长爪子的素食主义者——爪兽

有篇寓言是这样的：某人用老虎的皮和木头做了一个架子，就像今天的标本，他把它放到野外。第一天，他抓到了一头吓得发抖的野猪，他很高兴。第二天，他又抓了一只鹿，他又很高兴，准备依靠这种手段发大财。第三天，田野里来了一个形状像马的庞然大物，他准备故伎重演，这时，有见多识广之人对他说，这叫花班，比老虎还厉害；劝他不要去了，但他认为是别人妒忌他，就又去了。结果那庞然大物看到老虎，不但不怕，反而径自冲将过来，踏平了假老虎，     

诊病论

从我国医学的现状出发，发现五大医学源流中，中医与西医的明显区别，对比分析了它们的诊疗特点，得出了各自的优劣势，据此，总结了可行性的诊病歌诀，并指明了我国医学的发展方向。     

恐龙蛋风波

恐龙蛋风波董枝明１９９２年，美国人在蒙古南戈壁找到了成窝的恐龙蛋化石，成为当时的一大科学新闻。为了筹措考察资金，美国纽约自然历史博物馆把一枚恐龙蛋柏卖给了科盖特大学，得到５千美元，倾刻间，恐龙蛋变成了“金蛋”，又成了一大新闻，并引起了一汤不大不小的风...     

经历了大山大水震撼的男人才完美

“对抗自然，等于搬起石头打天”，摄影师的眼光和想法总是浪漫的，就算是在川藏线上摸爬滚打了这么多年的戴成华也不例外。除了军人的身份，他还用相机记录了这条让人又爱又恨的路。在雅安兵站部，我们见到了他。他的房间里满是放大了的川藏线的照片，摆放着一路捡回来的各色石头透出对自然的眷恋。和跑了多年的战士们一样，川藏线弄坏了他的身体。拔掉输液针头，他接受我们的访问，却没有抱怨，只是十分平淡地说，“经历了川藏线，经历了大山大水震撼的男人才算是完美了”。[编者按]     

健康晚年安全降压防中风

中风卧床患者能下地走路了子女关心父母的健康，老人关心伴侣的健康，多年高血压伴有头晕、肢体麻木，有中风前兆，全家人着急。用健脑梳梳头挺管用的，血压降下来了，头也不晕了，肢体也不麻木了。哈慈健脑梳，内装电子仿生经络，梳头降压效果好。中风后遗症卧在床上生活不能自理，自己痛苦，全家人跟着操心着急。用健脑降压梳梳头挺管用的，中风患者能下地解手，一天比一天好起来了。哈慈健脑梳，微磁钅是针，头针疗法，健康脑血管，有效防治脑中风。???健康晚年安全降压防中风     

超级稻大行其“稻”

饱满的植株，沉甸甸的稻穗，漫山遍野的金黄，一望无际，微风袭来，稻穗滚滚翻动犹如干重浪。农民乐了，专家乐了，超级稻丰收在即，充满希望的喜悦感染着每个人。     

金叶国槐选育记

１９９６年的春季，笔者在苗圃当年播种的国槐实生苗中，发现一株叶片金黄发亮，十分特异，就做了标记，继续观察。到了夏季，标记苗依然金黄鲜艳，生机勃勃，在周围普通国槐的映衬下，显得十分醒目。为了进一步验证其稳定性，次年春天，取其枝条在国槐上进行了高接，嫁接枝条全部成活，萌发后依旧金黄鲜艳，且长势良好。此后几年又连续进行了嫁接，均性状稳定，长势良好，笔者初步给其定名为“金叶国槐”。金叶国槐叶子为奇数羽状复叶，叶片为卵形，比国槐叶片较舒展，平均长２５厘米，宽２厘米，从端部到顶部大小均匀，每个复叶有１７—…     

通向藏宝地的洞穴

英国的田野上，有一种叫“欧洲蓝蝶”的美丽蝴蝶不知不觉中在暖春的晴空里消失了，这给喜爱它的人们带来无限的遗憾。随后，科学家对此进行了广泛调查，终于发现，蓝蝶已经在英国绝种了。而引起蓝蝶绝种的原因，又与两种蚂蚁的灭绝息息相关。英国人没有想到，由于他们破坏了两种细小蚂蚁种群的生活习性，导致了它们的灭绝，同时也把蓝蝶送上了绝路。     

灰色GM（1,1）模型的性质及其应用

灰色ＧＭ（１，１）模对生态预测有重要应用，本文讨论了它的一个改进模ＧＭ（１，１），并深化了文（１）提出的两个问题，给出了较简明的证法，还确定了文（１）所希望的一个“合适的”常数。     

