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1.
Mu Mu Thein Tasanee Jamjanya Youichi Kobori Yupa Hanboonsong 《Applied Entomology and Zoology》2012,47(3):255-262
Sugarcane white leaf disease is a serious problem in many Asian Countries. The leafhoppers Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus (Matsumura) and Yamatotettix flavovittatus Matsumura are the main vectors of sugarcane white leaf disease phytoplasma. Gaining a better understanding of the dispersal behavior of such insect vectors is essential for both disease epidemiology and vector control. The dispersal distances of M. hiroglyphicus and Y. flavovittatus in a sugarcane field were estimated by means of mark–release–recapture experiments. Adult leafhopper vectors collected from the fields were marked using fluorescent dye powder and released at a central release point in a sugarcane field. The marking method did not have a significant effect on the survival or flight activity of the leafhopper vectors. The overall release–recapture rates of M. hiroglyphicus and Y. flavovittatus within 50 m were 10.1 and 13.4 %, respectively. The estimated natural mean dispersal distances for M. hiroglyphicus and Y. flavovittatus were 162.1 and 387.5 m, respectively. Wind appears to be the main factor influencing the leafhopper dispersal direction. 相似文献
2.
Mitchell K. Taylor Jeff Laake Philip D. McLoughlin H. Dean Cluff Erik W. Born Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid François Messier 《Polar Biology》2008,31(4):491-499
We estimated demographic parameters and current harvest risks for a population of polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps) inhabiting northern Smith Sound and Kane Basin, Canada and Greenland. Our demographic analysis included a detailed
assessment of age- and sex-specific survival and recruitment from 141 marked polar bears, using information contained within
the standing age distribution of captures and mark-recapture analysis. Total survival rates
for females were: 0.374 ± 0.180 (cubs), 0.686 ± 0.157 (ages 1–4), and 0.967 ± 0.043 (ages 5+). Mean litter size was 1.67 ± 0.08
cubs. Females did not reproduce until at least age 6, which is late compared to other populations of polar bears. The model-averaged,
mark–recapture estimate of mean abundance (±1 SE) for years 1994–1997 was 164 ± 35 bears. We incorporated demographic parameters
and their variances into a harvest risk analysis (i.e., a stochastic, harvested population viability analysis, PVA). Results
suggest that polar bears in the region were severely over-harvested during the mark–recapture interval (1992–1997). The current
status of the population is unknown. 相似文献
3.
Species in a highly fragmented environment, such as the intensively used agricultural landscapes of Europe, are expected to
be in danger of extinction. We hypothesize according to Kisdi’s theory (Am Nat 159:579–596, 2002) that species in fragmented landscapes with isolated habitats in general tend to possess low dispersal. In order to verify
this hypothesis we studied the movement patterns of Stethophyma grossum, a hygrophilous species of wetlands, by mark–release–recapture techniques in a landscape with scattered suitable habitats
over 3 years. The study focused on the major population in this landscape (site #1) as dispersal behaviour was assumed to
be greatest. Actually, marked individuals of S. grossum were never found in any further suitable habitats in close vicinity to site #1. Despite that the peatland meadow of study
site #1 was all over covered with homogenous vegetation only 6% (1.8 ha) of the whole area (30 ha) were occupied by S. grossum. The mean recapture rate over 3 years amounted to 39% with no significant differences between males and females. Both covered
little distances within their mean range size of 1.8 ha; the median distances were 36.91 m for males and 26.65 m for females.
We confirm the hypothesis that sub-populations of species in longstanding naturally isolated habitats, which habitat conditions
have been stable; evolved low dispersal with little movements which are routine movements to find mating partners or food. 相似文献
4.
The Siberian chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus, was introduced into the suburban forest of Sénart in the late 1970s where it naturalised. Juvenile dispersal of this solitary
ground-dwelling squirrel is not known, while it is an important component of the invasion process. From 2003 to 2007, mark–recapture
techniques were used to determine how dispersal movements differed between year, cohort, sex and body mass. Distances moved
were calculated between the location of first capture during the year of birth and the arithmetic centre of the trapping locations
obtained the next year. Excluding heaviest individuals, e.g. 80 g, that must have already dispersed and thus lowered the estimation
of averaged distance moved, our results shows that the dispersal distance in juvenile males (168 ± 24 m, n = 39) was greater than in females (83 ± 11 m, n = 66), with no effect detected for either year or cohort. Juveniles are thus involved in the spread of this ground squirrel,
bearing in mind that movements estimated may have been underestimated due to the use of capture–mark–recapture methods on
a limited trapping area. 相似文献
5.
