Cleanability in relation to bacterial retention on unused and abraded domestic sink materials

H olah , J.T. & T horpe , R.H. 1990. Cleanability in relation to bacterial retention on unused and abraded domestic sink materials. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 69 , 599–608.
The relative Cleanability of stainless steel, enamelled steel, mineral resin and polycarbonate domestic sink materials was assessed by comparing the number of organisms remaining on surfaces after cleaning. In unused condition all materials, other than one enamelled steel, were equally cleanable. Stainless steel, abraded artificially or impact damaged to a similar degree as stainless steel subjected to domestic wear, retained approximately one log order less bacteria after cleaning than the other materials subjected to the same treatments. Little difference in Cleanability was recorded between the abraded surfaces of the other materials although enamelled steel surfaces were less cleanable than mineral resin or polycarbonate after impact damage, because of the greater susceptibility of enamelled steel to damage by this treatment. When cleaning time was extended beyond 10 s for the abraded and impact damaged materials, their Cleanability was not enhanced as compared with stainless steel. Changes in surface finish after abrasion were assessed by surface roughness measurement and scanning electron microscopy. Surfaces with poor Cleanability before and after abrasion were characterized by pitting, crevices or jags. These surfaces are likely to retain more bacteria because of increased numbers of attachment sites, a larger bacterial/material surface contact area and topographical areas in which applied cleaning shear forces are reduced. Materials that resist surface changes, e.g. stainless steel, will remain more hygienic when subjected to natural wear than materials which become more readily damaged.     

Cleanability in relation to bacterial retention on unused and abraded domestic sink materials

The relative cleanability of stainless steel, enamelled steel, mineral resin and polycarbonate domestic sink materials was assessed by comparing the number of organisms remaining on surfaces after cleaning. In unused condition all materials, other than one enamelled steel, were equally cleanable. Stainless steel, abraded artificially or impact damaged to a similar degree as stainless steel subjected to domestic wear, retained approximately one log order less bacteria after cleaning than the other materials subjected to the same treatments. Little difference in cleanability was recorded between the abraded surfaces of the other materials although enamelled steel surfaces were less cleanable than mineral resin or polycarbonate after impact damage, because of the greater susceptibility of enamelled steel to damage by this treatment. When cleaning time was extended beyond 10 s for the abraded and impact damaged materials, their cleanability was not enhanced as compared with stainless steel. Changes in surface finish after abrasion were assessed by surface roughness measurement and scanning electron microscopy. Surfaces with poor cleanability before and after abrasion were characterized by pitting, crevices or jags. These surfaces are likely to retain more bacteria because of increased numbers of attachment sites, a larger bacterial/material surface contact area and topographical areas in which applied cleaning shear forces are reduced. Materials that resist surface changes, e.g. stainless steel, will remain more hygienic when subjected to natural wear than materials which become more readily damaged.     

The effect of temperature on bacterial degradation of EDTA in pH-auxostat

The effect of temperature on the maximum specific growth rate and the cell yield was studied during cultivation of two bacterial strains (LPM-4 and Pseudomonas sp. LPM-410) on EDTA under unlimited cell growth conditions in a pH-auxostat. Both strains displayed linear dependence of reciprocal biomass yield against reciprocal specific growth rate, from which the values of rate of substrate expenditure for cell maintenance and the “maximum” yield (i.e., hypothetical yield without cell maintenance processes) were estimated. Analysis of the maximum yield values based on mass–energy balance theory suggested that oxidation of the carboxylic acid side chains of EDTA by a monooxygenase had zero or low energetic efficiency. An Arrhenius equation with different values of Arrhenius parameters within different temperature ranges gave a good fit with the temperature dependence of both growth rate and biomass yield. Specific growth rates of both strains showed a more pronounced temperature dependence than did the cell yields. A possible kinetic mechanism was suggested which might be responsible for the modes of the temperature dependences of specific growth rate and yield that were found. The mechanism is based on a hypothetical key substance governing the metabolic flows, which is formed in a zero-order reaction and destroyed in a first-order reaction, both rate constants depending on temperature according to the Arrhenius law.     

