辰山植物园中新优地被植物配植与养护技术

地被植物(Ground covers)是指自然生长或修剪高度在1m以下,最下分枝较贴近地面,具较强扩展能力的植物,或成片种植后枝叶密集,能较好地覆盖地面形成一定景观效果的植物。新优地被植物是草坪草等传统地面覆盖物之外的多年生宿根植物、小型灌木和一些藤本植物。     

10种草坪及地被植物的同工酶研究

用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对２种禾草及８种地被植物的过氧化物酶同工酶及酯酶同工酶酶谱进行了研究。初步结果表明：这种方法可以比较准确地鉴定和分离种与品种及科与属,这对草坪及地被植物的分子水平上的研究和应用具有重要意义。此外,还对所用方法进行了讨论。     

北京薹草属植物资源调查与园林应用评价

薹草属植物适合在城市园林中作为草坪地被植物应用,对恢复与改善生态环境具有重要作用。该文为了解北京市野生薹草资源,为薹草属植物新种质选育奠定基础,从2006年春季至2008年春季在北京20个区域进行薹草属植物资源调查、收集及园林应用评价。结果表明：薹草在北京地区分布较广,在山谷路旁、田边、山坡草地,疏林下、密林下和水边湿地不同生境类型均有分布,表现出耐荫、耐旱、耐瘠薄、耐水湿等适应性强的特点。共收集与保存了21种薹草属植物,并在田间小区观测其生长情况和物候期,通过抗逆性和质量性状综合评价,筛选出适于北京地区应用的3种草坪地被植物：青绿薹草、矮丛薹草、披针叶薹草。     

长春市园林地被植物研究

通过对长春市园林地被植物的初步调查研究,报道了长春市常见园林地被植物有95种,隶属76属37科。介绍这些地被植物的园林应用及生态习性,指出了长春市园林地被植物绿化中存在的问题,提出了发展长春市园林地被植物的建议。     

黑龙江省哈阿高速公路景观绿化植物种类调查与分析

对黑龙江省哈尔滨至阿城高速公路景观绿化植物组成进行了调查,该路段景观绿化植物共有27种,隶属于15科,25属。其中常绿乔木2种,落叶乔木2种,灌木12种,木质藤本1种,草本花卉6种,草坪及地被植物4种,且多数为落叶植物。对这些植物种类生长状况和物候特点所进行的调查为高速公路选择和推广绿化植物提供了理论依据。沿途野生草本植物的研究对减少经济投入和公路两旁绿化具有积极意义。     

南京城市绿地地被植物应用的现状与建议

通过对南京城市公园、广场、道路、居民区、单位附属绿地等绿地地被植物种类及其应用的调查,表明地被植物在南京城市绿地的应用已得到重视,已用地被植物种类较为丰富,目前应用地被植物178种,隶属62科125属;分析了南京市应用地被植物存在的问题,提出了在南京城市绿地进一步科学应用地被植物的建议.     

吉安市野生地被植物资源及其园林应用综合评价

通过对吉安市典型山地野生地被植物资源进行实地调查,在初步确定具有良好观赏价值的87种野生地被植物基础上,采用线性加权综合法数学模型对吉安市野生地被植物作了综合评价,重点推荐在吉安地区具有园林应用价值的野生地被植物5种,为野生地被植物的合理开发应用提供科学依据。     

合肥市野生地被植物种类构成研究

在野外调查和统计分析的基础上,运用五点随机取样法对合肥市的野生地被资源进行了系统的调查,并根据调查结果,选取发生频率大于30%的野生地被植物作为统计分析的对象。运用Spss10.0软件,对综合值采用组间连接法进行聚类分析,找出合肥市不同类型的野生地被植物的常见种类,并分析其发生特点。结果表明:合肥市野生地被植物种类有119种,涉及43科,105属,其中菊科16种,禾本科10种,蓼科9种,十字花科8种。不同类型的野生地被植物种类构成主要有16种:冬春型野生地被植物4种,夏秋型野生地被植物5种,全光照型野生地被植物4种,蜀山森林生态系统型野生地被植物3种。     

舟山海岛野生地被植物资源及园林应用

舟山群岛属亚热带气候,野生地被植物资源十分丰富。经过2年的调查研究,报道野生地被植物共有82科,207属,357种,结合地被植物选择原则,筛选出观赏价值较高的20种乡土地被植物用于城市绿化,针对不同园林用途提出不同的地被种类,并对开发海岛乡土地被植物的工作提出建议。     

小议地被植物在城市绿化中的应用与养护

在城市绿化建设中,地被植物被有效而广泛的应用。地被植物不仅增加城市绿化的层次,丰富园林景色,而且能增加绿地面积,减少近地面空气中的含菌量,降低气温,改善空气湿度等。但地被植物普遍所处环境恶劣,缺肥少水,生长空间狭窄。因此,应根据地被植物的生态特性及生态环境,选择耐性强,病虫害不易发生的地被植物,并加强养护管理,使地被植物在城市绿化中发挥重要的生态效应。     