Evolution of dispersal is affected by context-specific costs and benefits. One example is sex-biased dispersal in mammals
and birds. While many such patterns have been described, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we study genetic
and phenotypic traits that affect butterfly flight capacity and examine how these traits are related to dispersal in male
and female Glanville fritillary butterflies (Melitaea cinxia). We performed two mark–recapture experiments to examine the associations of individuals’ peak flight metabolic rate (MRpeak) and Pgi genotype with their dispersal in the field. In a third experiment, we studied tethered flight in the laboratory. MRpeak was negatively correlated with dispersal distance in males but the trend was positive in females, and the interaction between
MRpeak and sex was significant for long-distance dispersal. A similar but nonsignificant trend was found in relation to molecular
variation at Pgi, which encodes a glycolytic enzyme: the genotype associated with high MRpeak tended to be less dispersive in males but more dispersive in females. The same pattern was repeated in the tethered flight
experiment: the relationship between MRpeak and flight duration was positive in females but negative in males. These results suggest that females with high flight capacity
are superior in among-population dispersal, which facilitates the spatial spreading of their reproductive effort. In contrast,
males with high flight capacity may express territorial behaviour, and thereby increase the number of matings, whereas inferior
males may be forced to disperse. Thus, flight capacity has opposite associations with dispersal rate in the two sexes. 相似文献
6.
Theory suggests that source–sink dynamics can allow coexistence of intraguild predators and prey, but empirical evidence for
this coexistence mechanism is limited. We used capture–mark–recapture, genetic methods, and stable isotopes to test whether
source–sink dynamics promote coexistence between stream fishes, the intraguild predator, and stream salamanders (Dicamptodon aterrimus), the intraguild prey. Salamander populations from upstream reaches without fish were predicted to maintain or supplement
sink populations in downstream reaches with fish. We found instead that downstream reaches with fish were not sinks even though
fish consumed salamander larvae—apparent survival, recruitment, and population growth rate did not differ between upstream
and downstream reaches. There was also no difference between upstream and downstream reaches in net emigration. We did find
that D. aterrimus moved frequently along streams, but believe that this is a response to seasonal habitat changes rather than intraguild predation.
Our study provides empirical evidence that local-scale mechanisms are more important than dispersal dynamics to coexistence
of streams salamanders and fish. More broadly, it shows the value of empirical data on dispersal and gene flow for distinguishing
between local and spatial mechanisms of coexistence. 相似文献
7.
Within a population, survival can vary widely among individuals based upon numerous aspects of the phenotype, including (but
not limited to) age, size, and habitat use. We examined the role of microhabitat use, individual color, and length, in explaining
within-population variation in survival for an intertidal snail, Nucella lima. We used a multi-state capture–mark–recapture approach to determine survival and movement rates and found that favored models
constrained survival to be a function of microhabitat. Survival estimates from the best-fit model were different between habitat
types, despite the fact that habitats were immediately adjacent. Fidelity and disproportionate movement into the habitat with
the highest survival suggested possible adaptive habitat choice. This study highlights the importance of small-scale variation
in influencing population vital rates, as well as the need for quantifying within-population heterogeneity in survival. 相似文献
8.
Mortality during movement between habitat patches is the most obvious cost of dispersal, but rarely it has been demonstrated
empirically. An approach is presented, which uses capture–mark–recapture data of an arboreal gecko species to determine the
effect of individual movement on local survival in a spatially structured population. Because capture–mark–recapture data
are widely available for a range of animal species, it should be possible to extend their application to other species. The
method is based on the assumption that the tendency to be a territorial animal or to be a floating animal is fixed during
the study period. The advantage of our approach is that only one additional parameter has to be estimated for describing movement
risks. We further tested the power of our approach to detect an association of movement and mortality with simulated capture
histories. The study revealed a strong negative effect of movement on local survival. Hence, animals that moved more often
between trees had a lower survival rate. Interestingly, the mean movement rate for males was significantly higher than for
females, which should lead to a biased sex ratio towards females in the population. As there was an even sex ratio in the
population, we discuss not mutually exclusive explanations for this finding like differences in emigration rates between sexes,
differences in survival rates between sexes, or a skewed sex ratio in offspring. 相似文献
9.