医学是“人”学

笔者从医时曾遇到过这么一个事例：一对中年夫妻前来求诊，丈夫是个晚期肝癌患者，来时神情沮丧，一言不发；妻子则啼哭不止，哽咽着说，他们刚刚挂了个名专家号，专家看了看他们带去的片子说，最多两个月时间，任何治疗都没有意义了，想吃点什么，就吃点什么吧。说完，拂拂手，示意他们离开。顿时，夫妇俩相拥痛哭。     

Apoptosis and related proteins in placenta of intrauterine fetal death in prostaglandin f receptor-deficient mice

The present study investigated whether the increase of apoptosis in the placenta is associated with intrauterine fetal death in prostaglandin F receptor-deficient mice. Apoptosis was demonstrated within placental and decidual tissue by the TUNEL method. The majority of apoptosis was found in syncytiotrophoblast tissues. Enhanced TUNEL-positive staining in the syncytiotrophoblast layer was scattered in the placental tissues in clusters of apoptotic cells in the death group. Marked TUNEL-positive cells were identified in decidua of both groups. The rate of apoptosis in the placenta and decidua in the death group was higher than that in the survival group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the level of active caspase-3 protein expression in the placenta in the death group was much higher than that in the survival group. The level of Bcl-2 protein expression in the placenta in the death group was much lower than that in the survival group. Western blot analysis demonstrated that increased expression of the active form of caspase-3 was detected in the placenta and decidua in the death group compared with that in the survival group. In contrast, a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 was detected in the placenta and decidua in the death group compared with that in the survival group. Enhanced expression of Bax:Bcl-2 ratio was detected in placenta and decidua in the death group compared with that in the survival group. Thus, significantly increased apoptosis in the mouse placenta and decidua might be involved in the pathophysiologic mechanism of intrauterine fetal death.     

Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of the perfused rat hemicorpus compared with rates in the intact animal.

The rate of protein synthesis was measured in muscles of the perfused rat hemicorpus, and values were compared with rates obtained in whole animals. In gastrocnemius muscle of fed rats the rate of synthesis measured in the hemicorpus was the same as that in the whole animal. However, in plantaris, quadriceps and soleus muscles rates were higher in the hemicorpus than those in vivo. In the hemicorpus, starvation for 1 day decreased the rate of protein synthesis in gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles, in parallel with decreases in the RNA content, but the soleus remained unaffected. Similar effects of starvation were observed in vivo, so that the relationships between rates in vivo and in the hemicorpus were the same as those in fed rats. Proteins of quadriceps and plantaris muscles were separated into sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fractions. The rate of synthesis in the sarcoplasmic fraction of the hemicorpus from fed rats was similar to that in vivo, but synthesis in the myofibrillar fraction was greater. In the plantaris of starved rats the rates of synthesis in both fractions were lower, but the relationships between rates measured in vivo and in the perfused hemicorpus were similar to those seen in fed rats. The addition of insulin to the perfusate of the hemicorpus prepared from 1-day-starved animals increased the rates of protein synthesis per unit of RNA in gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles to values above those seen in fed animals when measured in vivo or in the hemicorpus. Insulin had no effect on the soleus. Overall, the rates of protein synthesis in the hemicorpus differed from those in vivo. However, the effect of starvation when measured in the whole animal was very similar to that measured in the isolated rat hemicorpus when insulin was omitted from the perfusate.     

Natural incidence of interruptions in the internal elastic lamina of caudal and renal arteries of the rat

Interruptions in the internal elastic lamina (IEL) have been quantified by light microscopy in the caudal arteries of different strains of rats and in caudal and renal arteries of (i) male and female virgin rats up until 2 years of age, (ii) repeatedly bred rats and (ii) hypertensive rats. Results showed that gaps in the IEL exist in caudal arteries of adult males in all strains studied, but to a lesser extent in the hairless mutant. In the virgin Wistar rat these interruptions in the IEL form with age in both caudal and renal arteries, and are more numerous (i) in the male than in the female in both arteries, and (ii) in the caudal than in the renal artery in both sexes. Repeated breeding in the Wistar rat abolishes the sex difference in incidence of IEL gaps in both renal and caudal arteries. The Sprague-Dawley breeder rat is more susceptible than the Wistar breeder to their formation in the renal artery. Hypertension in the male consistently increases the formation of IEL gaps in the renal but not in the caudal artery. The importance of local factors, e.g. hemodynamics, in the formation of these defects in the IEL, and their possible relationship with the development of arteriosclerosis is discussed.     