Urban domestic gardens (III): Composition and diversity of lawn floras

Question: How do lawn floras compare with those of semi‐natural grasslands? Are the compositions of lawn floras determined by local, within‐garden factors (e.g. lawn management and size) or by regional factors (e.g. climate and location)? Are lawn floras nested (like semi‐natural grasslands) or not (like cultivated parts of gardens)? Are there gradients of species composition within lawns? Location: Sheffield, UK. Methods: We examined the composition of the floras of entire lawns and of two 1‐m² lawn quadrats in 52 gardens. Results: A total of 159 species of vascular plants was recorded, 60 of them only once. Most lawn species were forbs, but most lawn cover consisted of grasses. Lawn species were predominantly natives. Bigger lawns had more species, but richness was not closely linked to other environmental or management variables. Composition of lawn floras varied with altitude, with woodland and wetland plants more common in the higher west of the city, and weeds of waste ground in the east. The species‐area curve derived from 1‐m² lawn quadrats was very similar to that of semi‐natural grasslands. Lawn quadrats were significantly nested, with rarer species mostly confined to more species‐rich quadrats. Trampling‐tolerant Poa annua was more abundant in the part of the lawn nearer the house. Conclusions: In most respects, lawns behaved much more like semi‐natural grasslands than like cultivated flower beds and borders. Species composition of lawns is strongly influenced by local climate. Most lawns show an internal gradient of composition, linked to a gradient of intensity of use.     

Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) phenology, diversity, and response to weed cover in a turfgrass ecosystem

Despite being fragmented and highly disturbed habitats, urban turfgrass ecosystems harbor a surprising diversity of arthropods. The suitability of turf as arthropod habitat, however, likely depends on the extent and types of pesticides and fertilizers used. For example, moderate levels of weed cover in low-input lawns may provide alternative food resources. We conducted a 2-yr field study to: 1) characterize the ground beetle (Carabidae) species assemblage in turfgrass, and 2) assess the direct and indirect effects of lawn management on carabid communities. Weed cover and beetle activity were compared among four lawn management programs: 1) consumer/garden center, 2) integrated pest management (IPM), 3) natural organic, and 4) no-input control. Nearly 5,000 carabid beetles across 17 species were collected with the predator Cyclotrachelus sodalis LeConte numerically dominating the trap catch (87% and 45% of individuals in 2005 and 2006, respectively). Populations of C. sodalis underwent a distinct peak in activity during the third week of June, whereas omnivorous and granivorous species tended to occur at far lower levels and were less variable over the season. We found no evidence for direct effects of lawn management on carabid species diversity; however, we detected an indirect effect mediated by variation in weed cover. Seed-feeding species were positively correlated with turf weeds early in 2006, whereas strictly predaceous species were not. Thus, turf management programs that lead to changes in plant species composition (i.e., herbicide regimes) may indirectly shape epigeal arthropod communities more strongly than the direct effects of insecticide use.     

华南地区8种常见园林地被植物抗旱性比较研究

以华南地区8种常见园林地被植物为研究对象,在温室内设置盆栽控水试验,分组测定各参试植物的永久萎蔫率,叶片失水率、相对含水量、相对电导率、可溶性糖、脯氨酸以及丙二醛含量等生理生化指标,并用隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)植物的永久萎蔫率和叶片失水率以鹅掌藤、白蝴蝶相对较低,其植株表现出较强的抗旱性。(2)随着持续干旱时间的延长,8种地被植物的叶片相对含水量呈不同程度下降趋势;叶片相对电导率、MDA含量均有不同程度升高;叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量的变化趋势不一。(3)3种木本植物的抗旱性强弱依次为鹅掌藤>红花龙船花>红背桂,5种草本植物依次为水鬼蕉>蚌兰>白蝴蝶>葱兰>大叶红草。研究表明,植物的永久萎蔫率、叶片失水率、相对含水量、相对电导率、丙二醛含量与其实际抗旱性密切相关,可作为评价园林地被植物抗旱性的有效指标。     

