Graphical determination of mean activation energy and standard deviation in a microheterogeneity model of enzyme deactivation

Traditionally, enzyme populations have been treated as if they were either homogenous, or heterogeneous with distinct and separable subpopulations. The microheterogeneity model, however, assumes that there is a continuous distribution of properties in the population. In the area of enzyme deactivation kinetics, this model describes the heterogeneous population as having a continuous distribution of activation energy of deactivation. This distribution is characterized by mean activation energy, and a standard deviation of activation energy. The microheterogeneity model contains two parameters, (0) and sigma. Parameter (0) is the mean value of for a heterogeneous enzyme population; is the activation energy divided by absolute temperature and the ideal gas constant. Parameter sigma is the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution of values in the population. If the population is homogeneous, then = (0) for all enzyme molecules and sigma = 0. There are certain ratios which are independent of (0) and dependent upon sigma. Two important ratios are t(1/4)/t(1/2) and t(1/2)/t(1/2) ('), where t(1/2) (') represents t(1/2) for a homogeneous enzyme population with the same mean ((0)), as the heterogeneous population. If there is experimental deactivation data for the heterogeneous population which is well behaved, the first ratio, t(1/4)/t(1/2), can be determined by estimating the time in minutes at which the enzyme has lost 25% of its activity (t(1/4)), and the time in minutes at which the enzyme has lost 50% of its activity (t(1/2)), and then taking the ratio t(1/4)/t(1/2). The corresponding value of sigma can be estimated from a graph. The ratio t(1/2)/t(1/2) (') can be found directly as a function of t(1/4)/t(1/2), and can be estimated from another graph. The value of (0) can then be calculated from the formulasgiven in the article.     

A method for detecting the effect of magnetic field on activity changes of neuronal populations of Morimus funereus (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

Modification of a new method for detecting changes in the activities of neuronal population and the nearest neuron is described. Preliminary measurements of the influence of a static magnetic field (2 mT) on neuronal population activity on eight individuals of an endangered insect species Morimus funereus are included. Five minutes exposure produced both excitatory (5/8) and inhibitory (3/8) effect on the activity of neuronal population of M. funereus antennal lobe. However, when the reversibility of induced effects was quantitatively analyzed, our results showed that they were prevailingly irreversible: (7/8) for the population, (6/8) for the nearest neuron.     

Herbicide multiple-resistance in a Lolium rigidum biotype is endowed by multiple mechanisms: isolation of a subset with resistant acetyl-CoA carboxylase

The development of herbicide multiple-resistance in weed species represents a major threat to current agricultural practices. The mechanistic basis for herbicide multiple-resistance has been investigated in a population of the annual grass weed Lolium rigidum Gaud. (annual ryegrass) resistant to herbicides affecting 6 target sites. A subset of the resistant population (R₂ subset) has been isolated by germination on a medium containing the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase, EC 6.4.1.2) inhibiting herbicide, sethoxydim ((2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one)). This 12% R₂ subset of the population is 600 times more resistant to sethoxydim and between 30 to 200 times more resistant to other ACCase inhibitors than the bulk of the R population. The subset has a form of ACCase which is 6 to 55 times less sensitive to inhibition by these herbicides than the enzyme present in the bulk of the resistant or in the susceptible population. There was no difference in the uptake and metabolic degradation of [4-¹⁴C]sethoxydim between the R₂ subset and the unselected R population. These results show the accumulation of different resistance mechanisms in that single population. Furthermore we propose that this accumulation of multiple resistance mechanisms is the basis for herbicide multiple-resistance in this biotype.     

COMPARISON OF ENERGY RESERVES AND UTILIZATION IN LIPOSCELIS BOSTRYCHOPHILA POPULATIONS SELECTED FOR TOLERANCE TO CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE

Abstract  One population of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (CA selected) was exposed to a controlled atmosphere (CA) (35% CO₂+ 1% O₂, balance N₂) for 30 generations. Another population (control) was reared under natural atmospheric conditions. Reserves of triacylglycerol, polysaccharides and free amino acids were evaluated in adults of the CA selected and the control populations in generations F₁₅ and F₃₀. The utilization rate of triacylglycerol and polysaccharides in the CA exposure were also determined in generation F₃₀. The results indicate that the reserves of triacylglycerol and polysaccharides increased significantly during selection for CA tolerance; the higher the tolerance level, the greater the reserves. A total of 15 free amino acids constituents were detected in both populations. The total amino acid content in the CA selected population was obviously higher than that in the control population. Exposure of this population to a controlled atmosphere was associated with a steady utilization of reserves. In contrast, the unselected population responded to the controlled atmosphere by accelerated utilization of triacylglycerol and polysachharides. Comparison of utilization rates during CA exposure showed that triacylglycerol is the main energy source, and polysaccharides contribute only a small extent to the metabolic energy supply.     

