痛风性关节炎动物模型的研究现状与展望

痛风是由于机体嘌呤代谢紊乱,导致血内尿酸增高和/或肾脏排泄尿酸减少,从而引起尿酸盐在组织沉积的疾病,目前尚未见在实验动物中复制出类似人类的痛风性关节炎模型。通过对目前国内外高尿酸血症及痛风模型复制的方法、机制和应用的研究,分析各自的特点及不足之处,并提出复制更加符合临床的高尿酸血症及痛风性关节炎动物模型的展望与设想。     

肺纤维化动物模型的研究进展

类风湿关节炎是最常见的结缔组织疾病,间质性肺疾病是类风湿关节炎常见的并发症。进行类风湿性关节炎并发间质性肺炎的动物实验研究,迫切需要找到合适的动物模型。目前国内外常用的肺纤维化造模方法是使用博来霉素、百草枯等诱导动物间质性肺炎,但这些造模方法仍有其缺点,还需要改进和完善,并探索寻求更接近各类型肺纤维化临床及病理特点的肺纤维化模型。     

类风湿性关节炎的动物模型

本文对在光动力疗法治疗类风湿性关节炎的研究中有关的动物模型的制作、发病过程、病理、发病原因及应用作一系统论述。     

T淋巴细胞与胶原诱导性关节炎

胶原诱导性关节炎是应用较广泛的人类风湿性关节炎动物模型 ,二者在发病机制及病理学改变上极为相似。近年来研究证实激活的某些T细胞在胶原诱导性关节炎的发病过程中起着重要作用 ,尤其在疾病的起始阶段 ,提示胶原诱导性关节炎可能是以T淋巴细胞介导为主的自身免疫性疾病     

利用eQTL构建基因-基因网络挖掘类风湿性关节炎风险基因*

摘要目的：类风湿性关节炎是一种全身的慢性炎症型疾病，可能影响许多组织和器官，主要发作于灵活的关节。全世界人群中大 约有1%会患有类风湿性关节炎。目前已经证实了一些基因与类风湿性关节炎相关，但是这些基因只能解释一小部分遗传风险， 因此我们需要新的策略和方法来解决这个问题。方法：表达数量性状位点（eQTL）是指能够调控基因或蛋白质表达的基因组位点， 本文采用了eQTL数据构建基因- 基因网络并挖掘候选类风湿性关节炎风险基因。结果：首先，利用eQTL 数据,基于基因之间的 共调控系数，建立基因- 基因网络，我们建立了5 个不同阈值(0、0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8)的基因-基因网络；然后，在OMIM 和GAD数 据库中搜索已经证实的与类风湿性关节炎相关的186 个基因；最后我们将已证实与类风湿性关节炎相关的186 个基因分别投入 到这5 个网络中，利用基因与基因之间的相关性来挖掘到一些可能与类风湿性关节炎相关的候选风险基因。结论：本文基于 eQTL构建了基因-基因网络，结合已知类风湿性关节炎风险基因，挖掘未知风险基因，得到了较好的结果，证明了本方法的有效 性，且对于类风湿性关节炎的发病机制研究具有重要价值。除了类风湿性关节炎外，本方法还可推广到其它复杂疾病中，因此本 方法对人类复杂疾病的研究具有很强的学术理论价值和应用价值。     

结核分枝杆菌感染的动物模型

复制结核分枝杆菌感染的动物模型是进行结核病研究的基础。本文分别对小鼠、豚鼠、兔和非人灵长类动物结核模型的特点及其应用进行综述,并指出慢性持续性感染模型是结核动物模型研究的重点。     