国内农业碳源/汇效应研究:视角、进展与改进

结构复杂、自然生态与社会经济过程交织、地域特征显著的农业碳源/汇效应存在基于内部结构、双重属性、区域尺度等多种研究视角。国内基于内部结构视角的农业碳源/汇效应研究多局限于种植业,且多以单一的碳源或碳汇研究为主;农业组分细化与组分关联的系统综合研究明显不足。在基于双重属性视角的研究中,自然生态视角侧重于碳吸收和直接碳排放,社会经济视角则聚焦于间接碳排放;由自然与经济相互割裂到相互融合的二元农业碳源/汇综合方法尚需深化。基于区域尺度视角的研究多集中在大中尺度和样地尺度,小尺度县域研究比较薄弱;农产品供应链关联的区域间碳流及减排值得关注。针对中国小规模家庭农场和种养关联的多种经营特征,农业碳源/汇效应研究应将农业产业组分、农产品碳源/汇构成解析与种养关联碳源/汇综合并重,发展和完善评估模型、提高参数本土化程度,追踪农产品生产、流通与消费等区域间碳流全过程。研究综述国内基于内部结构、双重属性和区域尺度等视角的农业碳源/汇效应研究进展,并提出基于我国农业经营特征的碳源/汇效应改进研究。     

Interpretation of scanning electron microscopic images of abraded forming bone surfaces

The experimental abrasion of forming bone surfaces was conducted so that such surfaces could be characterized. This is particularly important to bone remodeling studies utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging of archeological material. Forming surfaces derived from subadult macaque cranial bone were treated by particle abrasion, water abrasion, sliding abrasion, brushing, manual rubbing, weight, exfoliation, chipping and replication. Acetic acid treatments were also performed. The effects of abrasive agents are specific but generally fall into rough (particle and water abrasion) and smooth (sliding abrasion, brushing, rubbing and weight) categories. Protohistoric human and Plio-Pleistocene hominid subadult craniofacial remains were observed with the SEM for comparison with experimental data. The more recent material appeared smooth, probably as a result of specimen preparation procedures using brushes. Surfaces were still interpretable as forming, however, using a more abrasion-resistant feature called intervascular ridging (IVR) described in this study. The IVR pattern is also recognized on the hominid sample, confirming the possibility of performing remodeling studies on abraded fossil material. The abrasion characteristics are somewhat more difficult to classify, however. Abrasion is defined and discussed relative to remodeling studies and taphonomy. The usefulness of the experimental data reported here, however, in paleoenvironmental reconstruction, has yet to be fully realized. Acid and mechanical preparation techniques are briefly addressed. It is concluded that it is possible to characterize a forming surface as abraded according to the findings of this study and that acid, if handled with care, will more likely preserve microanatomical surface detail. It would also be in everyone's interest to employ a less abrasive cleaning regime on archeological specimens.     

Cleaning and decontamination efficacy of wiping cloths and silver dihydrogen citrate on food contact surfaces

Aims: To test the efficacy of four wipe cloth types (cotton bar towel, nonwoven, microfibre and blended cellulose/cotton) with either quaternary ammonia cleaning solution or silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC) in cleaning food contact surfaces. Methods: Swab samples collected from untreated, cloth‐treated and cloth disinfectant‐treated surfaces were subjected to hygiene monitoring using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and aerobic total plate counting (TPC) assays. Results: Adenosine triphosphate measurements taken after wiping the surfaces showed poor cleaning by nonwoven cloths (2·89 RLU 100 cm^?2) than the microfibre (2·30 RLU 100 cm^?2), cotton terry bar (2·26 RLU 100 cm^?2) and blended cellulose/cotton cloth types (2·20 RLU 100 cm^?2). The cellulose/cotton cloth showed highest log reduction in ATP‐B RLU values (95%) and CFU values (98·03%) when used in combination with SDC disinfectant. Conclusions: Cleaning effect of wiping cloths on food contact surfaces can be enhanced by dipping them in SDC disinfectant. ATP‐B measurements can be used for real‐time hygiene monitoring in public sector, and testing microbial contamination provides more reliable measure of cleanliness. Significance and Impact of the Study: Contaminated food contact surfaces need regular hygiene monitoring. This study could help to estimate and establish contamination thresholds for surfaces at public sector facilities and to base the effectiveness of cleaning methods.     

The effect of noise on learning and retention

Thirty one healthy adults (18 women and 13 men, aged 24 to 52 years) were studied in three experimental series. For testing the effect of noise on learning and retention--fixation of the learned--the partly modified method of the laboratory language was used. The experiments were performed in a quiet room at LAeq background noise to 40 dB. Basic microclimatic conditions were also observed. The subjects were tentatively and audiometrically examined. The noise load was a randomly variable noise of LAeq = 81-82 dB. The results of the study (a total of 64 individual tests) showed that the noise load had a negative effect on learning the laboratory language and retention--fixation of the learned.     