甘南高山林线岷江冷杉—杜鹃种群结构与动态

高山林线是一种典型的生态交错带,是对气候反映最敏感的地区之一。甘肃南部高山林线区域主要以原始岷江冷杉种群和杜鹃种群为优势种,通过对岷江冷杉和杜鹃种群建立静态生命表,绘制存活曲线描述其结构特征,利用种群数量动态预测时间序列分析定量研究未来的发展趋势。结果显示:(1)岷江冷杉种群幼苗比较丰富,能很好的维持种群个体的自疏死亡,存活曲线呈Deevey-Ⅲ型;杜鹃种群幼苗缺乏,存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅰ型;死亡曲线和危险率曲线都随着龄级的增加而增加,杜鹃种群的死亡率在各个龄级一直大于岷江冷杉种群,危险率在Ⅱ龄级以后杜鹃种群也始终大于岷江冷杉种群。(2)岷江冷杉种群结构动态变化指数Vpi大于修正后的种群结构动态变化指数V′pi且大于0,而杜鹃种群结构动态变化指数Vpi小于修正后的种群结构动态变化指数V′pi且小于0,则岷江冷杉种群属于增长型,杜鹃种群属于衰退型,岷江冷杉、杜鹃随机干扰极大值分别为0.027、0.011,说明二者对外界干扰均比较敏感。(3)杜鹃种群时间序列预测为前期幼苗比较缺乏,中期稳定,后期衰退的动态特征,而岷江冷杉种群表现出各龄级时间变化较小,幼苗个体数较多,种群为稳定增长型,岷江冷杉更能适应甘肃南部高山林线区域当前环境。     

Growth forms of Leymus chinesis (Poaceae) at the different developmental stages of the natural population

The manner in which the density of Leymus chinensis increases from a single plant to a dominant population can be understood by tracing the development of a population from early to late stages. Parent shoot density, above‐ground dry weight, spike density, heading rate and spike dry weight, density of spreading shoots (buds/daughter shoots in apical/axillary rhizomes) and clumping shoots (buds/daughter shoots in axillary parent shoots), and young rhizome length and weight were investigated in the same quadrats for a low density/early stage (LE) population and a high density/late stage (HL) population. Clonal growth (buds/daughter shoots formation) and sexual reproduction (spikes formation) increased while rhizome storage (young rhizome weight) decreased during the transition from LE to HL. In a LE population an outward occupation strategy was employed, with a high proportion of spreading shoots. As the population density gradually increased until HL, an inward consolidation strategy increasing shoot amount in previously occupied areas, was adopted. This was characterized by a high proportion of clumping shoots. Interestingly, the trade‐off between spreading and clumping shoots can be adjusted by the duration of young rhizome elongation during a growth season. In other words, compared with a HL population, a LE population shortened the duration of young rhizome elongation during the growth season, which resulted in more time for the production of axillary spreading shoots along the rhizomes, and high amounts and proportions of total spreading shoots. The special growth patterns, that is, trade‐offs among growth forms, allow L. chinensis to establish dominant populations throughout the eastern Eurasian Steppe.     