A positive effect of (meta)population density on emigration has been predicted by many theoretical models and confirmed empirically
in various organisms. However, in butterflies, the most popular species for dispersal studies, the evidence for its existence
has so far been equivocal, with negative relationships between density and emigration being reported more frequently. We analysed
dispersal in sympatric metapopulations of two Maculinea butterflies, intensively surveyed with mark–release–recapture methods for 7 years. Dispersal parameters, derived using the
virtual migration model, were assessed against butterfly densities, which fluctuated strongly over the study period. Emigration
was positively correlated with density, and this effect was particularly strong at densities above carrying capacity, when
emigration increased up to threefold in females and twofold in males compared with the normal levels. In turn, density had
little impact on other dispersal parameters analysed. Our findings provide good evidence for positive density-dependence of
emigration in butterflies. Emigrating at high densities is particularly beneficial for females, because it gives them a chance
to lay part of their egg-load in less crowded patches, where offspring survival is higher due to lower intraspecific competition.
Even though the rise in emigration becomes considerable at densities exceeding carrying capacity, i.e. relatively infrequently,
it still has serious implications for many ecological phenomena, such as species range expansions, gene flow, and metapopulation
persistence. Consequently, instead of treating emigration as a fixed trait, it is worth allowing for its density-dependence
in applications such as population viability analyses, genetic models or metapopulation models. 相似文献
10.
We derive point and interval estimates for an urban population of green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) from capture–mark–recapture field data obtained during the years 2006–2009. We present an infinite-dimensional least-squares
approach which compares a mathematical population model to the statistical population estimates obtained from the field data.
The model is composed of nonlinear first-order hyperbolic equations describing the dynamics of the amphibian population where
individuals are divided into juveniles (tadpoles) and adults (frogs). To solve the least-squares problem, an explicit finite
difference approximation is developed. Convergence results for the computed parameters are presented. Parameter estimates
for the vital rates of juveniles and adults are obtained, and standard deviations for these estimates are computed. Numerical
results for the model sensitivity with respect to these parameters are given. Finally, the above-mentioned parameter estimates
are used to illustrate the long-time behavior of the population under investigation. 相似文献
11.
Male-biased sex ratios in adult odonate populations have been the subject of vigorous discussion between the students of this
order of insects. The debate has centered on whether the observed male bias in many populations is real, perhaps due to unequal
survival rates, or whether it is an artifact caused by differences in recapture probabilities. A mark–recapture study to assess
the relative contribution of survivorship and recapture rates on male-biased sex ratio was performed in a Cuban population
of the damselfly Hypolestes trinitatis. Maximum likelihood theory and Akaike information criterion were used for parameter estimation and model selection, respectively.
Females in the sample were outnumbered two to one by males. Estimated recapture and survival rates were 0.188 (females) and
0.638 (males), and 0.933 (females) and 0.944 (males), respectively. Recapture rates only partially explained the bias since
the population sex ratio estimated after correcting for differences in this parameter was male biased (1.5). The observed
higher survival probabilities in males could have generated the male-biased population sex ratio. Therefore, we concluded
that the observed male-biased population sex ratio in H. trinitatis is real. 相似文献
12.
Jean-Sébastien Moore Andrew P. Hendry 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2009,364(1523):1533-1542
Dispersal and gene flow can have both positive and negative effects on population size, but little empirical support from nature exists for the negative effects. We test for such effects in a stream population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) that is subject to high gene flow from a lake and is thus maladapted to stream conditions. In this system, maladaptation increases with distance along the stream, and this increase is associated with decreasing population densities until stickleback are no longer present (2.5 km from the lake). We conducted field experiments to inform whether this association might reflect a negative role for gene flow in constraining population size and therefore causing a local range limit. We specifically tested predictions deriving from theory: peripheral populations should show partial local adaptation, be under strong selection and not simply be maintained by dispersal. First, a transplant experiment suggested a weak home-site advantage in the peripheral population. Second, a mark–recapture study showed directional selection for a stream-adapted phenotype in 1 of 2 years. Third, another mark–recapture experiment showed that dispersal is limited to the point that positive demographic effects of dispersal are probably minimal. We conclude that, although gene flow does constrain morphological maladaptation in the outlet stream population, the evidence for its contribution to population size and range limits is mixed. We discuss the implications of our work for the study of factors influencing the evolution of species'' ranges. 相似文献
13.