The effect of temperature and effluent recycle rate on hydrogen production by undefined bacterial granules

Biohydrogen production in an anaerobic fluidized granular bed bioreactor was strongly dependent on temperature and effluent recycle rates. At 45 °C as the effluent recycle rate was increased from 1.3 to 3.5 L/min, the total H? output for the bioreactor increased from 10.6 to 43.2 L/h. Volumetric H(2) productivity also increased from 2.1 to 8.7 L H?/L/h. At 70°C as the effluent recycle was increased from 1.3 to 3.5 L/min, the total H? output for the bioreactor increased from 13.8 to 73.8L/h. At 70 °C volumetric H(2) productivities increased from 2.8 to 14.8L H?/L/h as the effluent recycle rate was increased from 1.3 to 3.5 L/min. At 45 °C % H? was 45% and reached 67% at 70 °C. Maximum hydrogen yields at 45 °C were 1.24 and 2.2 mol H?/mol glucose at 70 °C.     

The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of bacteria attached to dry solid surfaces

The effect of relative humidity (r.h.) (0%, 34% and 75%) and temperature (4, 15 and 25°C) on the desiccation survival of Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus , a coryneform, Staphylococcus sp., and Staphylococcus aureus attached to and grown on glass surfaces was studied. The survival of Gram-negative and Gram-positive species was similar. Bacterial survival was shortest at 25°C for all species studied, and in most cases longest at 4°C. The effect of r.h. on survival varied with species. The number of microcolonies and the number of cells within microcolonies for Pseudomonas sp. increased on the dry surfaces after 7 d incubation under all desiccation conditions.     

The retention of bacteria on hygienic surfaces presenting scratches of microbial dimensions

Aims: To produce surfaces of defined linear topographical features which reflect those found on worn and new stainless steel, to monitor the effect of feature dimensions on the retention of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus sciuri. Methods and Results: Surfaces were fabricated with parallel linear features of 30 microns or of microbial dimensions (1·02 and 0·59 μm width) and used in microbial retention assays with Staph. sciuri and L. monocytogenes. Retained cells were distributed uniformly across the smooth 30 micron featured surfaces but were retained in high numbers on microtopographies at the ‘peaks’ between the wide grooves. On smaller features, retention was attributed to the maximum area of contact between cells and substratum being attained, with cocci being embedded in 1·02‐μm‐width grooves, and rods aligned along (and across) the densely packed parallel 0·59‐μm grooves. Conclusions: The dimensions of surface features may enhance or impede cell retention. This phenomenon is also related to the size and shape of the microbial cell. Significance and Impact of Study: Findings may help describe and evaluate properties of hygienic and easily cleanable surfaces.     

Methane fermentation of water hyacinth: effect of retention time and temperature

Summary The influence of retention times of 10, 20, 30 and 40 days on the semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth was tested at the laboratory level. Biogas was successfully produced using 50 and 30 g total solids/l slurries at retention times of 30 and 40 days. The retention time of 40 days proved to be much better than shorter retention times in terms of total gas produced, methane percentage and degree of decomposition of organic matter. The effect of incubation temperatures of 25, 37, 45°C and the variable temperature range of 32 to 42°C on the semicontinuous digestion of water hyacinth was also tested in the laboratory. Biogas could be successfully produced at all temperatures tested except at 45°C. At 37°C and at the variable temperature range of 32 to 42°C gas production was very rapid. Digestion at 25°C was more efficient and gas release was slower. Digestion at 45°C was very erratic.

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Resumen Se estudió, a escala de laboratorio, la influencia de tiempos de retención de 10, 20, 30, y 40 días en la digestión anaerobia semi-continua del jacinto acuático (Eichornia crassipes). A partir de pasta de jacinto acuático con 50 y 30 g de sólidos totales/l de pasta y con tiempos de retención de 30 y 40 días la obtención de gas fue eficaz. La retención de 40 días fue mucho mejor que retenciones mucho más cortas en relación con la producción total de biogás, el porcentaje de metano obtenido y la descomposición de sólidos volátiles. También se estudió el efecto de temperaturas de incubación de 25, 37 y 45°C y de un gradiente de temperaturas de 32–42°C en la fermentación. La producción de biogas fue eficaz a todas las temperaturas ensayadas excepto a 45°C. A 37°C y utilizando el gradiente de temperaturas la obtención de gas fue muy rápida. La digestión a 25°C fue más eficaz pero la liberación de gas más lenta; la fermentación a 45°C dió resultados erráticos.

