外生菌根真菌对重金属铜镉污染土壤中油松生长和元素积累分布的影响

该实验选取处于生长期的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)幼苗,研究土壤Cu、Cd胁迫条件下,美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)单独接种、红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)与美味牛肝菌混合接种处理,对油松幼苗的生长和重金属积累分布状况的影响,探讨不同接种对油松抗性的影响。研究发现,菌根接种不仅促进寄主油松的生长发育和生物量积累,而且显著降低油松体内的重金属积累浓度,减少重金属由根部向植物茎叶部分的转运。与单一接种相比,混合接种可以更加有效地缓解重金属对寄主的生物毒性,减少土壤中重金属元素向油松体内的转运。这种优势在高浓度的重金属胁迫环境下尤为明显。该实验中,在3 mg·kg^-1 Cd胁迫下,混合菌根油松的茎叶和根部Cd浓度仅为未接种对照的59.1%和70.7%,比单一菌根降低了11.3%和18.1%,而混合菌根植物的茎叶和根部生物量干重则分别为未接种对照的1.14和1.20倍,单一菌根为未接种对照的1.18和1.17倍。在400 mg·kg^-1Cu胁迫下,混合菌根植物茎叶和根部的干重分别是未接种植株的1.01和1.09倍,而混合菌根植物茎叶和根部的Cu浓度仅为未接种植株的61.8%和79.6%,比Boletus edulis菌根植物的Cu积累浓度下降了0.7%和3.8%。     

铜胁迫下4种外生菌根真菌的耐受性比较

外生菌根对重金属具有较强的耐受性,通过生物固定对重金属污染土壤有一定修复能力。本试验选择4种外生菌根真菌红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)、双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor)、铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)和彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)进行离体培养,通过分析不同浓度铜(0、10、25、35、50和90 mg/L)胁迫下外生菌根真菌生长、铜积累和分泌耐热蛋白的变化,以探索4种外生菌根真菌的重金属耐受性及其机制。研究结果发现,铜胁迫处理组X.chrysenteron、P.tinctorius的菌丝干重比对照组分别仅减少7.8%~33.6%、0.2%~11.5%,而单位菌丝铜积累量显著低于L.bicolor和G.viscidus(P0.05),在生长方面表现出对过量铜胁迫的较强耐受性;从单位菌丝耐热蛋白分泌量来看,G.visciduss(X.chrysenteron,P.tinctorius)L.bicolor,但由于X.chrysenteron、P.tinctorius生物量干重较大,耐热蛋白分泌总量足够多,从而降低培养环境中的Cu2+,X.chrysenteron、P.tinctorius通过分泌耐热蛋白耐受铜胁迫能力更强;通过SDS-PAGE图谱发现铜胁迫诱导X.chrysenteron、G.viscidus和L.bicolor分泌出分子量在31~43 k D之间的多种新耐热蛋白成分。     

过量钠盐胁迫对3种外生菌根真菌生长和钠元素积累的影响*

通过测定3种外生菌根真菌-美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、红绒盖牛肝(Xerocomus chtysenterort)和铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)在Na2SO4和NaCl处理下的菌斑增长特性、生物量积累和菌丝中钠元素积累量显示,2种盐都没有影响菌丝的生长模式。但在0．1mol／L浓度下,NaCl显抑制了X．chrysertterort和G．viscidus的干重增长;在Na2SO4处理下,X．chrysenteron生物增长量比对照显增加,G．viscidus则降低,而2种盐处理对B．edtdis的生物量积累没有显影响。3供试菌种在2种盐处理下,其对钠元素的吸收和积累量差异显。NaCl处理下,X．chtysenteron菌丝积累的钠量最多,而在Na2SO4条件下,B．edulis菌丝中钠积累量显高于其他2菌种。     

庐山外生菌根真菌的分布

早在一个世纪以前,人们就发现自然界中许多高等植物与真菌存在共生关系,并把这种共生体叫做菌根（Ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａ）,最常见的菌根分为内生菌根（Ｅｎｄｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａ）和外生菌根（Ｅｎｔｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａ）。据Ｔｒｐｐｅ的调查［１］,能够形成菌根的真菌很多,与木本植物形成外生菌根的真菌多属于伞菌、多孔菌、腹菌等计有１１目３０科９０多个属;在植物界除了水生植物和极少数陆生植物种属外都能形成菌根。我国已报道能形成外生菌根的真菌约２８个科６３个属［２．４］。庐山是…     