Thomas C. Wanger Iris Motzke Samuel C. Furrer Barry W. Brook Bernd Gruber 《Ecological Research》2009,24(2):345-353
Rapid and reliable estimation of population size is needed for the efficient monitoring of animal populations of conservation
concern. Unfortunately, technical advances in this area have not been paralleled in uptake in conservation, which may be due
to difficulties in implementation or the lack of general guidelines for application. Here we tested five different methods
used to estimate population size [capture–mark–recapture (CMR), finite-mixture models, model averaging of finite-mixture models,
accumulation curve methods (ACM), and the line transect method (LT)] using extensive capture–recapture data of the giant day
gecko (Gekkonidae, Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis, Gray 1870) at the Masoala rainforest exhibit, Zurich Zoo. When the complete data were analyzed [30 sessions (and 27 sessions
for the LT)], all methods except the LT produced similar estimates of population size. The simple ACM gave a small coefficient
of variation (CV), but did not cover the most likely value of population size at moderate sampling effort. Nevertheless, the
ACM was the only method that showed a reasonable convergence when subsets of data were used. CMR and Pledger models included
the reference value in their confidence intervals (CI) after 25 and 30 sessions, respectively. Although model averaging did
slightly improve the estimate, the CV was still high for the full dataset. Our method of using subsets of data to test the
robustness of estimates is simple to apply and could be adopted more widely in such analyzes to evaluate sensitivity to method
of evaluation. In conclusion, simple accumulation methods showed similar efficiency to more complex statistical models, and
are likely to be sufficiently precise for most conservation monitoring purposes.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
14.
Spatiotemporal variation in reproductive rates is a common phenomenon in many wildlife populations, but the population dynamic
consequences of spatial and temporal variability in different components of reproduction remain poorly understood. We used
43 years (1962–2004) of data from 17 locations and a capture–mark–recapture (CMR) modeling framework to investigate the spatiotemporal
variation in reproductive parameters of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), and its influence on the realized population growth rate. Specifically, we estimated and modeled breeding probabilities
of two-year-old females (earliest age of first reproduction), >2-year-old females that have not reproduced before (subadults),
and >2-year-old females that have reproduced before (adults), as well as the litter sizes of two-year old and >2-year-old
females. Most reproductive parameters exhibited spatial and/or temporal variation. However, reproductive parameters differed
with respect to their relative influence on the realized population growth rate (λ). Litter size had a stronger influence than did breeding probabilities on both spatial and temporal variations in λ. Our analysis indicated that λ was proportionately more sensitive to survival than recruitment. However, the annual fluctuation in litter size, abetted
by the breeding probabilities, accounted for most of the temporal variation in λ.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
15.
Lucas Armand Wauters Goedele Verbeylen Damiano Preatoni Adriano Martinoli Erik Matthysen 《Population Ecology》2010,52(4):527-536
Animal dispersal and subsequent settlement is a key process in the life history of many organisms, when individuals use demographic
and environmental cues to target post-dispersal habitats where fitness will be highest. To investigate the hypothesis that
environmental disturbance (habitat fragmentation) may alter these cues, we compared dispersal patterns of 60 red squirrels
(Sciurus vulgaris) in three study sites that differ in habitat composition and fragmentation. We determined dispersal distances, pre- and post-dispersal
habitat types and survival using a combination of capture–mark–recapture, radio-tracking and genetic parentage assignment.
Most (75%) squirrels emigrated from the natal home range with mean dispersal distance of 1,014 ± 925 m (range 51–4,118 m).
There were no sex-related differences in dispersal patterns and no differences in average dispersal distance, and the proportion
of dispersers did not differ between sites. In one of the sites, dispersers settled in patches where density was lower than
in the natal patch. In the least fragmented site, 90% of animals settled in the natal habitat type (habitat cuing) against
44–54% in the more strongly fragmented sites. Overall, more squirrels settled in the natal habitat type than expected based
on habitat availability, but this was mainly due to individuals remaining within the natal wood. In the highly fragmented
landscape, habitat cuing among emigrants did not occur more frequently than expected. We concluded that increased habitat
fragmentation seemed to reduce reliable cues for habitat choice, but that dispersing squirrels settled in patches with lower
densities of same-sex animals than at the natal home range or patch, independent of degree of fragmentation. 相似文献
16.
J. R. Hagler P. B. Baker R. Marchosky S. A. Machtley D. E. Bellamy 《Insectes Sociaux》2009,56(2):213-220
Studies were conducted to investigate the feasibility of marking the southwestern desert subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus (Snyder), with rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) protein for mark–release–recapture (MRR) and mark–capture type studies. Qualitative
laboratory studies were conducted to determine how long reagent-grade rabbit IgG is retained on or in H. aureus that were marked either externally with a topical spray, internally by feeding them a rabbit IgG-marked food source, or both
internally and externally (double marked). Marked termites were detected by an anti-rabbit IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay. Data indicated that the termites retained the mark for at least 35 days, regardless of the marking procedure. A second
series of laboratory studies were conducted to determine how fast H. aureus acquire the mark after feeding on cardboard bait that was either sprayed or soaked in different formulations of rabbit IgG.