Measuring environmental value for Natural Lawn and Garden Care practices

Background, Aims and Scope   Measuring Environmental Value for Natural Lawn and Garden Care Practices provides a life cycle assessment and impacts valuation methodology to quantify environmental (public health and ecological) and water conservation benefits from natural lawn and garden care practices in Seattle. Seattle Public Utilities (SPU) initiated this study as part of a triple-bottom-line analysis of its Natural Lawn and Garden Care program. Methods  The study uses life cycle assessment (LCA) methods, including the Carnegie-Mellon Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIOLCA) tool publicly available on the Internet, to inventory pollutant generation from a synthetic nutrients and pesticide approach to lawn and garden care compared against a natural/organic care approach. The study applies US Environmental Protection Agency’s TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts) climate change, acidification, eutrophication, and human health-criteria air pollutant stressor factors, along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s CalTOX risk assessment model’s human and ecosystem toxicity potentials to roll up the numerous pollutant quantities into six environmental impact categories (global warming potential, human respiratory disease potential, human toxicity potential, ecological toxicity potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential). The study develops cost valuation estimates for each impact category to produce a dollar estimate of the environmental cost of the two archetypical lawn and garden care methods. Results  Lawns and gardens account for 25% of Seattle’s land area, so lawn and garden care methods potentially have substantial impacts on the city’s land-and water-based ecosystems. LCA methods provide an informative methodology for comparing environmental impacts from lawn and garden care practices. These methods reveal the importance of more natural lawn and garden care practices. They also show that resource extraction and manufacturing impacts of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers dominate their on site use impacts in the case of global warming, but that the reverse holds for human and ecological toxicity, and eutrophication. In addition, releases of particulates, SO_x and NO_x associated with gasoline-powered lawn mowing are nearly an order of magnitude larger than releases of these pollutants as a result of the production of pesticides and fertilizers. Discussion  The study proceeds by using available data and research to build a desktop model that characterizes and contrasts two archetypical lawn and garden care practices: (1) Petroleum-based fertilizers and pesticides, a gasoline-powered lawn mower, and substantial irrigation to maintain a traditional weed-free, always-green lawn and garden, versus (2) A backyard compost system to provide lawn and garden nutrients, supplemented moderately by purchased non-synthetic soil amendments, an electricity-powered mower, no pesticides, and drought tolerant lawn and garden species having little need for irrigation. Conclusions  The study concludes that each household converting from synthetic to natural practices produces nearly $75 in annual ongoing public health, ecological, water conservation and hazardous waste management benefits — between $16 and $21 of environmental benefits from reduced use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, $8 of environmental benefits for switching from gas to electricity for lawn mowing, $42 in cost savings due to reduced irrigation, and $5 or $6 from lower hazardous waste management costs. There also is a potential one time avoidance of $31 in construction costs resulting from reduced need for storm water detention and diversion capacity. Recommendations and Perspectives  This study’s estimates of environmental value would benefit from comprehensive information on direct exposure to active ingredients in insecticides during their application. Estimates of impacts are based only on volatilization and runoff of active ingredients after application. Furthermore, the study would benefit from estimates of carbon sequestration in soils promoted by natural lawn and garden care techniques, and on the upstream pollutant releases from production of synthetic versus organic fertilizers. All three of these data gaps suggest that the estimated $75 per single family residence for environmental value is probably a lower bound on benefits from natural lawn and garden care versus more traditional pesticide-and-synthetic-fertilizer-based approaches. ESS-Submission Editor: Mary Ann Curran (curran.maryann@epa.gov)     

Enhancing gardens as habitats for plant-associated invertebrates: should we plant native or exotic species?

Domestic gardens, typically consisting of a mixture of native and non-native plants, support biodiversity. The relative value of these native and non-native plants for invertebrates is largely unknown. To address this a replicated field experiment with plots planted with one of three assemblages of non-invasive perennial and shrubby garden plants (treatments), based on plant origin [UK native, near-native (Northern Hemisphere) and Exotic (Southern Hemisphere)] was established. Over 4 years the invertebrates were recorded by Vortis suction sampler and amount of plant material measured. The abundance of above ground plant-inhabiting invertebrates increased with canopy cover and was higher on the native treatment. For several functional groups including herbivores and some predatory groups the near-native plants supported only marginally fewer individuals compared to native plots, with exotic plants being less favoured. The experiment demonstrated that gardens and other cultivated ornamental plantings support a wide range of plant-inhabiting invertebrates from primary functional groups regardless of the plants’ origin and the more plant matter (canopy cover) available the greater the abundance. Greater abundance of invertebrates will be supported by gardens and cultivated planting schemes with plantings biased towards native and near-native plants and that provide dense vegetation cover. However, exotic plants should not be dismissed as these are inhabited by some invertebrates.     

偏序钝叶草（Stenotaphrum secundatum）与地毯草（Axonopuscompressus）营养器官特点的研究

偏序钝叶草（Ｓｔｅｎｏｔａｐｈｒｕｍｓｅｃｕｎｄａｔｕｍ（Ｗａｌｔ．）Ｋｕｎｔｚｅ）与地毯草（Ａｘｏｎｏｐｕｓｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｕｓ（Ｓｗａｒｔｚ）Ｂｅａｕｖ．）均为热带和亚热带的草坪优良草种,它们的匍匐枝节节可生根和产生分蘖,覆盖面积大。偏序钝叶草根毛分布范围较广,寿命较长;地毯草植株平铺地面,它们都是良好的保土植物。偏序钝叶草茎和叶的维管束都较密集,厚壁组织较发达,植株有一定的韧度。它们的叶的维管束解剖呈现“花环”结构,属Ｃ４植物。     

Quantification of the environmental and economic benefits of the electrification of lawn mowers on the US residential market

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Gasoline-powered lawn mowers and garden equipment are emitting 30 million tons of pollutants yearly in the USA, accounting for a quarter of all...