Chemoattractant-elicited increases in Dictyostelium myosin phosphorylation are due to changes in myosin localization and increases in kinase activity

We previously reported (Berlot, C. H., Spudich, J. A., and Devreotes, P. N. (1985) Cell 43, 307-314) that cAMP stimulation of chemotactically competent Dictyostelium amoebae causes transient increases in phosphorylation of the myosin heavy chain and 18,000-dalton light chain in vivo and in vitro. In this report we investigate the mechanisms involved in these changes in phosphorylation. In the case of heavy chain phosphorylation, the amount of substrate available for phosphorylation appears to be the major factor regulating the in vitro phosphorylation rate. Almost all heavy chain kinase activity is insoluble in Triton X-100, and the increase in the heavy chain phosphorylation rate in vitro parallels an increase in Triton insolubility of myosin. Changes in heavy chain phosphatase activity are not involved in the changes in the in vitro phosphorylation rate. In the case of light chain phosphorylation, increases in the vitro phosphorylation rate occur under conditions where the amount of substrate available for phosphorylation is constant and phosphatase activity is undetectable, implicating light chain kinase activation as the means of regulation. The specificity of the myosin kinases operating in vivo and in vitro was explored using phosphoamino acid and chymotryptic phosphopeptide analysis. The light chain is phosphorylated on serine both in vivo and in vitro, and phosphopeptide maps of the light chain phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro are indistinguishable. In the case of the heavy chain, both serine and threonine are phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro, although the cAMP-stimulated increases in phosphorylation occur primarily on threonine. Phosphopeptide maps of the heavy chain show that the peptides phosphorylated in vitro represent a major subset of those phosphorylated in vivo. The kinetics of the transient increases in myosin phosphorylation rates observed in vitro can be predicted quantitatively from the in vivo myosin phosphorylation data assuming that there is a constant phosphatase activity.     

Galanin and its binding sites in the brain of eels subjected to different osmolar conditions

A galanin (GAL)-like peptidergic system was investigated in the brain of Anguilla anguilla subjected to hyperosmolar and hypoosmolar conditions, by using antisera raised against porcine 1-29 GAL. A group of immunoreactive perikaria was identified in the periventricular hypothalamus, in the ventral thalamus, in the pretectal areas and in the optic tectum. Immunoreactive perikaria were present in the nucleus lateralis of the torus semicircularis in seawater (SW) adapted eels, and were absent in the freshwater (FW) adapted eels. Galaninergic fibres were observed in many areas of the brain. The immunoreactive perikaria and fibres, when localised in the same areas, were more strongly labelled and numerous in the SW adapted eels in comparison to the FW adapted animals. GAL-specific binding sites, investigated by autoradiography using iodinated porcine GAL, occurred in several regions of the brain, in particular in the dorsal telencephalon, in the dorsal thalamus and in the torus semicircularis, where a high density of binding sites was observed in the SW adapted eels. Conversely, a higher density of binding sites was observed in the caudal substantia reticularis and in the corpus cerebelli in the FW adapted eels. We conclude that different distributions and intensity in immunoreactive elements occur in response to the two environmental conditions.     

Sexual difference in LH-cells of the neonatal rats as revealed by immunocytochemistry

Summary Localization and number of pituitary LH-cells were studied in neonatal male and female rats (from the birth to 12th day) applying anti-HCG serum in immunoenzymological procedures. The cells increased in number with developing age after birth. The cells in males and females were equal in number until 4 days of age, whereas thereafter the increase of the cell number in females exceeded that in males. After birth, the cells are mainly concentrated ventrally, being ventro-lateral in the anterior region but converging into the medial-ventral area in the posterior part of the gland. Some dispersion in a dorsal direction is also noted in the latter region. At birth the cells begin to appear in the dorsal area in the anterior portion, as well as in the posterior portion, particularly in the area close to the intermediate lobe and in the zone adjacent to the residual lumen. This was particularly evident in females after 4 days of age. Thus it is concluded that in rats the sexual differences in the pituitary become apparent after the 4th day of postnatal life.     