The IgGs tested were a highly purified and costly reagent grade IgG at 5.0 mg/ml and a less pure and less costly technical
grade rabbit IgG at 1.0 mg/ml. The results showed that termites acquired both marks equally well after exposure to the soaked
cardboard treatment. The advantages and limitations of protein marking termites with rabbit IgG for MRR or mark–capture termite
studies are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Dispersal between habitat patches may be important for the long-term persistence of populations. We conducted a mark–release–recapture
study and analysed the dispersal pattern in the scarce heath butterfly inhabiting a network of suitable habitat patches using
stepwise logistic regression (SLR) and the Virtual Migration (VM) model. We also analysed the influence of different types
of matrices.
We found that the majority of the recaptured butterflies remained within the patch where they were originally caught. However,
dispersal between patches did occur and both the SLR analysis and the VM model indicated that the migration pattern was significantly
associated with patch area and its level of isolation. The SLR model also showed that there was a positive association between
immigration rate and tree density, supporting earlier observations that this species prefers semi-open habitat. We discuss
the use of SLR versus the VM model to analyse recapture data in dispersal studies.
This system is not at equilibrium, as a number of the most important patches in the network are continuously being lost due
to afforestation and a number of populations are facing deterministic extinction. This increases the risk of a chain reaction
of local extinctions, which may cause a collapse of the whole system. 相似文献
18.
Myrmecochory (seed dispersal by ants) is an evolutionarily and ecologically common mutualism. Since the first study of the
phenomenon, ecologists have sought to develop techniques to track ant-dispersed seeds. Often, thick leaf litter and the potential
burial of seeds by ants make tracking of seeds difficult. Here we describe a seed-tracking technique for small seeds, which
uses magnetic tags, developed for mark–recapture studies of fish, to track seeds after dispersal into the ant nest in temperate
deciduous forests. We discuss our use of the technique as well as suggestions for improvement and other possible applications
of the technique. 相似文献
19.
Theoretical models about the benefits of philopatry predict that immigrant fitness can be higher, lower or similar to that
of philopatrics depending on habitat heterogeneity, dispersal costs, distance between patches or population densities. In
this study, we compared transience rates, local survival and recruitment among philopatric and immigrant individuals of Audouin’s
gull Larus audouinii, a long-lived bird with high dispersal capacities. Several previous studies have shown that these capacities were probably
the result of adaptation to unstable and highly discrete habitats; hence, we tested the hypothesis that fitness components
for philopatrics and immigrants were similar. During 1988–2006, ca. 27,800 chicks were marked in 31 colonies in the western
Mediterranean metapopulation, and more than 52,000 resightings were made in a single, high-quality colony, to estimate local
demographic parameters by capture–recapture analyses. Results suggest that, even though parameters related to site-tenacity
(e.g. recapture rates) were higher for philopatrics than for immigrants, survival and recruitment were fundamentally similar.
Small differences between philopatrics and immigrants were probably influenced by a highly suitable habitat at the study site,
which reduced dispersal costs for immigrants; furthermore, the similarities in most fitness components were also probably
the result of a life-history strategy of a species living in unpredictable, unstable habitats with high emigration rates among
local populations, and with a relatively low cost of dispersal. 相似文献
20.
In common with many habitat elements of riverine landscapes, exposed riverine sediments (ERS) are highly disturbed, naturally patchy and regularly distributed, whose specialists are strongly adapted to flood disturbance and loss of habitat due to succession. Investigations of dispersal in ERS habitats therefore provide an important contrast to the unnaturally fragmented, stable systems usually studied. The present investigation analysed the three interdependent stages of dispersal: (1) emigration, (2) inter-patch movement and (3) immigration of a common ERS specialised beetle, Bembidion atrocaeruleum (Stephens 1828) (Coleoptera, Carabidae), in a relatively unmodified section of river, using mark–resight methods. Dispersal was correlated with estimates of local population size and density, water level and patch quality in order to test for condition-dependent dispersal cues. Flood inundation of habitat was found to increase strongly the overall rate of dispersal, and the rate of emigration was significantly higher from patches that were heavily trampled by cattle. Strongly declining numbers of dispersers with distance suggested low dispersal rates during periods of low water level. Dispersal in response to habitat degradation by cattle trampling would likely lead to a higher overall population fitness than a random dispersal strategy. Dispersal distances were probably adapted to the underlying habitat landscape distribution, high-flow dispersal cues and ready means of long-distance dispersal through hydrochory. Species whose dispersal is adapted to the natural habitat distribution of riverine landscapes are likely to be strongly negatively affected by reduced flood frequency and intensity and habitat fragmentation through flow regulation or channelisation.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available to authorised users in the online version of this article at . 相似文献