外来鱼类雀鳝与本地斑鳢功能反应的比较

为评估外来鱼类雀鳝对本地鱼类资源的捕食效率及与本地肉食鱼类摄食的差异,研究对眼斑雀鳝(Lepisosteus oculatus)捕食鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)、广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的功能反应进行了实验研究,并与本地生态位相似肉食性鱼类斑鳢(Channa maculata)的功能反应进行了比较。研究分析了雀鳝和斑鳢的功能反应类型,建立了功能反应曲线,估计了资源消耗率相关的参数,并结合功能反应模型和食物转化效率模拟了2种鱼类的种群增长趋势。结果表明:雀鳝与斑鳢的功能反应类型均为Type-Ⅱ型; 2种捕食者的袭击率(P=0.383)及食物处理时间(P=0.663)均无显著性差异,表明2种捕食者在单位资源消耗率上并无明显差别;雀鳝的相对生长效率显著高于斑鳢(P<0.05),而食物转化效率则无显著差异(P=0.132);雀鳝的种群增长快于斑鳢且具有更高的稳定种群密度。研究为系统评估外来鱼类雀鳝的生态影响提供了基础,采用的量化功能反应的方法可为其他外来鱼类生态影响的评估提供借鉴和...     

FUCTIONAL RESPONSE AND PLANT PREFERENCE OF NEPHASPIS OCULATUS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), PREYING ON BEMISIA ARGENTIFOLII (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDM) IN THE LABORATORY

Abstract The predatory behavior and functional response of all larval stages and adults of Nephpis oculatus (Blatchley), a predacious coccinellid, on various egg densities of Bemisia argentgolii Bellows & Pemng, and prey preference of adult N. oculatus , were studied in the laboratory. Daily consumption of eggs of B. argentifolii by N. oculatus was evaluated at six different densities to obtain functional response curves for all active stages of the coccinellid. Bemisia argentifolii eggs were offered to N. oculatus on collard leaf disks in Petri dish arenas over a 24-h period at 26.7 ∀ 2°C: and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L: D) h. Linear relationship were observed between percentage prey consumed and prey density, with r ² values between 0.82–0.99 for all stages except for the fourth instar that had a smaller r² value (0.64). Functional response curves of prey consumption by N. oculatus against density of B. argentifolii eggs fitted the type II model of Holling's disc equation for all larval stages and both the male and female adults. Adult females consumed more prey than adult males. The maximum theoretical number of prey consumed per day increased with larval development. The fourth instar was the most effective larval predator, followed by the third instar, the second instar, and finally, the first instar. Based on the functional response parameters, a maximum of 321, 312, 237, 229, 73, and 34 B. argentifolii eggs could be attacked by an adult female, a fourth instar, an adult male, a third instar, a second instar, and a first instar of N. oculatus , respectively. Nephaspis oculatus adults strongly preferred collard to tomato, soybean, eggplant or sweet-potato for oviposition and foraging. Nephaspis oculatus did not deposit any eggs on soybean and tomato.     

重金属复合污染对眼优角蚱代谢组的影响

【目的】对金属矿区和非金属矿区环境中生活的眼优角蚱Eucriotettix oculatus体内重金属含量及其代谢组进行分析,探究重金属复合污染对眼优角蚱体内重金属累积和代谢组的影响。【方法】使用ICP-MS法对眼优角蚱成虫体内重金属含量进行测定,同时采用基于 UPLC-MS/MS检测平台、自建数据库以及多元统计分析相结合的手段,对金属矿区和非金属矿区眼优角蚱成虫肠道中的代谢物进行差异分析,并利用 KEGG 数据库对差异代谢物进行注释以及通路富集分析。【结果】金属矿区眼优角蚱成虫体内9种重金属含量是非金属矿区的0.4~212.4倍。多元统计分析结果表明,金属矿区眼优角蚱成虫肠道中共有112种代谢物的含量发生了显著变化,主要为氨基酸类、脂肪酰类、有机酸类、核苷酸类、苯类等物质。KEGG注释及通路富集分析显示,可被注释到的显著差异代谢物共有49种,与代谢通路相关的显著差异代谢物有40种,富集最显著的通路是甲状腺激素合成通路、催产素信号通路、胆汁分泌通路、酪氨酸代谢通路。【结论】重金属复合污染环境中生存的眼优角蚱成虫体内有多类重金属累积,重金属可改变眼优角蚱肠道中的代谢物的组成,其中一些代谢物的改变可能是眼优角蚱适应重金属复合污染生境的策略。     

