外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

以不同耐盐性黄瓜品种“长春密刺”和“津春2号”为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片与根系中超氧阴离子(O2-.)产生速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,外源Spd对未经盐胁迫处理(对照)黄瓜幼苗体内O2-.产生速率、SOD、CAT和POD活性均无显著性影响;盐胁迫处理提高了O2-.产生速率,SOD、POD和CAT活性都有不同程度的升高;外源Spd处理进一步提高了盐胁迫下SOD、POD和CAT活性,减缓了O2-.产生速率。与耐盐型“长春密刺”品种相比,盐胁迫对盐敏感型“津春2号”影响较大,外源Spd对盐敏感型黄瓜品种盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用较大。表明盐胁迫下外源Spd可缓解盐胁迫对膜的伤害,从而提高黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性。     

外源亚精胺对NaCl胁迫下毕氏海蓬子光合参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响

在0、100、300、500和700 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下比较了喷施0.1mmol·L-1亚精胺(Spd)对毕氏海蓬子(Salicomia bigelovii Torr.)幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明:毕氏海蓬子的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和气孔导度均呈低浓度条件下(0、100和300 mmol·L-1NaCl)升高、高浓度条件下(500和700 mmol·L-1NaCl)降低的趋势,在300 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下达到最高值:胞间CO2浓度则呈低浓度NaCl胁迫条件下降低、500 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下升高、700 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下略降低的趋势;在0～500 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下叶绿素a/b值变化不明显,但在700 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下急剧降低.在低浓度NaCl胁迫条件下,叶绿体整体膨胀,类囊体片层结构松散,但叶绿体和类囊体结构仍保持完整;而经500和700mmol·L-1NaCl处理后,叶绿体超微结构被严重破坏,叶绿体膜结构破裂、类囊体结构松散呈放射状、有些叶绿体完全解体.而在相应的NaCl胁迫条件下喷施0.1 mmol·L-1Spd,毕氏海蓬子的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度虽然也呈现出相同的变化趋势,但其数值均显著高于对照(未喷施Spd);且叶绿体超微结构的损伤程度也轻于对照.研究结果说明:喷施外源Spd能够减缓NaCl胁迫对毕氏海蓬子的伤害作用.     

Protective Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

The protective effects of chlorogenic acid on paraquat-induced oxidative stress were examined in rats. The activities of erythrocytes and liver glutathione peroxidase, and of both liver catalase and glutathione reductase, which were increased by feeding paraquat, declined to the levels in the control rats by supplementing chlorogenic acid to the paraquat diet. The activity of superoxide dismutase was not changed by dietary paraquat or by supplementing chlorogenic acid to the paraquat diet. Paraquat in the diet markedly decreased the liver triacylglycerol and phospholipid concentrations, as well as the food intake and body weight gain, while chlorogenic acid protected against these decreases. These in vivo results and the in vitro superoxide anion scavenging activity of chlorogenic acid suggest that chlorogenic acid acted preventively against paraquat-induced oxidative stress.     