贵州黔灵山公园半野生的猕猴的种群动态

科学分析动物种群增长动态,合理确定环境容量是管控城市半野生动物种群激增危害的根本途径。本文对贵州贵阳黔灵山公园半野生猕猴种群特征、种群增长、环境容纳量以及猴群对公园的危害进行了研究分析。结果表明：（1）较之野生种群,园内栖息种群密度高、猴群大。现有8个稳定猴群共计1067只[最小群：47只;最大群：226只,平均：（133±67）只],总体雌雄性比为1.33;全区种群密度约达251只/km²,但猴群主要栖息于游道及其周边,导致主分布区密度高达 2134只/km2;（2）种群增长迅速、繁殖力旺盛。自1992年以来,种群呈指数型增长（年均增长率为8.08%,增长函数为y=30.6789*exp[(x-1987)/8.7894+ 64.0193),当前种群总体年龄结构为成年猴>青年猴>幼年猴,虽青幼个体数量较成年个体少,但成年雌雄性比达到1.50,性成熟个体较多,有效种群数大,仍保持旺盛的繁殖力;（3）种群Logistic增长曲线（y=792/(1+2.8495E+183*exp-0.2104x）表明园内环境容量（K值）为792只,与该区猕猴伤人事件频率曲线进入高位平台期所对应的种群数量接近。文中还对猴群栖息对当地植物多样性造成的影响进行了调查。调查监测表明,种群过大且集中栖息导致公园内生物多样性破坏、人猴冲突、公共健康隐患等一系列问题产生,建议应通过节育、分流等相关措施,将种群数量控制在K/2即400只左右为宜。本文可为黔灵山公园猕猴保护管理及其他城市野生动物管理提供参考。     

Dynamics of Fst for the island model

F(st) is a measure of genetic differentiation in a subdivided population. Sewall Wright observed that F(st)=1/1+2Nm in a haploid diallelic infinite island model, where N is the effective population size of each deme and m is the migration rate. In demonstrating this result, Wright relied on the infinite size of the population. Natural populations are not infinite and therefore they change over time due to genetic drift. In a finite population, F(st) becomes a random variable that evolves over time. In this work we ask, given an initial population state, what are the dynamics of the mean and variance of F(st) under the finite island model? In application both of these quantities are critical in the evaluation of F(st) data. We show that after a time of order N generations the mean of F(st) is slightly biased below 1/1+2Nm. Further we show that the variance of F(st) is of order 1/d where d is the number of demes in the population. We introduce several new mathematical techniques to analyze coalescent genealogies in a dynamic setting.     

不同天然居群小檗种子萌发障碍因子研究

以西天山野果林霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗以及特克斯居群红果小檗种子为试验材料,研究了4组野生小檗种子生物学特性、吸水特性以及去种皮、低温层积和不同浓度GA₃处理对小檗种子休眠与萌发特性的影响,结果表明：（1）4组野生小檗种子的吸水率均表现出逐渐增加的趋势,黑果小檗种子与红果小檗种子吸水率差异不明显,其种皮透水透气性相似;（2）霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗种子的种皮对萌发存在强烈的抑制作用;而新源居群红果小檗种子的种皮抑制作用不明显;（3）4℃低温层积处理对4组野生小檗种子萌发影响很大,随层积时间的增加小檗种子发芽率均逐渐提高,3组黑果小檗种子层积90 d时,休眠基本被解除;红果小檗种子层积30 d时,休眠基本被解除;（4）浓度为200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理可显著提高4组小檗种子发芽率,浓度过高或过低均会对小檗种子萌发起到抑制作用。层积60 d时霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗去种皮种子用200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理2 h后,发芽率分别为85.00%、83.33%和86.67%;红果小檗层积15 d时去种皮种子用浓度为200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理后,发芽率可达86.67%。研究结果将为今后野生小檗的种质资源保护,利用及可持续发展提供技术支持和科学依据。     

Population genetic structure and effective population size of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), an amphidromous fish

The temporal and spatial population genetic structure of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis (Salmoniformes: Plecoglossidae), an amphidromous fish, was examined using analysis of variation at six microsatellite DNA loci. Intracohort genetic diversities, as measured by the number of alleles and heterozygosity, were similar among six cohorts (2001–2006) within a population (Nezugaseki River), with the mean number of alleles per cohort ranging from 11·0 to 12·5 and the expected heterozygosity ranging from 0·74 to 0·77. Intrapopulational genetic diversities were also similar across the three studied populations along the 50 km coast, with the mean number of alleles and the expected heterozygosity ranging from 11·33 to 11·67 and from 0·75 to 0·76, respectively. The authors observed only one significant difference in pair-wise population differentiation ( F _ST-value) between the cohorts within a population and among three populations. Estimates of the effective population size ( N _e) based on maximum-likelihood method yielded small values (ranging from 94·8 to 135·5), whereas census population size ranged from c. 4800 to 24 000. As a result, the ratio of annual effective population sizes to census population size ( N _e/ N ) ranged from 0·004 to 0·023. These estimates of N _e/ N agree more closely with estimates for marine fishes than that of the larger estimates for freshwater fishes. The present study suggests that ayu which is highly fecund and shows low survival during the early life stages is also characterized by having low value of N _e/ N , similar to marine species with a pelagic life cycle.     