Molecular phylogenetics of a South Pacific sap beetle species complex (Carpophilus spp., Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Several species of sap beetles in the genus Carpophilus are minor pests of fresh produce and stored products, and are frequently intercepted in biosecurity operations. In the South Pacific region, the superficially similar species C. maculatus and C. oculatus are frequently encountered in these situations. Three subspecies of C. oculatus have been described, and the complex of these four taxa has led to inaccurate identification and questions regarding the validity of these taxa. A molecular phylogenetic study using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and two nuclear markers comprising the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and the D1-D2 region of the large (28S) ribosomal RNA subunit showed that C. maculatus, and C. o. cheesmani were easily differentiated from the two other subspecies of C. oculatus. COI also showed differentiation between C. o. gilloglyi and C. o. oculatus, but this was not shown when third codon positions were removed and when RY-coding analyses were conducted. Generalised mixed Yule-Coalescent (GMYC) models were fitted to trees estimated from the COI data and were analysed using a multimodel approach to consider the evidence for three taxonomic groupings of the C. oculatus group. While the arrangement with the highest cumulative weight was not the arrangement ultimately accepted, the accepted taxonomy also had an acceptable level of support. ITS2 showed structure within C. oculatus, however C. o. oculatus was resolved as paraphyletic with respect to C. o. gilloglyi. COI showed evidence of sequence saturation and did not adequately resolve higher relationships between species represented in the dataset. 28S resolved higher relationships, but did not perform well at the species level. This study supports the validity of C. maculatus as a separate species, and provides sufficient evidence to raise C. o. cheesmani to the level of species. This study also shows significant structure within and between C. o. gilloglyi and C. o. oculatus, giving an indication of recent speciation events occurring. To highlight the interesting biology between these two taxa, C. o. gilloglyi is retained as a subspecies of C. oculatus. These results give clarity regarding the taxonomic status of C. maculatus and the subspecies of C. oculatus and provide a platform for future systematic research on Carpophilus.     

Developmental pathways of Glossotermes oculatus (Isoptera, Serritermitidae): at the cross-roads of worker caste evolution in termites

SUMMARY The onset of a specialized ("true") worker caste is a crucial step in the evolution of termite societies. Such workers, permanently excluded from wing development, repeatedly evolved from totipotent immatures, called "false" workers or pseudergates. In the family Rhinotermitidae, the presence of true workers and the level of specialization of this caste are highly variable, and key taxa illustrate transitional situations providing clues about worker evolution. Here we focused on the status of working immatures of Glossotermes oculatus , from the family Serritermitidae, now thought to represent either the sister-group of the Rhinotermitidae or a basal lineage nested within them. Contrary to previous assumptions, we show that the apterous immatures performing worker tasks in G. oculatus are the source of the single wing-budded nymphal instar preceding the alate. Consequently, they qualify as pseudergates rather than true workers. However, the sex ratio is strongly male biased in pseudergates and soldiers, which is a trait usually restricted to termites with true workers. We therefore argue that pseudergates of G. oculatus are close to a point where the species could easily shift toward the differentiation of a true worker caste, and that G. oculatus pinpoints a new possible route for the evolution of true workers from pseudergates.     

Cryptic species of rockfishes (Sebastes: Scorpaenidae) in the southern hemisphere inferred from mitochondrial lineages.

We used mitochondrial DNA sequence variation of Sebastes from the southeastern Pacific and three localities in the South Atlantic to address long-standing systematic and evolutionary issues regarding the number of species in the Southern Hemisphere. Sequences of the hypervariable mitochondrial control region were obtained from 10 specimens of S. capensis from South Africa (n = 5) and from Tristan da Cunha Island (n = 5) and 27 of S. oculatus from Valparaiso, Chile (n = 10), and the Falkland Islands (n = 17). Results of the study include (1) significant levels of genetic differentiation among the sampled populations (phi ST = 0.225, P < .000001), thus indicating limited gene flow; (2) corroboration of the existence of two different lineages of austral Sebastes corresponding to S. capensis and S. oculatus; (3) finding that S. capensis is not restricted to Tristan da Cunha and South Africa, but is widespread across the South Atlantic; (4) the position of S. capensis as the ancestral lineage of the austral Sebastes; (5) the existence of a third evolutionary lineage with high levels of genetic divergence, particularly abundant in the south-western Atlantic, which may be recognized as a third austral species of Sebastes.     