Paraquat toxicity is reduced by polyamines in rice leaves

The protective effect of polyamines against paraquat (PQ) toxicity of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves was investigated. PQ treatment resulted in a higher putrescine (PUT) and lower spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) levels in rice leaves. Pretreatment with SPD and SPM, which resulted in a 10- and 20-fold increase in endogenous level of SPD and SPM, respectively, reduced PQ toxicity (30%). Limited reduction of PQ toxicity by exogenous SPD and SPM is most likely due to the fact that they are not readily transported in rice leaf cells and localized to those areas along the cut edges of detached rice leaves [4]. PUT pretreatment did not increase endogenous SPD and SPM levels and had no effect on reducing PQ toxicity. It was found that 1,10-phenanthroline, an iron chelator, treatment reduced the toxicity of PQ (35%) and increased the levels of SPD (27%). The results indicate that reduction of PQ toxicity by SPD and SPM is due to increased activities of catalase (18%) and peroxidase (40%).     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺对50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数(PSⅡ光化学效率)的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著降低了黄瓜植株生长量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)(P<0.05),但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、非光化学淬灭(qN)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)无显著影响(P>0.05);外源亚精胺显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度,增加了ФPSⅡ、qP、Fv′/Fm′,降低了qN(P<0.05);外源亚精胺对Fv/Fm影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源施加亚精胺可增强盐胁迫下黄瓜植株的光合能力,主要是由于减弱了盐胁迫对植株的气孔限制,但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率影响较小,且叶面喷施比根施处理对改善盐胁迫下植株的生长和光合作用更有效。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)叶绿体活性氧清除系统和结合态多胺含量的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对NaCl胁迫下抗盐能力不同的两个黄瓜品种幼苗生长、叶绿体中活性氧清除系统、转谷酰胺酶(TGase)活性、结合态多胺含量及植株光合速率的影响.结果表明,外源Spd能提高NaCl胁迫下叶绿体中TGase活性、叶绿体结合态腐胺(Put)、Spd、精胺(Spm)及总多胺含量;提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,提高抗坏血酸(AsA)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH/ GSSG)比值,降低脱氢抗坏血酸/抗坏血酸(DAsA/AsA)比值;同时显著降低叶绿体过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高植株净光合速率,缓解NaCl胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制.表明Spd对黄瓜盐害的缓解作用之一可能是通过提高叶绿体结合态多胺含量和叶绿体活性氧清除能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对叶绿体膜的伤害.     

Phytochrome control of β-fructosidase activity in radish

Soluble and cell-wall fractions from radish seedlings show β-fructosidase activity. Light (via phytochrome) induces a transfer of the enzyme from the cytosol to the cell-wall in roots and hypocotyls. Light also increases β-fructosidase activity in hypocotyls. Cycloheximide prevents the increase of β-fructosidase activity but has no effect on the transfer.     

外源γ-氨基丁酸调控甜瓜叶绿体活性氧代谢应对短期盐碱胁迫

以甜瓜品种‘金辉1号’为试材,采用深液流水培法,研究外源γ 氨基丁酸(GABA)对短期盐碱胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶绿体活性氧代谢的调控作用.结果表明: 盐碱胁迫显著提高了甜瓜叶绿体内光合色素、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量及超氧阴离子(O^-_·2)产生速率;增加抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)等抗氧化物质含量;明显抑制H⁺-ATP酶(H⁺-ATPase)和H⁺ 焦磷酸酶(H⁺-PPiase)活性.外源叶面喷施GABA有效抑制了盐碱胁迫引起的叶绿体内O^-_·2、H₂O₂和MDA的积累,缓解了光合色素增加的趋势;显著提高SOD和AsA GSH循环各个酶的活性,增加了AsA和GSH库,降低了AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSH比值,增强了H⁺-ATPase和H⁺-PPiase 活性.表明外源GABA能加快叶绿体内活性氧代谢,促进AsA-GSH循环的运转,维持细胞膜的渗透性,进而缓解了盐碱胁迫引起的氧化伤害.     

水杨酸酰化对胭脂萝卜天竺葵素稳定性和抗氧化活性的影响

为探究水杨酸作为酰化剂对胭脂萝卜天竺葵素的稳定性和抗氧化活性的影响,以保留率为指标,分析光、温度、金属离子、pH及氧化剂对酰化天竺葵素稳定性的影响,探究酰化天竺葵素对羟自由基、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力。结果表明:酰化天竺葵素对光、温度、Al3+、pH的稳定性显著提高,对Fe2+、Mg2+和Zn2+以及氧化剂H2O2的稳定性无显著差影响。酰化天竺葵素对羟自由基、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力与未酰化天竺葵素无显著差异。以上结果表明采用水杨酸酰化胭脂萝卜天竺葵素不影响其抗氧化活性,还能提高其对光照、温度、pH及铝离子的稳定性。     

