中国黄耆属糙叶组叶表皮毛状体微形态学特征

采用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对中国产黄耆属糙叶组34种植物的叶表皮毛状体的形态特征及其分布进行了观察,以探讨中国黄耆属糙叶组物种表皮毛微观形态的变异式样及其分类学意义,为糙叶组物种的分类鉴定提供依据。结果表明：除乳白花黄耆（A. galactites）仅在叶下表面被毛外,其余种类上下表皮均有毛,且毛的分布、形态、长度和臂比在不同种类间存在差异。叶表皮毛为伏贴或开展的中空管状毛,伏贴毛着生部位基部膨大,整体形态从中部向两端由粗逐渐变细,开展的毛大部分为细长的丝状或线状,光滑或具条纹状纹饰,上面分布有乳突。研究认为,叶表皮表面伏贴、短而平直、其上光滑具密集乳突、臂比值小、整体宽扁的毛是祖先特征;而叶表皮表面向上开展、长而密集、外形呈丝状或线形、其上具条纹状纹饰、乳突稀疏、臂比值大的毛是进化特征。     

Morphological and ITS sequence divergence between taxa of Cuminia (Lamiaceae), an endemic genus of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile

Morphological and ITS sequence divergence were assessed between the two presently recognized taxa of the endemic genusCuminia (Lamiaceae), on Masatierra of the Juan Fernandez Islands. Morphological studies were based on leaf morphology of 51 individuals. Individuals ofC. fernandezia have narrow and lanceolate leaves with cuneate to acute bases and apices, whereas individuals ofC. eriantha have broadly ovate leaves with rounded bases and acute to obtuse apices. The two taxa can also be distinguished by the presence of pubescence.Cuminia eriantha has hairs on the leaves, young stems, floral peduncles, calyx, and corolla. Alternatively,C. fernandezia is glabrous except for tuft hairs on the nodes, and hairs on calyx teeth and corolla tubes. The ITS 1 and 2 regions of the five plants ofCuminia sequenced are a total of 451 bp long. All plants have identical ITS-1 but pubescent and glabrous plants are consistently different in ITS-2 sequence, revealing 1.3% total sequence divergence between the species. Both morphological and molecular data support the taxonomic recognition of two taxa, and the small but consistent differences appear to justify species status for the two entities. The pubescent populations representC. eriantha and the glabrous ones areC. fernandezia. It is hypothesized that the species diverged from a common ancestral immigrant to the islands, when Masatierra was much larger and more ecologically diverse than it now is. The two taxa seem to maintain their identities with no evidence of hybridization, even though they often grow in close proximity to one other on the island. Each population consists only of glabrous or pubescent plants, with no mixed population detected.     

Trichome morphology provides phylogenetically informative characters for Tremandra, Platytheca and Tetratheca (former Tremandraceae)

Summary Trichomes of Tremandra R.Br. ex DC., Platytheca Steetz and Tetratheca Sm. (Elaeocarpaceae, former Tremandraceae), together with two outgroup species of Elaeocarpus L., are illustrated using scanning electron microscopy, and their distribution on various plant organs is documented. Various trichomes types were identified that relate taxa: simple hairs, stellate hairs, short glandular trichomes, long glandular trichomes, and three forms of tubercules. Both outgroup and ingroup taxa have simple hairs. Stellate hairs are confirmed as unique to Tremandra. Prominent and sculptured multicelled tubercules, some bearing a stout hair, are characteristic of Platytheca. Smaller multicelled tubercules occur in both Platytheca and Tetratheca, except for the Western Australian taxon Te. filiformis Benth. (possibly plesiomorphic). Unicellular tubercules (papilla) characterise two species of Tetratheca. Short glandular trichomes, usually found on the ovary, also occur in both of these genera but not in all species (possibly secondary losses), while long glandular trichomes, usually on stems and leaves, occur only in some groups of Tetratheca. Within Tetratheca, Western Australian taxa that have five-merous flowers fall into three ‘groups’: seven species (together with one from South Australia) that have short glandular trichomes but no long glandular trichomes; six species that have long glandular trichomes but no short glandular trichomes; and four species that have both trichome types. All other species of Tetratheca have four-merous flowers and form two ‘groups’: 12 eastern species (including one from South Australia) that have both short glandular trichomes and long glandular trichomes; 4 western species and six eastern species that lack short glandular trichomes. On the basis of these characters, a phylogenetic hypothesis for the three genera is presented.     

Hair morphology inPlantago sect.Coronopus (Plantaginaceae)

The presence of bottle-like hairs has been described in four hitherto uninvestigated taxa ofPlantago sect.Coronopus sensuDietrich. This hair type is a feature characteristic of sect.Coronopus.     