Effects of insecticide applications on macroinvertebrate density and biomass in rice-fields in the Rhône-delta,France

The density of 23 macroinvertebrate species and the total macroinvertebrate biomass were compared between rice-fields treated with lindane and diazinon in June and alphamethine in August and untreated controls. The macroinvertebrates could be divided into four groups: (1) Taxa, in which the densities were lower in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the non-insecticide treatment. (2) The Culicidae which occurred in the insecticide treatment in significantly lower density in July, but in significantly higher density in August. (3) Ischnura elegans (Vander L.) which was found in July after the lindane application in significantly higher numbers in the insecticide treatments, but in significantly lower numbers in the insecticide treatment in August after the application of the pyrethroid. In these three groups, we assumed that direct effects due to the insecticides toxicity were the reason for the differences in density. (4) The fourth group included three taxa in which the densities were significantly higher in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the control. For this, indirect effects due to reduced biotic interactions may be responsible. The biomass was higher in the insecticide treatments in July, mainly because of a high increase in gastropod density, during the rest of the season it was similar between treatments and controls.     

Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the rhizosphere,fine-root and needle chemistry in aPicea abies (L.) Karst. stand

Rhizosphere, fine-root and needle chemistry were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The uptake and allocation pattern of plant nutrients and aluminium in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatments started in 1988. Current year needles, one-year-old needles and cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and the mineral soil layers were sampled in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Compared to the control plots, pH decreased significantly in the rhizosphere soil in the NS plots in 1989 and 1990 while the SO₄-S concentration increased significantly. Aluminium concentration in the rhizosphere soil was generally higher in the NS plots in all soil layers, except at 0–10 cm depths, both in 1989 and 1990. Calcium, Mg and K concentrations also increased after treatment with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment significantly reduced Mg concentrations in fine roots in all layers in 1990. A similar trend was found in the needles. Ca concentrations in fine roots were significantly lower in the NS plots in the LFH layer in 1990 and the same pattern was found in the current needles. The N and S concentrations of both fine roots and needles were significantly higher in the NS plots. It was suggested that NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg, Ca and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.     

Dark Leaf Respiration in Light and Darkness of an Evergreen and a Deciduous Plant Species

Dark respiration in light as well as in dark was estimated for attached leaves of an evergreen (Heteromeles arbutifolia Ait.) and a deciduous (Lepechinia fragans Greene) shrub species using an open gas-exchange system. Dark respiration in light was estimated by the Laisk method. Respiration rates in the dark were always higher than in the light, indicating that light inhibited respiration in both species. The rates of respiration in the dark were higher in the leaves of the deciduous species than in the evergreen species. However, there were no significant differences in respiration rates in light between the species. Thus, the degree of inhibition of respiration by light was greater in the deciduous species (62%) than in the evergreen species (51%). Respiration in both the light and darkness decreased with increasing leaf age. However, because respiration in the light decreased faster with leaf age than respiration in darkness, the degree of inhibition of respiration by light increased with leaf age (from 36% in the youngest leaves to 81% in the mature leaves). This suggests that the rate of dark respiration in the light is related to the rate of biosynthetic processes. Dark respiration in the light decreased with increasing light intensity. Respiration both in the light and in the dark was dependent on leaf temperature. We concluded that respiration in light and respiration in darkness are tightly coupled, with variation in respiration in darkness accounting for more than 60% of the variation in respiration in light. Care must be taken when the relation between respiration in light and respiration in darkness is studied, because the relation varies with species, leaf age, and light intensity.     

In vivo and in vitro effects of cadmium on selected enzymes in different organs of the fish Barbus conchonius Ham. (rosy barb).

1. Enzyme modulation by cadmium in selected organs of the fish, Barbus conchonius (rosy barb), was investigated in vivo (48 hr exposure to 12.6 mg/l cadmium chloride) and in vitro (10(-6) M cadmium chloride). 2. The acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity was depressed in the gills but stimulated in the skeletal muscles and brain in vivo. The hepatic, branchial, and renal acid phosphatase (AcP) activity decreased marginally in vivo but it was significantly increased in the gut and ovary. In vitro, except for the liver, the AcP activity was depressed in the selected organs. Collaterally, gut alkaline phosphatase (AlP) was significantly inhibited but a pronounced stimulation was noted in the kidneys and ovary in vivo. In vitro, the AlP activity was conspicuously elevated in the kidneys and gut, and moderately in the gills. 3. Cadmium inhibited the glutamate-oxaloacetate and glutamate-pyruvate transaminases (GOT and GPT) in the liver, gills and kidneys in vivo. In vitro, the GOT and GPT activities were decreased in the liver, gills and kidneys. The lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly stimulated by Cd in the heart in vivo but in vitro the metal inhibited the enzyme in the gills. 4. Enzymes in the liver, followed by those in the kidneys and gills seem to be most seriously affected by Cd poisoning in this fish.