盐胁迫过程中抗坏血酸对植物的保护功能

以拟南芥抗坏血酸突变体 vtc- 1 和野生型 wt 为材料 ,研究了抗氧化系统对盐胁迫的响应机制 ,以揭示抗坏血酸 ASA 的抗氧化机理及对植物的保护功能 .结果显示 :10 0 mm ol/ L Na Cl处理 12、2 4、4 8、72 h,vtc- 1和 wt体内 MDA 丙二醛 及 H2 O2 过氧化氢 的含量均明显增加 ,但 vtc- 1增加的程度明显高于 wt,说明盐胁迫可能对vtc- 1造成了更严重的氧化伤害 .胁迫过程中 ,wt体内的几种抗氧化酶 [超氧化物歧化酶 SOD 、过氧化氢酶 CAT 、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 APX ]活性均升高 ,而 vtc- 1体内 SOD、CAT活性降低 ,APX活性在胁迫 2 4 h之前增加 ,2 4 h之后降低 ;同时 ,vtc- 1中总的抗坏血酸含量和还原型谷胱甘肽 /氧化型谷胱甘肽 GSH/ GSSG 的比值下降 ,而 wt与此相反 .本研究表明 :抗坏血酸参与活性氧 AOS 的代谢 ,减轻 AOS对植物的伤害 ;并可能对植物细胞内的抗氧化酶具有调节作用 ,增强逆境胁迫下植物的抗逆能力 ,对植物有重要的生物学保护功能     

A role for SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 in protecting chloroplasts against freeze-induced damage in Arabidopsis

The SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 ( SFR2 ) gene has an important role in freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana . We show that homologous genes are present, and expressed, in a wide range of terrestrial plants, including species not able to tolerate freezing. Expression constructs derived from the cDNAs of a number of different plant species, including examples not tolerant to freezing, are able to complement the freezing sensitivity of the Arabidopsis sfr2 mutant. In Arabidopsis the SFR2 protein is localized to the chloroplast outer envelope membrane, as revealed by the analysis of transgenic plants expressing SFR2 fusions to GFP, by confocal microscopy, and by the immunological analysis of isolated chloroplasts treated with thermolysin protease. Moreover, the chloroplasts of the sfr2 mutant show clear evidence of rapid damage after a freezing episode, suggesting a role for SFR2 in the protection of the chloroplast.     

Spd浸种对盐胁迫下番茄（Solanum lycopersicum)幼苗的保护效应

通过水培试验,研究了100 mmol/L NaCl盐浓度下,0.25 mmol/L Spd浸种处理对两个番茄品种白果强丰(耐盐基因型)和江蔬14号(盐敏感基因型)植株干重、根冠比(R/T)、幼苗叶片和根系抗氧化酶活性及活性氧含量的影响.具体试验处理如下:(a) 对照(蒸馏水浸种+ 0 mmol/L NaCl),(b) NaCl (蒸馏水浸种+ 100 mmol/L NaCl),(c) Spd(0.25 mmol/L Spd浸种 +100 mmol/L NaCl).结果表明,在盐胁迫下,两个番茄品种幼苗叶片和根系内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,H2O2含量和O·-2产生速率增高,幼苗生长受到抑制,幼苗地上部、地下部干重均明显低于对照,R/T增大,且江蔬14号的变化幅度大于白果强丰.Spd浸种处理降低了盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片和根系内O·-2产生速率和H2O2含量,进一步提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性,促进幼苗干重增加,缓解了盐胁迫对植株的伤害.与耐盐基因型番茄品种白果强丰相比,Spd浸种处理对盐敏感基因型番茄品种江蔬14号的作用效果更为明显.总之,Spd浸种处理通过提高盐胁迫下植株体内抗氧化酶活性,降低ROS水平来缓解盐胁迫对番茄幼苗的伤害,提高幼苗耐盐能力.     

Relationship between polyamines and paraquat toxicity in sunflower leaf discs

Polyamines have been reported as efficient antioxidantcompounds in plants. Sunflower leaf discs, treatedwith 100 µM paraquat (PQ), a well known oxidativestress inducer, showed decreased levels of putrescine(Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) (between33% and 80% with respect to the controls). Argininedecarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)activities decreased 42% and 33% respectively. Amongthe markers of oxidative stress measured after PQtreatment, chlorophyll and glutathione content werereduced (30% and 49% respectively) andthiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)content increased (60%). Superoxide dismutase (SOD)activity declined 60% with respect to the control andlipoxygenase (LOX) increased 25% when leaf-discs weretreated with the herbicide. Pretreatment withexogenous polyamines (1 mM) reversed paraquat toxicityto different degrees according to the polyamine and/orthe tested parameter. Spermidine was able to inhibitchlorophyll loss, while Spm reverted the effect of PQon the level of TBARS almost completely and alsorestored SOD activity close to control values.Putrescine was the least effective as an oxidantprotectant. These results provide support for theargument that polyamines are effective antioxidantsthrough their ability to act as radical scavengers.     