Nitric oxide reductase-targeted real-time PCR quantification of denitrifier populations in soil

The quantification of denitrifying bacteria is a component in the further understanding of denitrification processes in the environment. Real-time PCR primers were designed to target two segments of the denitrifier population (cnorB(P) [Pseudomonas mandelii and closely related strains] and cnorB(B) [Bosea, Bradyrhizobium, and Ensifer spp.]) in agricultural soils based on functional cnorB (nitric oxide reductase) gene sequences. Total population numbers were measured using 16S rRNA gene real-time PCR. Two soil microcosm experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 examined the response of the indigenous soil microbial population to the addition of 500 mg/kg glucose-C daily over 7 days in soil microcosms. Changes in the total population were correlated (r = 0.83) between 16S rRNA gene copy numbers and microbial biomass carbon estimates. Members of the cnorB(P) population of denitrifiers showed typical r-strategy by being able to increase their proportion in the total population from starting levels of <0.1% to around 2.4% after a daily addition of 500 mg/kg glucose-C. The cnorB(B) guild was not able to increase its relative percentage of the total population in response to the addition of glucose-C, instead increasing copy numbers only in proportion with the total population measured by 16S rRNA genes. Experiment 2 measured population dynamics in soil after the addition of various amounts of glucose-C (0 to 500 mg/kg) and incubation under denitrifying conditions. cnorB(P) populations increased proportionally with the amount of glucose-C added (from 0 to 500 mg/kg). In soil microcosms, denitrification rates, respiration, and cnorB(P) population densities increased significantly with increasing rates of glucose addition. cnorB(B) guild densities did not increase significantly under denitrifying conditions in response to increasing C additions.     

Comparison of census methods for black-browed albatrosses breeding at the Ildefonso Archipelago,Chile

A breeding population of black-browed albatrosses has been known to exist at the Ildefonso Archipelago, Chile, for >90 years but the population has never been censused using scientifically defendable methods. To estimate population size, and examine the accuracy and practicality of various census methods, the population was censused in the 2002/2003 breeding season using (a) ground-truthed aerial photography, (b) yacht-based photography, (c) ground counts, (d) quadrat sampling and (e) point-distance sampling. Compared to ground-truthed aerial photography (judged the most accurate) yacht-based photography underestimated population size by 55%, ground counts by 13%, quadrat sampling by 11% and point-distance sampling by 9%. Ground-truthed air photography revealed that in the 2002/2003 breeding season 47,000 pairs of black-browed albatrosses bred at the Ildefonso Archipelago. A repeat aerial census in 2006 suggested the size of the breeding population had not changed in the 4 years between the two censuses. After the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas, South Georgia and Diego Ramirez, the Ildefonso Archipelago holds the fourth largest population of black-browed albatrosses in the world.     

极小种群植物猪血木的种群现状及保护对策

猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum)是特产于中国的山茶科极危种, 但目前对导致猪血木种群结构改变的原因缺少相关的调查及研究, 保护策略不完善。该研究依据野外调查方法、编制标准生命表、存活曲线、致死力和寿命期望曲线, 利用德氏多度分析方法分析了广东省阳春市八甲镇极小种群野生植物猪血木种群的年龄结构和动态, 并与2007年的研究结果进行对比, 分析该种群近10年的变化情况及其原因。结果表明: (1)研究区域内野生猪血木种群的数量变化动态指数(V_pi和V′_pi)均小于0, 存活曲线趋于Deevey-III型, 种群结构属于衰退型, 幼树数量丰富, 但由于向小树发展过程受阻, 种群无法及时更新补充。(2)存活曲线、致死力和寿命期待曲线一致显示在幼树、小树2级、中龄树2级这3个阶段, 出现阻碍因素, 影响种群的自然更新。(3)三甲镇猪血木幼苗减少了39.3%, 八甲镇猪血木幼苗锐减了71.9%, 三甲镇幼苗转化率较八甲镇低了近1/2。人为干扰是导致猪血木野生种群衰退的主要驱动因素, 已实施的保护策略并不适合当前情况下的野生猪血木种群。     

Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: what can they tell us about the importance of genetic stochasticity for wild population persistence?