Foraging ecology in the lizard Anolis oculatus (Iguanidae) from Dominica, West Indies

In general, populations of Anolis lizards on West Indian islands face few predators, are at high density and are thought to be limited by food. This paper describes how the foraging ecology of Anolis oculatus , a solitary species confined to the island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles, varies with habitat and season in relation to the quantity and quality of available food.
Availability of invertebrate food (determined using pitfall traps and sticky traps) was greater in a dry scrub woodland site, Cabrits National Park (CNP), compared with a montane rainforest site, Palmiste Ridge. In the former, there were general increases in abundance, volumes of softbodied prey and sizes of invertebrates from dry season to wet season. Concomitant dietary changes, as determined principally by stomach flushing, included an increase (by volume) in the proportion of soft-bodied prey. Dietary analyses confirmed the importance of ants (Formicidae) in the diet of A. oculatus , although for large individuals (mainly adult males) at the rainforest site, soft-bodied prey such as Oligochaeta and Orthoptera were, in volumetric terms, more important. Prey capture observations showed that large A. oculatus fed mainly above ground. Anolis oculatus at the montane rainforest site used higher perch heights than those in dry scrub woodland, although in both habitats, small individuals (mainly juveniles) fed mainly at ground level on ants. In the dry season in CNP, the diet (in volumetric terms) of smaller Anolis was dominated by hardbodied prey such as ants, springtails (Collembola), barklice (Psocoptera) and beetles (Coleoptera). large Anolis used springtails and barklice to a lesser extent, resulting in relatively low food niche overlap values between size classes and a reduced potential for intraspecific competition compared with the wet season.     

Population differentiation and nuclear gene flow in the Dominican anole (Anolis oculatus)

Allele frequency data from nuclear microsatellite loci were used to investigate patterns of nuclear gene flow and population structure in the morphologically variable Dominican anole (Anolis oculatus). All six loci used proved to be highly polymorphic, with an average of 18.8 alleles per locus. Test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium revealed small numbers of heterozygote deficiencies at single loci in single populations and consistent patterns of increasingly significant heterozygote deficiency in global tests across populations and loci. No significant relationship between FST and patristic distances estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences was detected and estimates of FIS were significantly higher in females than in males, indicating that gene flow may be sex-biased and mediated mainly by male migration. A highly significant correlation between linearized FST and loge (geographical distance) indicates that geographical proximity is a significant factor in the genetic structure of A. oculatus populations. However, levels of gene flow between morphologically differentiated parapatric populations are frequently seen to be relatively high. This supports the hypothesis of natural selection being the driving force behind the development and maintenance of morphological variation and shows that adaptive differentiation may be maintained despite the homogenizing influence of gene flow. Generally, the morphologically variable populations of A. oculatus are seen to be poor candidates for in situ speciation, but an exceptional case on the west coast of Dominica indicates that isolation resulting from vicariant events may lead to rapid differentiation at both mitochondrial and nuclear loci. This provides a possible mechanism for anole speciation on other Caribbean islands.     

New records of alien monogeneans from Lepomis gibbosus and Silurus glanis in Italy

The first geographical records of five alien monogeneans for Italy is reported. Four species have been detected from Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758): Actinocleidus recurvatus Mizelle et Donahue, 1944, Actinocleidus oculatus (Mueller, 1934), Urocleidus similis (Mueller, 1936) and Urocleidus dispar (Mueller, 1936); one species from Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758: Thaparocleidus vistulensis (Siwak, 1932) n. comb.     