外生菌根真菌对不同氮浓度下马尾松幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

为探究马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)在日益加剧的氮沉降背景下接种外生菌根真菌(Ectomycorrhizal fungi,EMF)后的生理响应规律和适应机制,以1年生马尾松幼苗为对象,通过模拟氮沉降增加(氮添加量分别为0、30、60、90 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和接种外生菌根真菌的方法,研究施氮和接菌对马尾松幼苗生长和光合特性的影响。结果显示：(1)在同一施氮浓度下,两种EMF均能促进马尾松幼苗的生长和光合作用,接种处理对株高、生长量、叶绿素b、P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r影响极显著,两种EMF在不同的施氮浓度下促生效果不同;(2)在一定的氮沉降范围内,氮素增加仍可以促进马尾松幼苗的生长,其径粗、地上部和地下部干质量随施氮浓度的升高呈递增趋势;(3)二者交互处理下,马尾松幼苗生长和光合各项指标均有所提高,其中株高、生长量和叶绿素b显著增加,说明施氮和接菌均能促进马尾松的生长。研究结果表明,在一定程度的氮沉降下接种EMF可以促进马尾松...     

几种外生菌根真菌培养特性的研究

对 4种外生菌根真菌的培养特性进行了研究。结果表明 ,PDMA和PD培养基是培养外生菌根真菌的较适合的培养基 ;木屑、麸皮、米糠、玉米粉、蛭石是培养菌根菌菌剂的较适宜的基质 ;用MMN营养液拌料以及适宜的水分供给都有利于外生菌根真菌的生长。     

4种外生菌根真菌吸收氮素营养的特性

该试验利用从我国西南林区分离获得的外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinct,rius 715)、松乳菇(Lactarius deliciosus)的3个株系为供试菌种,研究它们在离体培养条件下的氮营养吸收特性.结果表明,供试菌株均能较好地吸收3种氮源,其中Pisolithus tinctorius 715的优势氮源为NO3--N,Lactarius delicious-1、Lactarius delicious-2和Lactarius delicious-3的优势氮源为NH4+-N.Lactarius delicious-3吸收NH4+-N和Glu-N的Km和Cmin值最小,能适应低养分的土壤环境,是供试松乳菇株系中吸收NH4+-N和Glu-N效率最高的菌株,因此该菌株对在贫瘠土壤上植树造林可能有一定的应用前景.     

柞树林下菌根真菌对碳、氮营养的利用

研究了柞树林下菌根真菌对Ｃ、Ｎ营养的利用状况．结果表明,供试菌种对Ｃ源的利用较为广泛,葡萄糖、果糖为其最适碳源,平均生长量比对照高出４．４倍;供试菌种对有机氮的利用优于无机氮,平均生长量比无机氮源高出１．６倍,硝态无机氮源中平均生长量为对照的２．５倍,对铵态氮的利用较差,平均生长量仅为对照的２．２倍     

钾对外生菌根真菌的分泌作用及氮、磷、钾含量的影响

用无钾、低钾、中钾和高钾的液体培养基培养外生菌根真菌14～21d,随着钾离子浓度的降低,外生菌根真菌分泌H^ 和草酸的速率提高。由于H^ 能取代2：1型粘粒矿物品层和晶格内的钾,草酸能络合矿物中的Fe,Al离子,促进Al-O八面体风化,推测菌根真菌和菌根活化土壤无效钾的能力在低钾时较强,在高钾时较弱。在外生菌根真菌分泌的H^ 中,草酸电离可能不是它们的主要来源,而是一些目前尚未知道的有机酸。此外,液体培养基中的钾离子不同程度地影响外生菌根真菌体内的氮、磷、钾含量,看来环境中的钾离子供应影响了真菌菌丝对养分的吸收。     

模拟氮沉降和接种外生菌根真菌对马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗营养元素的影响

量化植物地上部和地下部元素含量对于理解和预测植物养分平衡如何响应大气氮沉降的变化至关重要。通过盆栽试验研究了氮沉降增加背景下外生菌根真菌对马尾松幼苗营养元素的影响。对马尾松幼苗进行了接种两种外生菌根真菌：（彩色豆马勃（Pisolithus tinctorius,Pt）与厚环乳牛肝菌（Suillus grevillei,Sg））以及4种氮素浓度添加：0 kg N hm^-2a^-1（N0）、正常氮沉降30 kg N hm^-2a^-1（N30）、中度氮沉降60 kg N hm^-2a^-1（N60）、重度氮沉降90 kg N hm^-2a^-1（N90）,共12个处理,测定了马尾松地上部和地下部大量元素和微量元素的含量。结果表明：施氮改变了营养元素在马尾松幼苗地上部和地下部的含量,马尾松幼苗磷（P）、钙（Ca）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）等元素均在N60时达到临界值,而当输入的量超过了马尾松对氮的需求时,氮沉降会使马尾松营养元素含量较最适浓度时降低,地上部碳（C）随施氮浓度的升高先升高后降低,N随施氮浓度的升高而升高,根系和叶片钾（K）、Ca、镁（Mg）均随施氮浓度的升高而降低,施氮也降低了根系C及微量元素的含量。但在同一施氮浓度下,接种外生菌根真菌（EMF）后能够提高大多数元素的含量,N90时接种厚环乳牛肝菌（Sg）和彩色豆马勃（Pt）的叶片N含量与对照相比分别提高112.6%和138.6%,根系N含量分别提高73.1%、71.6%;N60时接种Sg和Pt的植株叶片P含量比不施氮未接种对照分别提高了166.3%、132.9%,根系P含量分别提高了40.8%、38.5%。EMF能够维持植物养分平衡,从而降低高施氮量对植物的影响效果。这为未来气候变化情景中氮沉降增加下接种EMF可以调节植物元素含量,从而达到更适应环境的元素平衡来促进生长提供理论依据。     

Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Colonizing Birch Trees Growing in an Industrial Desert Soil

The results of analyses conducted to determine contents of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in mushrooms of mycorrhizal fungi and selected parts of birches growing in an industrial desert surrounding a nonferrous works are presented in this study. The fruiting bodies of fungi accumulated several times higher contents (up to 80 μg g⁻¹ dry weight) of Cd(II) compared to those found in the soil (20 μg g⁻¹ dry weight). In contrast, the mushroom contents of Pb(II) were only slightly increased (up to 895 μg g⁻¹ dry weight) than those present in the soil (500 μg g⁻¹ dry weight). However, fivefold higher concentrations of the metals were found in the mycorrhizal roots. Comparing the distribution of the metals analysed, the protective role of the ectomycorrhizae in relation to the host tree was indicated. Mycorrhizal fungi persistently fixed heavy metals, forming an efficient biological barrier that reduced movement of the metals in birch tissues.     

碳源、氮源对异养单针藻Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10油脂积累和脂肪酸组成的影响

研究了碳源与氮源对单针藻Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10异养培养的影响。以BG-11为基础培养基,通过添加不同类型、浓度梯度碳源和氮源,比较分析微藻生物量、油脂积累以及脂肪酸组成。结果表明,以葡萄糖作碳源,硝酸钠为氮源,微藻细胞积累的油脂是理想的生物柴油制备原料。硝酸钠浓度分别为1.00、3.00和5.00 g/L时,对油脂产量影响不显著(P>0.05)。葡萄糖浓度为10.00 g/L,硝酸钠为氮源油脂产量达到实验最高值0.84 g/L,其油脂脂肪酸组成主要由C16:0和C18:1等短链饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸组成,不饱和度值(DU)为61.98,相对偏低。     

外生菌根真菌对植物根病原菌拮抗作用的研究

■的15株外生菌根真菌在琼脂平板上对6株植物病原菌的拮抗作用试验结果表明,美味红菇、劣味乳菇、毛边滑锈伞、大毒滑锈伞等菌根菌对试验病原菌的营养菌丝具有明显的拮抗作用。菌根菌的培养液中含有抑制根病原菌的活性物质,且对高温稳定。外生菌根菌在纯培养条件下对病原菌的拮抗作用包括菌丝体对峙生长作用,重寄生作用和拮抗活性物质作用。其中菌丝体的重寄生作用在抗病效应中起重要作用。     

碳源和氮源对黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响

研究了四种碳源(蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉)和九种氮源(玉米面、麸皮、马铃薯、大豆粉、酵母粉、蛋白胨、硝酸钾、硝酸铵、尿素)对黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响。从不同代数的菌丝体中提取多糖,并测定多糖含量、分子量分布范围及单糖组成。结果表明:黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉,最佳氮源为玉米面,最优碳氮组合为蔗糖和玉米面的组合。不同代数的菌丝体多糖性状基本稳定。     

Effects of Aluminum and Manganese on the Growth of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Cenococcum graniforme, Suillus luteus, Thelephora terrestris, and three isolates of Pisolithus tinctorius were cultured on modified Melin-Norkrans medium at pH 3.4 and adjusted to 0 to 500 ppm (0 to 500 μg/ml) of aluminum or manganese sulfate. Except for T. terrestris, which was intolerant of aluminum at 150 and 250 to 500 ppm, and P. tinctorius isolate 250, which was intolerant of aluminum at 450 ppm, all fungi showed some growth at all concentrations of aluminum. S. luteus was the most tolerant to aluminum. Manganese was less fungitoxic than aluminum, with all fungi showing at least 65% growth at 500 ppm as compared with the control. C. graniforme was not inhibited at any concentration of manganese, and S. luteus was only affected at 500 ppm. P. tinctorius isolate 230 showed no significant variation in growth when subjected to various concentrations of three forms of manganese salts. Significant differences in growth were detected in response to three aluminum salts, but no detectable pattern was apparent. Genotypic responses to aluminum and manganese were evident for P. tinctorius. Isolates 210 and 230 were more tolerant to manganese than was isolate 250. Aluminum tolerance was in the order of isolate 230 > 210 > 250. Results of in vitro studies concerning tolerance responses of ectomycorrhizal fungi to aluminum and manganese were not consistent with field observations of the successional sequence of these fungi on acid coal spoils.     