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Résumé On a testé à l'échelle du laboratoire, l'influence des temps moyens de séjour de 10, 20, 30 et 40 jours sur la biométhanisation semi-continue de la jacinthe d'eau. La production de biogaz était satisfaisante aux concentrations de 50 et 30 g de solides totaux par litre et pour des temps moyens de séjour de 30 et 40 jours. Le temps moyen de séjour de 40 jours s'est révélé bien meilleur que les temps moyens de séjour plus courts en matière de gaz total produit, pourcentage de méthane et conversion de la matière organique. On a également testé au laboratoire l'effet des températures d'incubation de 25, 37 et 45°C et celui d'une température fluctuant entre 32 et 42°C sur la biométhanisation semicontinue de la jacinthe d'eau. La production de biogaz était satisfaisante à toutes les températures sauf celle de 45°C. La production de gaz était très rapide à 37°C et dans la région variable de 32 à 42°C. La biométhanisation à 25°C était plus efficiente mais la vitesse de production du gaz était plus lente. La biométhanisation à 45°C était très erratique.

     

Biofilm retention on surfaces with variable roughness and hydrophobicity

Biofilms on food processing equipment cause food spoilage and pose a hazard to consumers. The bacterial community on steel surfaces in a butcher's shop was characterized, and bacteria representative of this community enriched from minced pork were used to study biofilm retention. Stainless steel (SS) was compared to two novel nanostructured sol-gel coatings with differing hydrophobicity. Surfaces were characterized with respect to roughness, hydrophobicity, protein adsorption, biofilm retention, and community composition of the retained bacteria. Fewer bacteria were retained on the sol-gel coated surfaces compared to the rougher SS. However, the two sol-gel coatings did not differ in either protein adsorption, biofilm retention, or microbial community composition. When polished to a roughness similar to sol-gel, the SS was colonized by the same amount of bacteria as the sol-gel, but the bacterial community contained fewer Pseudomonas cells. In conclusion, biofilm retention was affected more by surface roughness than chemical composition under the condition described in this study.     

The effect of bacterial strain and temperature changes on the nitrogenase activity of Lotus pedunculatus root nodules

After 40 days of growth at 25°C, Lotus pedunculatus cav., cv. Maku plants infected with Rhizobium loti strain NZP2037 displayed similar relative growth rates but had twice the nodule mass and only one third the whole plant dry weight of plants infected with Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) strain CC814s. In the NZP2037 symbiosis, the rate of CO₂ evolution (per g dry weight of nodulated root) was 1.6 times as high as that in the CC814s symbiosis while the rate of C₂H₂ reduction (per g dry weight of nodule) was only 48% of that in the CC814s symbiosis. Studies of the effect of short term temperature changes on the gas exchange characteristics (CO₂ and H₂ evolution, C₂H₂ reduction) of these symbioses revealed wide differences in the optima for C₂H₂ reduction. Nodules infected with NZP2037 displayed maximal C₂H₂ reduction rates [157 μmol (g dry weight nodule)^?1 h^?1] at 12°C, whereas nodules infected with CC814s were optimal at 30°C [208 μmol (g dry weight nodule)^?1 h^?1]. These short term studies suggested that differences in temperature optima for N₂ may have partially accounted for the poorer effectivity, at 25°C, of strain NZP2037 when compared with strain CC-814s. The relative efficiency [RE = 1 – (H₂ evolution/C₂H₂ reduction)] of N₂ fixation varied widely with temperature in the two symbioses, but there was a general trend toward higher RE with lower temperatures. The ratio of CO₂ evolution: C₂H₂ reduction (mol/mol) in nodulated roots infected with CC814s was constant (ca 10 CO₂/C₂H₂) between 5°C and 30°C, whereas in plants infected with NZP2037 it reached a minimal value of 3.3 CO₂/C₂H₂ at 10°C and was 19 CO₂/C₂H₂ at the growing temperature (25°C).     

The effect of temperature shock on the yield of gamma-induced single strand breaks in bacterial DNA

The existence of the super fast repairing system for single-strand breaks in DNA, induced in cells exposed to gamma-irradiation at 0°C in a phosphate buffer under aerobic conditions, has been shown in three strains of Escherichia coli K-12 (AB 1157 $\text{rec}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, AB 2463 $\text{rec A}\text{13}$ and JC 4457 $\text{rec B}$). Super fast repairing system rejoins up to 90–95 % of initial single-strand breaks during irradiation. An estimation of the lower limit of the rate of repairing the breaks by this system has been made.     

The effect of camphor on bacterial bioluminescence

Summary The inhibitory effect of camphor on bioluminescence of both bacteria and bacterial luciferase has been examined. The camphor has been shown to be a substrate of cytochrome P-450 of the luminous bacteria Photobacterium fischeri. The inhibition of the luminescence reaction provided evidence for the competitive nature of the interaction of camphor and aliphatic aldehyde at the binding site for luciferase. Camphor is also supposed to interact with P-450. The findings indicate that the hydroxylation process of camphor affects the kinetics of the luminescence.