Hair morphology and the relationships of species inSolanum sect.Basarthrum

The usefulness of features of leaf hairs in distinguishing subgenera and sections is well documented in bothRhododendron andSolanum. In this analysis of the taxa ofSolanum sect.Basarthrum (23 species), and of a sample of closely related taxa from sect.Petota (22 species), it is shown that such features serve to delineate subsectional groups such as series and some species as well. SectionBasarthrum has an unexpected diversity of hair types. Although this group has been characterized by 2-celled bayonet hairs, more than one half of the taxa in the section bear multicellular finger hairs, and 3 species also possess branched hairs. Thus, major rearrangements of the species previously assigned to sect.Basarthrum are indicated or supported by pubescence features. The taxa studied from seriesEtuberosa andJuglandifolia (both of sect.Petota) show hair types that a) are relatively primitive for the section, and b) show linkage between sects.Petota andBasarthrum.     

A new point of view on the taxonomy ofPottia starckeana agg. (Musci,Pottiaceae)

A new taxonomic treatment is proposed for thePottia starckeana species complex. The peristome development is not considered to be a useful feature to separate the taxa. On the basis of spore morphology only two species are accepted:P. starckeana, with spores wavy in outline, andP. davalliana, with variously-shaped and developed processes on the spores.Pottia starckeana var.brachyoda is reduced to synonymy withP. starckeana; P. conica andP. commutata are treated as synonyms ofP. davalliana. The speciesP. mutica, P. affinis, P. salina, P. microphylla, P. texana, andP. arizonica (included var.mucronulata) are considered taxa of doubtful affinity, as they have spore features intermediate between the two spore types established for the group. The identity ofP. appertii andP. recurvifolia has not been elucidated because the type material has been destroyed.     

Micromorphological and phytochemical characters ofTeucrium marum andT. subspinosum (Labiatae) from Sardinia and Balearic Islands

Micromorphology and distribution of trichomes in different plant parts ofTeucrium marum andTeucrium subspinosum from Sardinia and the Balearic Islands are described. The composition of volatile compounds in the same plants has also been studied. The occurrence in Sardinia of two differentT. marum entities is evidenced. One of them, growing in the NW. part of the island, is very similar toT. marum from Minorca.T. subspinosum from Sardinia and Majorca differ for the presence in the last one of short capitate hairs and for a higher ratio of dolichodial/teucrein. While the degree of variability of all the characters is very high, there is a good homogeneity between all the taxa, due to the presence of monoterpene cyclopentanoids not found until now in other species.     

The pollen morphology ofOdontites (Scrophulariaceae) and its taxonomic significance

The pollen morphology of 29 species ofOdontites and related genera was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Three major pollen types differing fundamentally in exine sculpturing were found. In the parasitic tribePedicularieae retipilate sculpturing is the most widespread type representing a plesiomorphic character state from which the two other types are derived. Of these, reticulate sculpturing is confined toOdontites, whereas a complex retirugulate pattern was found only in the monotypic Near East genusBornmuellerantha. Within the retipilate and the reticulate major types eight minor types were distinguished based on the differential correlation of exine surface morphology, size, shape and amb form. The pollen data are generally well correlated with macromorphological features and furnish important taxonomic characters at the genus—as well as at the specieslevel.     

DNA fingerprint variation in some blackberry species (Rubus subg.Rubus,Rosaceae)

We have analysed samples from Sweden, Denmark, and Germany of six facultatively apomictic blackberry species to investigate the accordance between a taxonomy based on morphological characters on the one hand, and distribution of genetic variation estimated by DNA fingerprinting on the other hand. DNA fingerprint variation was found to be quite restricted in all species investigated. The first taxonomic group included three species related toRubus nessensis, two being characterized by one very widespread DNA fingerprint in all three countries and a few rare ones, whereas the third species differed between Sweden and Germany. The second taxonomic group included species related toR. gracilis. Two of these species exhibited very similar DNA fingerprints, whereas the third species deviated clearly. The utilization of DNA fingerprinting as a tool in taxonomy is discussed; most likely this method could become a useful complement to morphology, especially in plant groups with reduced levels of genetic recombination.     

Trichome studies in Parthenium hysterophorus and their taxonomic importance

In Parthenium hysterophorus L. four trichome types i.e. (1) cylindrical hair, (2) moniliform hair, (3) simple multiseriate hair and (4) shaggy hair, have been recognized mostly on the basis of their structural differences. In the past, these types have not been observed in any species of Parthenium studied so far. Out of these four, two types i.e. cylindrical and moniliform hairs are known to occur in the Compositae and remaining two i.e. simple multiseriate and shaggy hairs are the new forms for the family and have been observed for the first time in presently investigated species. Trichomes are an important taxonomic tool in distinguishing between genera and species. Trichomes of the different species of Parthenium as noticed from their structure are useful in distinguishing these species and even their corresponding organs.     