Genetic stochasticity due to small population size contributes to population extinction, especially when population fragmentation disrupts gene flow. Estimates of effective population size ( N _e) can therefore be informative about population persistence, but there is a need for an assessment of their consistency and informative relevance. Here we review the body of empirical estimates of N _e for wild populations obtained with the temporal genetic method and published since Frankham's (1995 ) review. Theoretical considerations have identified important sources of bias for this analytical approach, and we use empirical data to investigate the extent of these biases. We find that particularly model selection and sampling require more attention in future studies.
We report a median unbiased N _e estimate of 260 (among 83 studies) and find that this median estimate tends to be smaller for populations of conservation concern, which may therefore be more sensitive to genetic stochasticity. Furthermore, we report a median N _e/ N ratio of 0.14, and find that this ratio may actually be higher for small populations, suggesting changes in biological interactions at low population abundances. We confirm the role of gene flow in countering genetic stochasticity by finding that N _e correlates strongest with neutral genetic metrics when populations can be considered isolated. This underlines the importance of gene flow for the estimation of N _e, and of population connectivity for conservation in general. Reductions in contemporary gene flow due to ongoing habitat fragmentation will likely increase the prevalence of genetic stochasticity, which should therefore remain a focal point in the conservation of biodiversity.     

Accumulation of zinc, cadmium, and lead in four populations of Sedum alfredii growing on lead/zinc mine spoils

Sedum alfredii Hance is a newly reported zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator native to China. In this study,four populations of S. alfredii were collected from Yejiwei (YJW), Jinchuantang (JCT) and Qiaokou (QK) lead (Pb)/Zn mines located in Hunan Province as well as Quzhou (QZ) Pb/Zn mine located in Zhejiang Province for exploring the intraspecies difference of this plant in metal accumulation. Although they grew in the Pb/Zn spoils with relatively similar levels of Zn,Cd and Pb, remarkable differences among the four populations in tissue heavy metal concentrations were observed. The shoot Zn concentration of QZ population (11 116 mg/kg) was highest and nearly five times higher than that of the JCT population (1930 mg/kg). Furthermore, the shoot Cd concentration observed in the QZ population (1 090 mg/kg) was also highest and 144 times higher than that found in the JCT population (7.5 mg/kg). As for Pb concentrations In the shoot of different populations, a fourfold difference between the highest and the lowest was also found. Such difference on metal accumulation was opulation-specific and may be significantly explained by differences in the soil properties such as pH, organic matter (OM), and electrical conductivity (EC). Taking biomass and metal concentration in plants into consideration, the QZ, YJW and QK populations may have high potential for Zn phytoremediation, the QZ population may have the highest potential in Cd phytoremediation, and the QK population may be the most useful in Pb phytoremediation.     

Differences of Cu uptake and acid phosphatase activities of two Elsholtzia haichowensis Sun populations

Two Elsholtzia haichowensis Sun populations, one from Cu mine sites (Tonglushan) and the other from uncontaminated sites (Hong'an) in Hubei Province, China, were investigated in hydroponic experiments for the differences of Cu accumulation and ecophysiological responses to Cu under Cu treatment. The results showed that a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in roots was observed in Hong'an population, whereas no significant change was observed in Tonglushan population. The root pressure exudates (ml) decreased significantly in Hong'an population, but increased significantly in Tonglushan population at high Cu concentration (≥ 20 μ mol/L) treatment. Cu concentration in roots of Hong'an population was significantly higher than that in Tonglushan population. For example, Cu concentration in Hong'an population was 3 times and 4 times higher than that in Tonglushan population after 20 μ mol/L Cu treatment for one day and three days, respectively. Cu concentration in Hong'an population was 20 times and 5 times higher than that in Tonglushan population after 80 μ mol/L Cu treatment for one day and three days, respectively. The intracellular and secreted acid phosphatase (APase) activities in roots were significantly higher in Tonglushan population than in Hong'an one. The intracellular APase activities in Tonglushan population were 3 times higher than those in Hong'an population after 80 μ mol/L Cu treatment for three days and five days, respectively. The root-secreted APase activities in Tonglushan population were 1.6 times and 1.8 times higher than those in Hong'an population after 80 μ mol/L Cu treatment for three days and five days, respectively. In conclusion, excessive Cu caused serious oxidative damage in roots of Hong'an population, but not in Tonglushan population. The high intracellular and root-excreted APase activities in Tonglushan population might play an important role in reducing Cu accumulation in roots and maintaining normal phosphorus physiological metabolism in root cells under Cu stress.     