Nonadecadienone, a new termite trail-following pheromone identified in Glossotermes oculatus (Serritermitidae)

Within the multitude of chemical signals used by termites, the trail marking by means of pheromones is ubiquitous. Chemistry and biology of the trail-following communication have been described in more than 60 species from all families except for the Neotropical Serritermitidae. The chemical ecology of Serritermitidae is of special interest not only as a missing piece of knowledge on the diversity and evolution of isopteran pheromones but also because it may contribute to the debate on the phylogenetic position of this family, which is still unresolved. Therefore, we aimed in this study to identify the trail-following pheromone of the serritermitid Glossotermes oculatus. Based on a combined approach of analytical chemistry, electrophysiology, and behavioral bioassays, we propose (10Z,13Z)-nonadeca-10,13-dien-2-one to be the trail-following pheromone of G. oculatus, secreted by the sternal gland of pseudergates. Thus, we report on a new termite trail-following pheromone of an unexpected chemical structure, a ketone with 19 carbons, contrasting with unsaturated alcohols containing 12 carbons as trail-following pheromones in other advanced termite families. In addition to this unique trail-following pheromone, we also describe the sternal gland in pseudergates as an organ of unusual shape, size, and structure when compared with other isopteran species. These results underline the peculiarity of the family Serritermitidae and prompt our interest in the chemistry of pheromones in the other genus of the family, Serritermes.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) and their variability in two other species (Lepisosteus oculatus and L. osseus) of Lepisosteidae

We report on the isolation of 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci from alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), a large-bodied species that has experienced population declines across much of its range. These loci possessed 2-19 alleles and observed heterozygosities of 0-0.974. All loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations, and none exhibited linkage disequilibrium. Nine and eight of these loci were found to be polymorphic in the related species Lepisosteus oculatus and L. osseus, respectively. These microsatellite loci should prove useful in conservation efforts of A. spatula through the study of population structure and hatchery broodstock management.     

眼优角蚱两性成体转录组差异分析

为了解蚱类昆虫两性间基因转录水平上的整体差异,本研究以眼优角蚱Eucriotettix oculatus为研究对象,通过高通量转录组(RNA-Seq)测序和分析技术对其雌、雄成体的转录组进行了测定和分析。结果显示,在雌、雄转录组中共获得13 432条转录本,两性间差异表达基因共3 597个,其中雌性相对于雄性显著上调基因1 295个,显著下调基因2 302个。对其中9个差异基因进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,其结果与RNA-Seq分析一致。差异基因显著富集的GO条目大多是与细胞的形成有关,结合、细胞组分和细胞过程等条目相关基因显著高表达。KEGG富集显示差异基因主要是与性腺发育、遗传信息加工、能量代谢和消化等通路有关。研究结果对从分子水平进一步研究眼优角蚱两性差异提供一定的理论基础。     

An experimental field study of a eurytopic anole, Anolis oculatus

A manipulative field experiment, to investigate the interaction of physiology with ecolgy, is described. Body temperatures of four ecotypes of the lizard Anolis oculatus were studied in their natural habitats on the ecologically diverse island of Dominica. A sample of each ecotypic population was then transferred to one of four 12 times 12 metre experimental enclosures, situated in one of the original habitats. The four in situ populations were found to differ significantly in mean body temperature, and, to a lesser extent, in the degree of thermoregulation. Howerve, no differences were found between enclosed populations. This experiment demonstrates that the apparent differences in the thermal preference of the different ecotypes are attributable solely to the availabiltity of thermal microclimates in the different habitats. The apparent lack of specialization of physiogical traits is surprising in view of the fine-scaled evolutionary adjustment of morphology to geographic variation in local environment that has been recorded in this species, and suggests that more detailed examination of physiology and ecology would be fruitful.     

Comparative study of sperm ultrastructure of five species of teiid lizards (Teiidae, Squamata), and Cercosaura ocellata (Gymnophthalmidae, Squamata)

Sperm ultrastructure of five teiid lizards (Callopistes flavipunctatus, Crocodilurus amazonicus, Dicrodon guttulatum, Dracaena guianensis, and Teius oculatus), and the gymnophthalmid Cercosaura ocellata is described for the first time. Comparisons of sperm ultrastructure among these species and with those of previously examined teiids and gymnophthalmids revealed that the two groups of Teiioidea (Gymnophthalmidae and Teiidae), and the two subfamilies of Teiidae (Teiinae and Tupinambinae) could be distinguished on the basis of sperm ultrastructure data. Significant differences in sperm dimensions between Cnemidophorus and Aspidoscelis support the recent splitting of these two lineages into different genera. Our results revealed high levels of inter-generic variability in sperm ultrastructure within Teiidae, which produces a data set useful in analyzing relationships between genera and families. In phylogenetic analyses, however, sampling multiple species within teiid genera is essential and recording sperm measurements may profitably complement qualitative ultrastructural characters, maximizing the information content of these structures.     