Ecogeographical differentiation patterns inAdonis sect.Consiligo (Ranunculaceae)

Adonis sect.Consiligo is split into three subsections based on morphology, growth pattern, pollen and fruit morphology. For all species distribution maps are provided and discussed with regard to their ecology and climatic requirements. These data reveal additional characters that support the classification of the taxa. Most species of the section grow in continental Eurasiatic steppes and mountain steppe habitats. Only the species of subsect.Amurenses grow in Far Eastern temperate forests and prefer a more oceanic climate. The taxonomic position of these strongly divergent species is supported by the distributional and ecological data. The evolution ofAdonis sect.Consiligo occurred under strong climatic control. During evolution the taxa could only slightly widen their ecological amplitude and, thus, ecology remained rather stable except that of the subsect.Amurenses. Ecological and distributional data can be used to validate taxonomy and phylogeny and reveal additional informations.     

A reexamination of infraspecific taxa of a wild potato,Solanum microdontum (Solanum sect.Petota:Solanaceae)

Current taxonomic interpretations ofSolanum microdontum Bitter partition the species into two or three infraspecific taxa, variously recognized as subspecies or varieties. The present study reexamines these taxa using morphological data from four individuals each of 69 accessions from most of the range of the species, planted in a common field plot. Our results show that the character states used to recognize infraspecific taxa inS. microdontum often vary within accessions and have no correlation with geography. We conclude that past hypotheses have used typological concepts and that infraspecific taxa are not warranted. This study questions other hypotheses of infraspecific taxa in sect.Petota.     

Taxonomical study ofAster leiophyllus complex (Compositae) in Kanto district,Japan, with special reference to ploidy level

TheAster leiophyllus complex is complicated taxonomically and includes many related taxa representing polyploid series. It has been reported that this group is diversified throughout the Kanto district, central Japan, and there are three taxa endemic to the Kanto district. However, as neither morphological variation range nor distribution pattern is sufficiently investigated, taxonomic confusion sometimes occurs. In this study, morphological variation was examined in relation to the ploidy level, and taxonomic consideration was given. As a result, four morphologically recognized taxa occur in the Kanto district;A. leiophyllus (2x, 6x),A. leiophyllus var.sawadanus (2x, 3x, 4x),A. semiamplexicaulis (2x), andA. sugimotoi (4x, 5x). The distribution ranges ofA. leiophyllus var.sawadanus, A. semiamplexicaulis andA. sugimotoi are small, whileA. leiophyllus is distributed over most of the Kanto district. Morphological and cytological observations indicate that one of the reasons of the taxonomic confusion is the presence of presumed hybridization betweenA. leiophyllus and other taxa.     

中国特有属藤山柳属(猕猴桃科)植物的叶表皮形态及其分类学意义

由于形态特征变异和地理分布区域存在重叠,中国特有属藤山柳属(猕猴桃科)的物种划分问题长期以来存在争议,曾被分为20种或修订为含1种4个亚种的单型属。该研究选取了在形态和地理分布上有代表性的29个居群的184份标本,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了叶表皮形态和微形态特征,以探讨它们的分类学意义。结果表明:(1)藤山柳属植物叶表皮毛被的形态和微形态特征有3类,即光滑-短柱状毛、刚毛-长柱状毛/长刺毛、绒毛-单列多细胞毛,且这些特征在居群间差异明显,并各具明显的地理分布格局,支持把藤山柳属分为3类,即光滑类、刚毛类和绒毛类。(2)3类藤山柳植物在个别居群表现出部分同域分布现象,在峨眉山不同海拔高度的3个居群存在垂直地带性分布特点。(3)藤山柳属植物叶表皮的其他形态特征,如不规则型表皮细胞、6类气孔器、叶表皮初级蜡质纹饰以网状隆起为主,伴随着2～4类次级纹饰,在居群间变化多样等均没有明显的分类学意义。(4)由于具有相同的叶表皮形态特征和地理分布,建议把繁花藤山柳合并到绒毛藤山柳,故支持藤山柳属是1个正处于分化进程中的单型属,包括1个种3个亚种。     

Synopsis ofVerbesina sect.Ochractinia (Asteraceae)

A taxonomic revision ofVerbesina sect.Ochractinia is presented. 40 species plus 7 additional infraspecific taxa are recognized. A table of the distribution of the species, key to the species and synonymy are included. Relationships to other sections ofVerbesina and species relationships within sect.Ochractinia are discussed.     