The life history and production of the leech Helobdella stagnalis (Hirudinea:Glossiphonidae) in the River Ely, South Wales

SUMMARY. A population of the glossiphonid leech Helobdella stagnalis was studied over a period of 16 months in the organically polluted River Ely, South Wales. There were two generations each year. The overwintering population released young (the spring-brood) in June. The spring-brood in turn produced their own offspring (summer-brood) in August.
Seasonal patterns of mortality were related to flow, temperature and life-cycle stage. Individual growth rates were dependent upon both temperature and life-cycle stage.
Annual population production (P) was 7.56 g wet wt m^-2, mean annual population biomass (B) was 1.43 g wet wt m^-2 and the annual P/B ratio was 5.29.     

西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群对杀虫剂的交互抗性及机制

噻虫胺是具有内吸和触杀等多种作用方式的新烟碱类杀虫剂,常用于防治入侵害虫西花蓟马。为明确抗性风险,本文研究了西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群对多种杀虫剂的交互抗性及其机制。经过45代筛选,西花蓟马对噻虫胺产生了高水平抗性(56.8倍)。生物测定结果表明: 西花蓟马高抗噻虫胺种群与噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯、甲维盐存在中等水平交互抗性(18.6>RR₅₀>11.3),对辛硫磷及灭多威具有低水平交互抗性,与溴虫腈和多杀菌素不存在交互抗性。胡椒基丁醚(PBO)与磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对杀灭西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群(CL)、云南田间种群(YN)和敏感种群(S)均有显著增效作用。西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群细胞色素P₄₅₀含量(3.6倍)、细胞色素b₅含量(2.9倍)及O-脱甲基酶活性(4.9倍)和羧酸酯酶活性(2.5倍)均显著高于敏感种群,表明多功能氧化酶及羧酸酯酶活性增强是西花蓟马对噻虫胺产生抗性的重要机制。     

Evidence of two contrasting brown trout Salmo trutta populations spatially separated in the River Borne (France) and shift in management towards conservation of the native lineage

A multidisciplinary study was made of brown trout Salmo trutta in the Borne River, a typical fast-flowing mountain stream in the Northern French Alps, in the geographical range of the Mediterranean lineages (ML). Information on (1) the proportion of stocked fluoro-marked fish in the angling harvest, (2) the introgression of introduced DNA microsatellite alleles into the native gene pool and (3) the demography of the population in situ in autumn revealed two contrasting populations separated by a physical barrier to upstream migration. A native S. trutta population ( c . 10 000 adults) lives downstream of the barrier and is characterized by a large frequency of ML alleles (82–97%) and high densities (43–55 fish 100 m⁻²). This population is maintained predominantly by natural recruitment of juveniles (51–82%). In contrast, the upstream population is characterized by a large frequency of Atlantic lineage (AL) alleles (78–100%) and low densities (1–2 fish 100 m⁻²) and appears to be maintained by restocking (90–100%). The origins of these sharply contrasting populations appear to reflect isolation by an impassable barrier, catastrophic flooding, a downstream gradient in water quality, stocking and fishing pressure. The native downstream population has been resilient to large sudden floods and to intensive stockings of domesticated AL fish. The results of this study justify a shift in management towards conservation and rehabilitation of the native population.     

基于高光谱特征的雅氏落叶松尺蠖虫口密度估算

[目的]多年来,蒙古高原典型落叶松害虫雅氏落叶松尺蠖Eeannis jacobssoni发生频繁,使森林生态系统遭到严重破坏.虫口密度可直接描述森林虫害严重程度,进而及时、快速获得害虫虫口密度信息显得极为重要.本研究旨在依据雅氏落叶松尺蠖暴发区的落叶松光谱实测数据和虫口密度数据,构建基于高光谱特征的虫口密度估算方法.[...