A probable homologue of the clavicle in the holostean fish Amia calva

The two pairs of appendages associated with the throat region in Amia are described.
The posterior serrated appcndage of Amia calva is considered a homologue of the clavicle. This theory is based on topographical similarity (a bony element situated in front of the ventral part of the cleithrum and overlapping the anterior margin of the adjoining part of the cleithrum), structural similarity (cellular bone with ridges bearing denticles arranged in distinct patterns), ontogenetic similarity (early ontogenctic ossification with other dements of the dermal shoulder girdle prior to the appearance of scales), and phylogenetic cvidcnce (presence of similar elements in the caturid Furo ).
Although the anterior serrated appendage of A. calva exhibits structural and topographical similarities to both scales and clavicles, the ontogenetic evidence favours an homology with scales.
The ossicles located dorsolateral and lateral to the anteroventral part of the cleithrum in Lepisosteus oculatus share structural and topographical similarities to both scales and clavicles. However, ontogenetic evidence indicates that these ossicles are scales rather than fragmented clavicles.     

Common garden and natural selection experiments support ecotypic differentiation in the Dominican anole (Anolis oculatus)

The theory behind ecotypic differentiation and ecological speciation assumes a predominant role for natural selection working on characteristics with genetic variance, but experimental support for these assumptions is limited. Lesser Antillean anoles show marked ecotypic variation within islands and the potential for ecological speciation. Common garden rearing experiments on the Dominican anole (Anolis oculatus) suggest that the characters showing geographic variation have genetic variance and are not primarily determined by environmental plasticity. Replicated natural selection experiments using large-scale enclosures show that translocated montane samples experience significant (multivariate) directional selection in both wet and dry seasons in both males and females. The targets of selection appear to be spread among the various character systems. An experiment on 12 geographically segregated populations along a coastal xeric-montane rainforest gradient (four replicate enclosures) clearly showed that the magnitude of the directional selection intensity is positively related to the position along this gradient. The results of the common garden and natural selection experiments support the interpretation that the geographic differentiation is primarily driven by natural selection and are compatible with the potential for ecological speciation in this system.     

Experimental verification of the metacercarial stage of Rhipidocotyle lepisostei (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) with notes on the natural occurrence of its adult stage in gars in Texas and Virginia

Bucephalid metacercariae found encysted in the caudal fin rays of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) were fed to bucephalid-free spotted gars (Lepisosteus oculatus) in the laboratory. Gravid specimens of Rhipidocotyle lepisostei were recovered from the intestinal tracts of 2 of 3 gars from 7 to 28 days later. Further attempts to complete the entire life cycle were unsuccessful. Natural infections of adult R. lepisostei were found in the type host, the alligator gar Lepisosteus spatula, from Galveston Bay, Texas, and in the long-nose gar, Lepisosteus osseus, from the York River, Virginia. This report confirms the identity of the metacercarial stage in the mullet as R. lepisostei and extends the known range of this parasite from the Louisiana and Texas area to the U.S. Atlantic coast.     

东北地区乳菇属的初步研究

本文报道了东北地区乳菇属(Lactarius)的29种,其中包括新种2个,长白乳菇(L.chanbainensis Y.Wang et Xie sp.nov.)温泉乳菇(L.wenquanensis Y.Wang et Xie sp.nov.);国内新记录种5个:茶绿乳菇[L.necator(Pers.ex Fr.)Farst.],条纹乳菇[L.oculatus(Peck)Burl.],变红乳菇[L.acris(Bolt.ex Fr.)Gray],复生乳菇(L.repraesentaneus Britz.)和点柄乳菇(L.maculatus Burl.)。新种有汉文和拉丁文描述以及形态、显微构造图;国内新记录种有汉文描述。