Allozyme divergence and evolution in the genusLens

The genusLens includes 5 taxonomic species:L. culinaris is cultivated andL. orientalis, L. odemensis, L. ervoides, andL. nigricans are wild. All the species are annual and almost exlusively selfers. The wild lentils are distributed over a large geographical area and form small disjunct populations which are composed of a small number of plants. 67Lens populations were assayed electrophoretically for 9 enzyme systems; 15 enzymic genes with 37 alleles were identified. The genetic distances (D) measured between the pairs of populations indicated a significantly greater similarity between populations belonging to the same taxonomic species. Assuming the populations represent a random sample of the variability in each of the species the genetic distances (D) between the 5 taxa were calculated. The shortest genetic distance was found betweenL. orientalis andL. culinaris. Another significant feature of the data is the apparent isolation ofL. nigricans from the other 4 species. The genetic distances between theLens species are compared to the patterns of crossability barriers between them.     

Identification of cultivated Pandanus and Colocasia in pollen records and the implications for the study of early agriculture in New Guinea

Pollen records from the island of New Guinea, spanning the last 60 000 years, show a vegetation system sensitive to global climate change and strongly influenced by anthropogenic activity. The evidence for anthropogenic activity in pollen diagrams has focused on indirect indicators such as forest clearance, burning and increases in arable weeds. Tracing individual cultivars has proven to be very difficult as the major cultivated plants, in this case dominated by root crops, have low pollen production, are insect-pollinated or are harvested before flowering occurs. The identification of some cultivars is further restricted by limited information on pollen morphology. The pollen morphology of selected species from two genera (Pandanus and Colocasia), known to include important cultivated species, have been studied. Five pollen taxa are recognised after examination by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that these can be easily distinguished on the broad criteria of pollen class, grain size and size of echini. The taxonomic and dispersal characteristics of the pollen morphology of these taxa are discussed and the implications of improved identification of cultivated species in late Quaternary pollen records are considered.     

Fungi from the roots of the common terrestrial orchid Gymnadenia conopsea

The fungal community associated with the terrestrial photosynthetic orchid Gymnadenia conopsea was characterized through PCR-amplification directly from root extracted DNA and cloning of the PCR products. Six populations in two geographically distinct regions in Germany were investigated. New ITS-primers amplifying a wide taxonomic range including Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes revealed a high taxonomic and ecological diversity of fungal associates, including typical orchid mycorrhizas of the Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae as well as several ectomycorrhizal taxa of the Pezizales. The wide spectrum of potential mycorrhizal partners may contribute to this orchid's ability to colonize different habitat types with their characteristic microbial communities. The fungal community of G. conopsea showed a clear spatial structure. With 43 % shared taxa the species composition of the two regions showed only little overlap. Regardless of regions, populations were highly variable concerning taxon richness, varying between 5 and 14 taxa per population. The spatial structure and the continuous presence of mycorrhizal taxa on the one hand and the low specificity towards certain fungal taxa on the other hand suggest that the fungal community associated with G. conopsea is determined by multiple factors. In this context, germination as well as pronounced morphological and genetic differentiation within G. conopsea deserve attention as potential factors affecting the composition of the fungal community.     

黑龙江悬钩子属植物叶表皮形态结构的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对黑龙江悬钩子属植物的叶表皮形态结构进行比较研究。结果显示:(1)悬钩子属植物叶的上表皮细胞呈多边形,垂周壁平直,或无规则形,垂周壁浅波纹;下表皮细胞无规则形,垂周壁浅波纹或深波纹。(2)表皮毛类型有单细胞直立不分支、卷曲不分支,头状腺毛和盾状腺毛四种类型。(3)气孔器均分布于下表皮,且气孔器类型为无规则形;气孔外拱盖单层、内缘平滑或不规则波状。研究表明,黑龙江悬钩子属植物的叶表皮微形态学特征表现出一定差异性,对种间的划分和鉴定具有一定的分类学意义。     

The systematics of Australian Daphnia (Cladocera: Daphniidae). Multivariate morphometrics

Forty nine characters were measured in each of 76 male and 200 female Daphnia including specimens from all eleven taxa described from the genus in Australia, except D. jollyi. Separate multivariate analyses (cluster, principal components and discriminant) of males and females each revealed only five morphological groups in the genus corresponding to the species D. occidentalis, D. lumholtzi, D. cephalata, D. nivalis, and a conglomerate of all other taxa described from the D. carinata complex, D. carinata (sensu lato). Interpretation of the male results was straightforward, but that for females was not because of the occurrence of an environmentally induced seasonal change in morphology (cyclomorphosis) in females. Log transformations of the female data successfully isolated the effects of cyclomorphosis. The seasonal morphs formed two groups which were further differentiated into taxonomic groups.