碳源和氮源对彩绒革盖菌液体发酵合成漆酶的影响

研究了碳源、氮源对彩绒革盖菌液体发酵合成漆酶的影响。结果表明,在所选的几种碳、氮源中,麸皮为试验菌株合成漆酶的较好碳源;酵母浸膏、酒石酸铵、蛋白胨均是比较理想的氮源。不同的碳氮比对彩绒革盖菌漆酶的产量有着显著的影响,高碳高氮是其生产漆酶的最佳条件。在适宜的培养条件下该菌株能合成高活力的漆酶,其酶活力可达298 U/mL以上,产酶周期为6~7 d。     

The Relationships between Nitrogen Fixation and Several Kinds of Energy Metabolism by Gloeocapsa sp

Gloeocapsa sp., a species of anicellular blue-green alga, fixes dinitrogen mostly under light. The energy (ATP and reductant) needed for nitrogen fixation may be provided by photoreaction and aerobic catabolism. The nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) in vivo was decreased under the conditions of dark and inhibition of photo-phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation in the light. When photosystem Ⅱ was inhibited by the presence of DCMU, nitrogenase activities in both reactions of acetylene reduction and hydrogen evolution may be muchenhanced probably due to eliminating of the damage caused by the oxygen produced in the photolysis of water. The effects of the oxygen present in the atmosphere of the reaction systemand produced by the cells are different. It is shown that some trace oxygen seems to be required for nitrogen fixation by the energy supply of aerobic actabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. While the fixation of dinitrogen was inhibited by CO or no any reducible substrate was present, 70-100% of the energy accepted by nitrogenase was evolved as hydrogen. The algal cells also showed hydrogen uptake reaction, but no enhancement of nitrogen fixation by the hydrogen uptake was found.     

外生菌根菌对樟子松苗木生长的影响

通过菌种野外采集、分离培养、纯化及室内人工接种试验,获得9株樟子松外生菌根菌。采用苗木截根—菌剂浸根方法,对2年生樟子松移床苗进行外生菌根菌野外单接种试验,以接种无菌液体培养基的苗木作为对照,研究外生菌根菌单接种对樟子松苗木生长的影响。野外单接种试验表明,9株外生菌根菌对樟子松苗木均有一定的促生长效果。接种130 d,除菌株010外,其他菌株均可提高樟子松苗高23%以上。其中,接种菌株GT005的苗高提高54.24%;接种菌株035、009、LH004及GT001的苗高分别提高41.53%、36.44%、35.59%和35.59%。菌株035、LH004、025、010和GT001可使苗木地径提高20%以上,其中菌株035提高地径56.31%,菌株LH0040、25分别提高39.93%和29.01%。除接种菌株010的苗木外,接种其他菌株的樟子松苗木过氧化氢酶活性均高于对照30.23%~48.37%。接种菌株004的苗木根系活力最强,高于对照39.17%;接种菌株GT005和010的苗木,根系活力低于对照;接种其他菌株的苗木根系活力高于对照2.5%~16.67%。接种菌株GT005的苗木的叶绿素含量最高,高于对照20%以上。9个菌株均可用于樟子松苗木生产中。樟子松苗木的过氧化氢酶活性、根系活力与苗木的生物量间无相关性。     

Carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry and nitrogen cycling rates in streams

Stoichiometric analyses can be used to investigate the linkages between N and C cycles and how these linkages influence biogeochemistry at many scales, from components of individual ecosystems up to the biosphere. N-specific NH₄⁺ uptake rates were measured in eight streams using short-term ¹⁵N tracer additions, and C to N ratios (C:N) were determined from living and non-living organic matter collected from ten streams. These data were also compared to previously published data compiled from studies of lakes, ponds, wetlands, forests, and tundra. There was a significant negative relationship between C:N and N-specific uptake rate; C:N could account for 41% of the variance in N-specific uptake rate across all streams, and the relationship held in five of eight streams. Most of the variation in N-specific uptake rate was contributed by detrital and primary producer compartments with large values of C:N and small values for N-specific uptake rate. In streams, particulate materials are not as likely to move downstream as dissolved N, so if N is cycling in a particulate compartment, N retention is likely to be greater. Together, these data suggest that N retention may depend in part on C:N of living and non-living organic matter in streams. Factors that alter C:N of stream ecosystem compartments, such as removal of riparian vegetation or N fertilization, may influence the amount of retention attributed to these ecosystem compartments by causing shifts in stoichiometry. Our analysis suggests that C:N of ecosystem compartments can be used to link N-cycling models across streams.