A specific role for spermidine in the initiation phase of somatic embryogenesis in Panax ginseng CA Meyer

Somatic embryogenesis of Panax ginseng CA Meyer was initiated from suspension aggregates of an embryogenic callus, in a liquid medium consisting of half strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) supplemented with the synthetic auxin benzoselenienyl-3 acetic acid. The addition of spermidine to this initiation medium significantly increased the production of somatic embryos. In this case, the total polyamine content of the embryogenic mass was higher than that of cultures without spermidine. At day 6 of the culture, a transient accumulation of free polyamines, mainly spermidine, was observed. After this peak, free and conjugated polyamines levels did not show significant variation nor did the polyamine oxidase activity. The results clearly demonstrated that spermidine supplied to the medium was oxidised by polyamine oxidase and partially metabolised into putrescine. The role of spermidine and its interaction with auxin in the initiation of the embryogenic process in Panax ginseng are discussed in relation to embryogenic potential.     

外源亚精胺对盐碱胁迫下番茄幼苗根系线粒体功能的影响

为探讨外源亚精胺(Spd)对盐碱胁迫下番茄根系线粒体功能的影响,采用水培法,以耐性不同的两个番茄品种‘金棚朝冠’（耐盐型）和‘中杂9号’（敏感型）为试材,通过模拟盐碱生态条件(NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃=1∶9∶9∶1),结合叶面喷施外源0.25 mmol·L^-1Spd,研究盐碱胁迫8 d后Spd对番茄幼苗根系形态和根系线粒体功能的影响.结果表明： 盐碱胁迫下,两个品种番茄根系线粒体内H₂O₂和丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,线粒体膜通透性明显增大,流动性降低,膜电位、线粒体内细胞色素c/a(Cyt c/a)吸光度比值、膜H⁺-ATPase活性显著下降,使线粒体受到不同程度的损伤,从而抑制根系生长,且‘金棚朝冠’的上述指标变化幅度均小于‘中杂9号’.盐碱胁迫下,喷施外源Spd处理的两个品种根系线粒体H₂O₂和MDA含量显著降低,膜通透性减小、流动性增加,膜电位、线粒体内Cyt c/a吸光度比值、膜H⁺-ATPase活性显著提高,可有效缓解盐碱胁迫对番茄幼苗根系线粒体的伤害作用,且这种缓解作用在‘中杂9号’上的表现效果更佳.     

外源亚精胺对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

采用营养液水培法,研究了低氧胁迫下亚精胺(Spd)对黄瓜幼苗净光合速率（P_n）、细胞间隙CO₂浓度（C_i）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）以及量子效率（Φ_c）和羧化效率（CE）的影响.结果表明,低氧胁迫下,黄瓜植株P_n呈下降趋势,处理10 d后达最低值,为同期对照的63.33%,而低氧胁迫的外源Spd处理10 d时P_n升高了1.25倍;C_i与P_n呈一定负相关性（R²=0.4730～0.7118）,G_s与T_r的变化幅度较大,低氧胁迫下有明显下降趋势,Spd处理后其值有所上升,两者呈显著相关（R²=0.7821～0.9458）,但与P_n的相关性不显著;低氧下Φ_c和CE比对照分别下降了63.01%和72.33%,而Spd处理后,Φ_c和CE值分别提高了23%和14%.表明在低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的光合抑制主要是由非气孔限制所引起的,而外源Spd可通过对光系统的修饰减轻黄瓜幼苗的低氧胁迫伤害.     