利用eQTL构建基因-基因网络挖掘类风湿性关节炎风险基因

目的：类风湿性关节炎是一种全身的慢性炎症型疾病,可能影响许多组织和器官,主要发作于灵活的关节。全世界人群中大约有1％会患有类风湿性关节炎。目前已经证实了一些基因与类风湿性关节炎相关,但是这些基因只能解释一小部分遗传风险,因此我们需要新的策略和方法来解决这个问题。方法：表达数量性状位点（eQTL）是指能够调控基因或蛋白质表达的基因组位点,本文采用了eQTL数据构建基因一基因网络并挖掘候选类风湿性关节炎风险基因。结果：首先,利用eQTL数据,基于基因之间的共调控系数,建立基因-基因网络,我们建立了5个不同阈值（0、O．2、0．4、0．6和0．8）的基因-基因网络;然后,在OMIM和GAD数据库中搜索已经证实的与类风湿性关节炎相关的186个基因;最后我们将已证实与类风湿性关节炎相关的186个基因分别投入到这5个网络中,利用基因与基因之间的相关性来挖掘到一些可能与类风湿性关节炎相关的候选风险基因。结论：本文基于eQTL构建了基因．基因网络,结合已知类风湿性关节炎风险基因,挖掘未知风险基因,得到了较好的结果,证明了本方法的有效性,且对于类风湿性关节炎的发病机制研究具有重要价值。除了类风湿性关节炎外,本方法还可推广到其它复杂疾病中,因此本方法对人类复杂疾病的研究具有很强的学术理论价值和应用价值。     

佐剂诱导关节炎大鼠模型的建立及成纤维样滑膜细胞的分离

目的建立类风湿性关节炎（RA）动物模型;从炎性关节滑膜中分离成纤维样滑膜细胞（FLS）。方法应用热灭活结核杆菌H37Ra菌株与矿物油混合制备改良的佐剂,尾根部皮内注射Lewis大鼠诱导关节炎;剪取成功诱导关节炎大鼠的病变踝关节,从中剥离滑膜组织,充分剪碎后采用胶原酶消化法分离成纤维样滑膜细胞。结果成功诱导了大鼠关节炎,发病率为100%,发病时间有规律,组织学表现与RA相似;成功在体外培养了FLS并对其进行了鉴定,掌握了其生长形态和特征。结论成功制备RA动物模型并获得FLS,为今后RA发病机制探索和药物评价提供了良好的体内动物模型和体外细胞模型。     

用于治疗类风湿性关节炎的JAK 抑制剂

类风湿性关节炎是一种临床常见的慢性自身免疫性疾病,发病过程中滑膜组织及细胞分泌的大量细胞因子通过不同途径激活JAK/STAT 信号通路,并导致病变。因此,选择JAK 抑制剂针对性地阻断JAK/STAT 通路,可达到改善类风湿性关节炎病理过程的目的。概述JAK/STAT 信号通路的组成与结构、功能与机制以及在类风湿性关节炎发病过程中的作用,并着重介绍若干具代表性的已上市和尚处于临床及临床前研究阶段的JAK 抑制剂在类风湿性关节炎治疗中的应用研究。     

基质金属蛋白酶与类风湿性关节炎

类风湿性关节炎是一种慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病,其特点是软骨和骨骼的不可逆损伤。基质金属蛋白酶参与结缔组织重塑,在关节环境炎症级联中起着重要作用,或可成为类风湿性关节炎治疗的潜在新靶点。本文就其在类风湿性关节炎发生发展和治疗中的研究进展作一综述。     

Rheumatoid arthritis viewed using a headache paradigm

Results and new hypotheses in animal models often stimulate development of new paradigms in how we view rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The complexity of RA does, however, eventually lead to the rejection of these hypotheses. Here, it is argued that the large number of so-far described animal models, when taken together, also reveals a complex disease. Fortunately, detailed study of each of the animal models will reveal this complexity, and may also be helpful in elucidating the complexity of the human disease. Benoist and Mathis [1] recently contributed a new animal model in which an autoimmune response to a ubiquitous antigen leads to an antibody-mediated inflammatory attack in the joints. It is argued that this new model, as with other animal models, is unlikely to explain RA, but it will add to the tools available to reveal the complexity of RA.     

Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. T lymphocytes

Recent findings have substantiated the importance of T lymphocytes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we review emerging data regarding genetic predisposition, spontaneous animal models of arthritis, and cell-cell interactions that implicate T cells as driving synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Information regarding the proinflammatory role of interleukin-17-producing T cells and the functional state of regulatory T cells both in animal models and in patients with RA is also discussed. In light of the overwhelming evidence that disrupted T-cell homeostasis greatly contributes to joint pathology in RA, the therapeutic potential of targeting activators of pro-inflammatory T cells or their products is compelling.     

A novel preclinical model for rheumatoid arthritis research

Based on increasing knowledge on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), more and more potential therapeutics have been developed. To evaluate their therapeutic efficacy, safety and toxicity, appropriate animal models are required. Although rodent models of RA have been extensively used for preclinical evaluation, the differences between rodents and humans limit their usability for some species-specific therapeutics. Therefore, autoimmune arthritis developed in a non-human primate with essential hallmarks of RA will be an alternative model for preclinical studies.     

佐剂型类风湿关节炎模型改良与DDR2表达的研究

目的 建立更加简便实用的类风湿关节炎模型,为类风湿关节炎发病机制的研究提供良好的实验材料;观察盘状结构域受体2(Discoidin Domain Receptor2,DDR2)在类风湿模型动物早期的表达,为探讨DDR2与类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞损伤的关系提供依据。方法 放射影像学、酶联免疫检测和免疫组织化学。结果 从病理学、影像学、血清学及临床特征观察模型的改良情况,符合类风湿关节炎临床特征的个体达到85％以上,且建模时间明显缩短;免疫组化显示,DDR2免疫反应阳性产物定位于关节囊滑膜细胞和滑膜下层细胞的胞膜和胞浆。结论 经改良的佐剂型类风湿关节炎模型优于常规的动物模型;类风湿关节炎关节囊滑膜和滑膜下层细胞可特异性表达DDR2。     

High mobility group box-1 protein as a tumor necrosis factor-independent therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a prevalent disease worldwide that causes significant morbidity and mortality despite recent therapeutics. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, originally appreciated as an intranuclear DNA binding protein, has been implicated as an integral mediator in the pathogenesis of animal arthritides and RA disease in humans. Our current understanding of HMGB1 has promoted the development of targeting therapies that have improved outcomes in animal models of inflammation. In the previous issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, Sundberg and colleagues address, for the first time in a prospective cohort study, whether HMGB1 expression is dependent upon tumor necrosis factor activity in patients with RA.     

Genes and environment in arthritis: can RA be prevented?

Understanding of how interactions between genes and environment contribute to the development of arthritis is a central issue in understanding the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as for eventual subsequent efforts to prevent the disease. In this paper, we review current published data on genes and environment in RA as well as in certain induced animal models of disease, mainly those in which adjuvants only or adjuvants plus organ-specific autoantigens are used to induce arthritis. We refer to some new data on environmental and genetic factors of importance for RA generated from a large case-control study in Sweden (1200 patients, 1200 matched controls). We found an increased risk of seropositive but not of seronegative RA in smokers, and there are indications that this effect may be due to a gene-environment interaction involving MHC class II genes. We also found an increased risk of RA in individuals heavily exposed to mineral oils. This was of particular interest because mineral oils are strong inducers of arthritis in certain rodent strains and because polymorphisms in human genetic regions syntenic with genes predisposing for oil-induced arthritis in rats have now been shown to associate with RA in humans. Taken together, our data support the notion that concepts and data on gene-environment interactions in arthritis can now be taken from induced animal models of arthritis to generate new etiological hypotheses for RA.     

More than just B-cell inhibition

Despite tremendous advances in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there remains interest in oral agents that may offer benefits that are similar to, or better than, those of biologic therapies. In their paper, Chang and colleagues demonstrate the effectiveness of a Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor in two models of RA. Btk inhibition impacts several pathways affecting both B-cell and macrophage activation, making it a promising target in RA. However, other kinase inhibitors have failed to transition from animal models to human therapy, so it remains to be seen whether a Btk inhibitor will have a role in the RA treatment armamentarium.