richness of ants foraging belowground between the crop vs. non‐crop sites. In contrast, we did not detect any significant difference in aboveground predation rates between crop vs. non‐crop sites even though there were significantly more species of ants foraging aboveground in the non‐crop sites. Army ants (subfamily Dorylinae) were the main predatory species belowground, and their abundance was significantly greater in non‐crop sites. In contrast, the main predators aboveground were omnivore ants of the genera Pheidole and Solenopsis, which had similar abundances in the crop and non‐crop sites. Overall, our results indicate that transformation of native Cerrado habitats into crop plantations reduces the abundance of some important predatory species, notably those that forage belowground, and this may negatively affect the potential for ants to provide pest control services in agroecosystems.     

Effect of potato used as a trap crop on potato cyst nematodes and other soil pathogens and on the growth of a subsequent main potato crop

A field experiment in which main‐crop potatoes were grown every other year was conducted on a sandy soil from 1994 to 1999. The aim of the experiment was to control soil‐borne pathogens of potato with ecologically sound methods. Potato grown as a trap crop from the end of April to the end of June (8 wk) was used to control potato cyst nematodes (PCN) (Globodera pallida), and its effects on other important soil pathogens and on the growth of a subsequent potato crop were also assessed. Additional experimental treatments were a potato crop from which the haulm was removed and a green manure crop. Three potato cultivars with different degrees of resistance to PCN were grown as the main crop. Duplicate sets of the experiment were run concurrently. The PCN were effectively controlled by the potato trap crop. When a highly resistant potato cultivar was grown as a main crop after the trap crop, the post‐harvest soil infestation was very low. When a moderately resistant cultivar was grown after the trap crop the soil infestation also remained low. When the trap crop was alternated with a susceptible potato cultivar as a main crop, soil infestation increased slightly, but the degree of control when compared with no trap crop averaged 96%. Soil infestation with root‐knot nematodes (mainly Meloidogyne hapla) increased when potato was grown as a trap crop, but soil infestation with the root‐lesion nematode Pratylenchus crenatus was not affected. Stem canker caused by Rhizoctonia solani was not affected by the trap crop but black scurf (sclerotia of R. solani) on tubers was reduced. Soil infestation with Verticillium dahliae declined in one of the duplicate sets of the experiment but not in the other. However, stem infections by V. dahliae were significantly decreased in both sets, although the effect depended on the PCN‐resistance level of the potato cultivar. When a highly resistant potato cultivar was grown Verticillium stem infections were not significantly affected, they were decreased with a moderately resistant cultivar but the decrease was most pronounced with a PCN‐susceptible cultivar. Senescence of a following potato crop was not influenced by the trap crop when a highly PCN‐resistant cultivar was grown, but it was delayed in the case of a moderately resistant or a susceptible cultivar, resulting in higher tuber yields for those cultivars. The experiment proved that a trap crop can be an alternative to chemical soil disinfection but, for several reasons, the potato itself is not an ideal crop for this purpose; a trap crop other than potato must be developed.     

春秋花生种子细胞化学的比较研究

采用泉花10号,汕油71的春秋花生种子为材料,利用细胞化学方法,在环氧树脂厚切片中分别显示出下胚轴和子叶中的多糖、蛋白质和脂类,并对其数量、形态及分布进行比较.结果表明,春花生种子下胚轴细胞较大,且内部结构清晰,排列规则,发育充分,而秋花生种子成熟度较低.对于子叶细胞,在春花生中,其贮藏物质丰富含大量的脂体、蛋白体,排列紧密;而秋花生细胞内部结构疏松,液泡中尚未充满蛋白质,但淀粉粒似较多.这就从细胞学的角度解释了生产上采用春花生种子的优越性..另外,在方法上对环氧树脂厚切片中多糖、蛋白质、脂类的细胞化学染色方法和染色保存进行了讨论.