百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞的毒性效应

采用急性毒性实验方法研究了两种常见除草剂百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)的48hLC50值,应用生命表实验方法研究了亚致死浓度的百草枯(0、0.01和0.04mg·L-1)和草甘膦(0、0.4和1.6mg·L-1)对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明:百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞的48hLC50值分别为0.626和26.287mg·L-1;百草枯浓度对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01),草甘膦浓度对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01),百草枯和草甘膦的交互作用对多刺裸腹溞的世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01)。多重比较显示:当忽略草甘膦的影响时,0.01mg·L-1的百草枯使多刺裸腹溞的生命期望显著延长,而0.04mg·L-1的百草枯则相反,0.04mg·L-1的百草枯使多刺裸腹溞的净生殖率显著降低;当忽略百草枯的影响时,0.4和1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦均使多刺裸腹溞的生命期望显著缩短;与空白对照组相比,0.01mg·L-1的百草枯和1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦混合液使多刺裸腹溞的世代时间显著延长;而0.04mg·L-1的百草枯和0、0.4、1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦混合液均使多刺裸腹溞的世代时间显著缩短,种群内禀增长率显著降低。随着草甘膦浓度的升高,0.04mg·L-1的百草枯对多刺裸腹溞的毒性显著降低,表现出明显的拮抗作用。     

百草枯对木质素降解菌产酶及其生物化学变化的影响

为研究外源活性氧对木质素降解菌的影响,本实验对外源百草枯诱导下的杂色云芝(Coriolus versicolor)产酶及其生物化学过程进行了研究。将一定浓度的百草枯加入培养7 d的杂色云芝菌培养液中,连续培养148 h,测定其胞外木质素降解酶、胞内抗氧化酶的活性及生物化学参数的变化。与对照相比,30μmol/L的百草枯能够显著促进杂色云芝锰依赖过氧化物酶(MnP)、木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和漆酶(Lac)的活性,3种酶活性分别提高了1.3、7和2.5倍;在连续培养的前48 h,30μmol/L的百草枯促进了胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。百草枯对于胞外木质素降解酶活性的促进作用比对胞内抗氧化酶活性的促进作用明显。百草枯的加入促进了胞外酚类化合物与甲醛的浓度的增加,而丙二醛的浓度在培养的前24 h内增加,随后下降。结果表明,百草枯的加入对白腐菌产生了氧化胁迫,但菌株的抗氧化系统能够有效地进行氧化剂的清除,从而阻止氧化剂对机体的氧化伤害。百草枯作为外源氧化胁迫剂,可以增加木质素降解酶活性,有利于木质素的降解。     

Transformed plants with elevated levels of chloroplastic SOD are not more resistant to superoxide toxicity

The petunia nuclear gene which encodes the chloroplast isozyme of superoxide dismutase, SOD-1, has been fused with an efficient rbcS promoter fragment and 3 flanking region and introduced into tobacco and tomato cells. Transformed plants carrying this chimeric gene have up to 50-fold the levels of SOD-1 which occur in wild-type plants. However, tobacco plants with 30-to 50-fold the normal SOD-1 activity do not exhibit resistance to the light-activated herbicide paraquat. Similarly, tomato plants with 2-to 4-fold increases in SOD-1 do not exhibit tolerance to photoinhibitory conditions known to increase superoxide levels (high light, low temperatures and low CO₂ concentrations). Our data indicate that increasing the chloroplastic SOD level in a plant cell is not sufficient to reduce the toxicity of superoxide.     

Arsenic-induced toxicity and the ameliorative role of antioxidants and natural compounds

Arsenic (As) poisoning has proven to be a major threat worldwide because of its toxic effects on the human body. As toxicity through drinking water is a global health concern. The toxicity of As is known to affect the liver, kidney, lungs, muscles, cardiovascular system, and nervous system and can even induce diabetes. Further As can cause skin lesions leading to notable diseases in the skin like Bowen's disease. Chronic exposure to As has caused many tragedies in Eastern, and several Southeast Asian and Latin American countries. Long-term exposure to As makes it an immediate threat that should be dealt with as a priority, and one of the ways to handle it may be with the use of antioxidants. In this review, we have discussed the natural and anthropogenic sources of As, its metabolism, pathophysiology, and mechanism of toxicity. Besides, we have also discussed some of the synthetic chelators and the ameliorative role of antioxidants and natural compounds in reducing As toxicity.